Exam 2

Question 1

Debrief

Answer 1

participants are carefully informed about a study’s hypotheses

Question 2

Principle of Respect for Persons

Answer 2

individuals should be free to make up their own minds about whether they want to participate in a research study and are entitled to the precaution of informed consent

Question 3

Informed Consent

Answer 3

Each person learns about the research project, considers its risks and benefits, and decides whether to participate

Question 4

Principle of Beneficence

Answer 4

researchers must take precautions to protect participants from harm and to ensure their well-being

Question 5

Anonymous Study

Answer 5

Researchers do not collect any potentially identifying information, including names, birthdays, photos, and so on.

Question 6

Confidential Study

Answer 6

researchers collect some identifying information, but prevent it from being disclosed

Question 7

Principle of Justice

Answer 7

Calls for a fair balance between the kinds of people who participate in research and the kinds of people who benefit from it.

Question 8

Institutional Review Board

Answer 8

A committee responsible for interpreting ethical principles and ensuring that research using human participants is conducted ethically.

Question 9

Deception

Answer 9

Omission- withholding some details of the study from participants
Commission - Lying to participants

Question 10

Data Fabrication

Answer 10

Occurs when, instead of recording what really happened in a study, researchers invent data that fit their hypotheses

Question 11

Data Falsification

Answer 11

Occurs when researchers influence a study’s results.

Question 12

Plagiarism

Answer 12

representing the ideas or words of others as one’s own.

Question 13

The Three R’s of Animal Care Guidelines.

Name and Describe them:

Answer 13

Replacement - Researchers should find alternatives to animals in research when possible
Refinement - Researchers must modify experimental procedures to minimize or eliminate animal distress
Reduction Researchers should adopt experimental designs and procedures that require the fewest animal subjects possible

Question 14

Self-Report Measure

Answer 14

Operationalizes a variable by recording people’s answers to questions about themselves in a questionnaire or interview.

Question 15

Observational Measure

Answer 15

AKA Behavioral Measure, operationalizes a variable by recording observable behaviors or physical traces of behavior

Question 16

Physiological Measure

Answer 16

Operationalizes a variable by recording biological data, such as brain activity, hormone levels, or heart rate

Question 17

Categorical Variables

Answer 17

Categories such as sex and species

Question 18

Quantitative Variables

Answer 18

Coded with meaningful numbers

Question 19

Ordinal Scale

Answer 19

When the numbers of a quantitative variable represent a ranked order.

Question 20

Interval Scale

Answer 20

applies to the numerals of a quantitative variable that meet two conditions: there is no true zero and the numerals represent equal intervals

Question 21

Ratio Scale

Answer 21

applies when the numerals of a quantitative variable have equal intervals and when the value of zero truly means nothing of the variable being measured

Question 22

Reliability

Answer 22

How consistent the results of the measures are

Question 23

Validity

Answer 23

Whether the operationalization is measuring what it is supposed to measure

Question 24

Test-Retest Reliability

Answer 24

The researcher gets consistent scores every time he or she uses the measure

Question 25

Interrater Reliability

Answer 25

Consistent scores are obtained no matter who measures the variable

Question 26

Internal Reliability

Answer 26

A study participant gives a consistent pattern of answers, no matter how the researcher has phrased the question

Question 27

Correlation Coefficient

Answer 27

Used to indicate how close points on a scatterplot are to a line drawn through them

Question 28

Cronbach's Alpha

Answer 28

Used to see if researchers' measurement scales have internal reliability

Question 29

Face Validity

Answer 29

It is subjectively considered to be a plausible operationalization of the conceptual variable in question

Question 30

Content Validity

Answer 30

A measure must capture all parts of a defined construct

Question 31

Criterion Validity

Answer 31

Evaluates whether the measure under consideration is associated with a concrete behavioral outcome that it should be associated with, according to the conceptual definition

Question 32

Known-Groups Paradigm

Answer 32

Researchers see whether scores on the measure can discriminate among two or more groups whose behavior is already confirmed

Question 33

Survey/Poll

Answer 33

A method of posing questions to people on the phone, , in personal interviews, on written questionnaires, or online

Question 34

Open-Ended Questions

Answer 34

Allow respondents to answer any way they like

Question 35

Forced-Choice Questions

Answer 35

People give their opinion by picking the best the best of two or more options

Question 36

Likert Scale

Answer 36

A scale that contains more than one item and each response value is labeled with the specific terms strongly agree, agree, neither agree nor disagree, disagree, and strongly disagree.

Question 37

Semantic Differential Format

Answer 37

Respondents are asked to rate a target object using a numeric scale that is anchored with adjectives

Question 38

Leading Question

Answer 38

The wording of the question leads people to a particular response

Question 39

Double-Barreled Question

Answer 39

Asks two questions in one

Question 40

Negatively Worded Questions

Answer 40

A question that contains negative phrasing used to cause confusion and reduces construct validity of a survey or poll

Question 41

Acquiescence

Answer 41

A common response set where people answer "yes" or "strongly agree" for every question

Question 42

Fence Sitting

Answer 42

Playing it safe by answering in the middle of the scale, especially when survey items are controversial

Question 43

Socially Desirable Responding (Faking Good)

Answer 43

Respondents give answers that make them look better than they really are which decreases construct validity

Question 44

Observational Research

Answer 44

When a researcher watches people or animals and systematically records how they behave or what they are doing

Question 45

Observer Bias

Answer 45

Occurs when observers' expectations influence their interpretation of the participants' behaviors or the outcome of the study

Question 46

Observer Effects

Answer 46

When the observers inadvertently change the behavior of those they are observing, such that participant behavior changes to match observer expectations.

Question 47

Masked Design

Answer 47

The observers are unaware of the purpose of the study and the conditions to which participants have been assigned

Question 48

Reactivity

Answer 48

A change in behavior when study participants know another person is watching

Question 49

Unobtrusive Observations

Answer 49

Observers will make themselves less noticeable.