Exam 2 Flashcards
Debrief
participants are carefully informed about a study’s hypotheses
Principle of Respect for Persons
individuals should be free to make up their own minds about whether they want to participate in a research study and are entitled to the precaution of informed consent
Informed Consent
Each person learns about the research project, considers its risks and benefits, and decides whether to participate
Principle of Beneficence
researchers must take precautions to protect participants from harm and to ensure their well-being
Anonymous Study
Researchers do not collect any potentially identifying information, including names, birthdays, photos, and so on.
Confidential Study
researchers collect some identifying information, but prevent it from being disclosed
Principle of Justice
Calls for a fair balance between the kinds of people who participate in research and the kinds of people who benefit from it.
Institutional Review Board
A committee responsible for interpreting ethical principles and ensuring that research using human participants is conducted ethically.
Deception
Omission- withholding some details of the study from participants
Commission - Lying to participants
Data Fabrication
Occurs when, instead of recording what really happened in a study, researchers invent data that fit their hypotheses
Data Falsification
Occurs when researchers influence a study’s results.
Plagiarism
representing the ideas or words of others as one’s own.
The Three R’s of Animal Care Guidelines.
Name and Describe them:
Replacement - Researchers should find alternatives to animals in research when possible
Refinement - Researchers must modify experimental procedures to minimize or eliminate animal distress
Reduction Researchers should adopt experimental designs and procedures that require the fewest animal subjects possible
Self-Report Measure
Operationalizes a variable by recording people’s answers to questions about themselves in a questionnaire or interview.
Observational Measure
AKA Behavioral Measure, operationalizes a variable by recording observable behaviors or physical traces of behavior
Physiological Measure
Operationalizes a variable by recording biological data, such as brain activity, hormone levels, or heart rate
Categorical Variables
Categories such as sex and species
Quantitative Variables
Coded with meaningful numbers
Ordinal Scale
When the numbers of a quantitative variable represent a ranked order.
Interval Scale
applies to the numerals of a quantitative variable that meet two conditions: there is no true zero and the numerals represent equal intervals
Ratio Scale
applies when the numerals of a quantitative variable have equal intervals and when the value of zero truly means nothing of the variable being measured
Reliability
How consistent the results of the measures are
Validity
Whether the operationalization is measuring what it is supposed to measure
Test-Retest Reliability
The researcher gets consistent scores every time he or she uses the measure
Interrater Reliability
Consistent scores are obtained no matter who measures the variable
Internal Reliability
A study participant gives a consistent pattern of answers, no matter how the researcher has phrased the question
Correlation Coefficient
Used to indicate how close points on a scatterplot are to a line drawn through them
Cronbach’s Alpha
Used to see if researchers’ measurement scales have internal reliability
Face Validity
It is subjectively considered to be a plausible operationalization of the conceptual variable in question
Content Validity
A measure must capture all parts of a defined construct
Criterion Validity
Evaluates whether the measure under consideration is associated with a concrete behavioral outcome that it should be associated with, according to the conceptual definition
Known-Groups Paradigm
Researchers see whether scores on the measure can discriminate among two or more groups whose behavior is already confirmed
Survey/Poll
A method of posing questions to people on the phone, , in personal interviews, on written questionnaires, or online
Open-Ended Questions
Allow respondents to answer any way they like
Forced-Choice Questions
People give their opinion by picking the best the best of two or more options
Likert Scale
A scale that contains more than one item and each response value is labeled with the specific terms strongly agree, agree, neither agree nor disagree, disagree, and strongly disagree.
Semantic Differential Format
Respondents are asked to rate a target object using a numeric scale that is anchored with adjectives
Leading Question
The wording of the question leads people to a particular response
Double-Barreled Question
Asks two questions in one
Negatively Worded Questions
A question that contains negative phrasing used to cause confusion and reduces construct validity of a survey or poll
Acquiescence
A common response set where people answer “yes” or “strongly agree” for every question
Fence Sitting
Playing it safe by answering in the middle of the scale, especially when survey items are controversial
Socially Desirable Responding (Faking Good)
Respondents give answers that make them look better than they really are which decreases construct validity
Observational Research
When a researcher watches people or animals and systematically records how they behave or what they are doing
Observer Bias
Occurs when observers’ expectations influence their interpretation of the participants’ behaviors or the outcome of the study
Observer Effects
When the observers inadvertently change the behavior of those they are observing, such that participant behavior changes to match observer expectations.
Masked Design
The observers are unaware of the purpose of the study and the conditions to which participants have been assigned
Reactivity
A change in behavior when study participants know another person is watching
Unobtrusive Observations
Observers will make themselves less noticeable.
