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Research Methods in Psychology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Debrief

A

participants are carefully informed about a study’s hypotheses

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2
Q

Principle of Respect for Persons

A

individuals should be free to make up their own minds about whether they want to participate in a research study and are entitled to the precaution of informed consent

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3
Q

Informed Consent

A

Each person learns about the research project, considers its risks and benefits, and decides whether to participate

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4
Q

Principle of Beneficence

A

researchers must take precautions to protect participants from harm and to ensure their well-being

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5
Q

Anonymous Study

A

Researchers do not collect any potentially identifying information, including names, birthdays, photos, and so on.

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6
Q

Confidential Study

A

researchers collect some identifying information, but prevent it from being disclosed

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7
Q

Principle of Justice

A

Calls for a fair balance between the kinds of people who participate in research and the kinds of people who benefit from it.

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8
Q

Institutional Review Board

A

A committee responsible for interpreting ethical principles and ensuring that research using human participants is conducted ethically.

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9
Q

Deception

A

Omission- withholding some details of the study from participants
Commission - Lying to participants

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10
Q

Data Fabrication

A

Occurs when, instead of recording what really happened in a study, researchers invent data that fit their hypotheses

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11
Q

Data Falsification

A

Occurs when researchers influence a study’s results.

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12
Q

Plagiarism

A

representing the ideas or words of others as one’s own.

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13
Q

The Three R’s of Animal Care Guidelines.

Name and Describe them:

A

Replacement - Researchers should find alternatives to animals in research when possible
Refinement - Researchers must modify experimental procedures to minimize or eliminate animal distress
Reduction Researchers should adopt experimental designs and procedures that require the fewest animal subjects possible

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14
Q

Self-Report Measure

A

Operationalizes a variable by recording people’s answers to questions about themselves in a questionnaire or interview.

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15
Q

Observational Measure

A

AKA Behavioral Measure, operationalizes a variable by recording observable behaviors or physical traces of behavior

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16
Q

Physiological Measure

A

Operationalizes a variable by recording biological data, such as brain activity, hormone levels, or heart rate

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17
Q

Categorical Variables

A

Categories such as sex and species

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18
Q

Quantitative Variables

A

Coded with meaningful numbers

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19
Q

Ordinal Scale

A

When the numbers of a quantitative variable represent a ranked order.

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20
Q

Interval Scale

A

applies to the numerals of a quantitative variable that meet two conditions: there is no true zero and the numerals represent equal intervals

21
Q

Ratio Scale

A

applies when the numerals of a quantitative variable have equal intervals and when the value of zero truly means nothing of the variable being measured

22
Q

Reliability

A

How consistent the results of the measures are

23
Q

Validity

A

Whether the operationalization is measuring what it is supposed to measure

24
Q

Test-Retest Reliability

A

The researcher gets consistent scores every time he or she uses the measure

25
Q

Interrater Reliability

A

Consistent scores are obtained no matter who measures the variable

26
Q

Internal Reliability

A

A study participant gives a consistent pattern of answers, no matter how the researcher has phrased the question

27
Q

Correlation Coefficient

A

Used to indicate how close points on a scatterplot are to a line drawn through them

28
Q

Cronbach’s Alpha

A

Used to see if researchers’ measurement scales have internal reliability

29
Q

Face Validity

A

It is subjectively considered to be a plausible operationalization of the conceptual variable in question

30
Q

Content Validity

A

A measure must capture all parts of a defined construct

31
Q

Criterion Validity

A

Evaluates whether the measure under consideration is associated with a concrete behavioral outcome that it should be associated with, according to the conceptual definition

32
Q

Known-Groups Paradigm

A

Researchers see whether scores on the measure can discriminate among two or more groups whose behavior is already confirmed

33
Q

Survey/Poll

A

A method of posing questions to people on the phone, , in personal interviews, on written questionnaires, or online

34
Q

Open-Ended Questions

A

Allow respondents to answer any way they like

35
Q

Forced-Choice Questions

A

People give their opinion by picking the best the best of two or more options

36
Q

Likert Scale

A

A scale that contains more than one item and each response value is labeled with the specific terms strongly agree, agree, neither agree nor disagree, disagree, and strongly disagree.

37
Q

Semantic Differential Format

A

Respondents are asked to rate a target object using a numeric scale that is anchored with adjectives

38
Q

Leading Question

A

The wording of the question leads people to a particular response

39
Q

Double-Barreled Question

A

Asks two questions in one

40
Q

Negatively Worded Questions

A

A question that contains negative phrasing used to cause confusion and reduces construct validity of a survey or poll

41
Q

Acquiescence

A

A common response set where people answer “yes” or “strongly agree” for every question

42
Q

Fence Sitting

A

Playing it safe by answering in the middle of the scale, especially when survey items are controversial

43
Q

Socially Desirable Responding (Faking Good)

A

Respondents give answers that make them look better than they really are which decreases construct validity

44
Q

Observational Research

A

When a researcher watches people or animals and systematically records how they behave or what they are doing

45
Q

Observer Bias

A

Occurs when observers’ expectations influence their interpretation of the participants’ behaviors or the outcome of the study

46
Q

Observer Effects

A

When the observers inadvertently change the behavior of those they are observing, such that participant behavior changes to match observer expectations.

47
Q

Masked Design

A

The observers are unaware of the purpose of the study and the conditions to which participants have been assigned

48
Q

Reactivity

A

A change in behavior when study participants know another person is watching

49
Q

Unobtrusive Observations

A

Observers will make themselves less noticeable.

Research Methods in Psychology (3 decks)

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