Exam 3

Question 1

Population

Answer 1

The entire set of people or products in which you are interested

Question 2

Sample

Answer 2

A smaller set, taken from the population

Question 3

Census

Answer 3

The whole population

Question 4

Probability Sampling

Answer 4

Every member of the population has an equal chance at being selected

Question 5

Simple Random Sampling

Answer 5

Randomly selected from the list of all those in the population

Question 6

Random Assignment

Answer 6

Used only in experimental designs to assign participants to groups at random

Question 7

What is the difference between probability and non-probability sampling?

Answer 7

In probability sampling, each member has an equal chance of being included in a sample, but in non-probability sampling, members are not selected at random

Question 8

Self Selection

Answer 8

Sampling only those who invite themselves

Question 9

Quota Sampling

Answer 9

Identify subsets of the population (strata), then use convenience/snowball sampling technique until quotas for each set are reached

Question 10

Sampling Frame

Answer 10

The actual populations of individuals (or clusters) from which a random sample will be drawn

Question 11

Response Rate

Answer 11

The percentage of people in the sample who actually completed the survey

Question 12

What does the difference between respondents and non-respondents limit?

Answer 12

The generalizability of the study

Question 13

Why are large samples generally better than small samples?

Answer 13

There is a greater power to detect differences

Question 14

Confidence Interval

Answer 14

A calculated interval of values within which there is a chosen level of confidence (e.g. 95%) where the true population value lies

Question 15

What is most important about the sample?

Answer 15

How it was selected

Question 16

What does a large sample size equal?

Answer 16

A small margin of error

Question 17

Bivariate Correlation

Answer 17

An association that involves exactly two variables

Question 18

What is a quantitative variable?

Answer 18

Score, Height, Measure

Question 19

What is a categorical variable?

Answer 19

Eye color, genre, major

Question 20

T-Test

Answer 20

A statistic used to test the differences between two group averages

Question 21

What makes a study correlational?

Answer 21

Measured Variables

Question 22

What statistics are used to analyze association claims?

Answer 22

Scatterplots, bar graphs, r test, t test, and ANOVA

Question 23

The Steps to Describing Associations are:

Answer 23

Step 1: Consider the scatterplot or bar graph
Step 2: Consider the test statistics
Step 3: Describe the result in APA Style

Question 24

What do you ask when interrogating construct validity?

Answer 24

How well was each variable measured?

Question 25

What do you ask when interrogating statistical validity?

Answer 25

How well do the data support the conclusion?

Question 26

What do you ask when interrogating internal validity?

Answer 26

Can we make a causal inference from association?

Question 27

What do you ask when interrogating external validity?

Answer 27

To whom can the association be generalized

Question 28

Effect Size

Answer 28

Describes the strength of an association

Question 29

P Value

Answer 29

Probability estimate of the likelihood that the sample came from a population with a relationship of zero.

Question 30

What value of P is usually considered statistically significant?

Answer 30

p < .05

Question 31

What happens if p is relatively high?

Answer 31

The result is not statistically significant

Question 32

Curvilinear Association

Answer 32

The relationship between two variables is not a straight line

Question 33

Longitudinal Design

Answer 33

measures the same variables in the same sample at multiple points

Question 34

What is another name for longitudinal design?

Answer 34

Cross-lag panel design

Question 35

Cross Sectional Correlations

Answer 35

Whether two variables measured at the same point in time are correlated

Question 36

Autocorrelations

Answer 36

The correlation of each variable with itself across time

Question 37

Cross-lag correlations

Answer 37

The correlation of an earlier measure of one variable with a later measure of the other variable; change over time

Question 38

Instead of a longitudinal design, why not just do an experiment?

Answer 38

We cant always randomly assign participants to a variable

Question 39

Define "Control For"

Answer 39

holding constant

Question 40

What is the criterion variable?

Answer 40

The dependent variable

Question 41

What is the predictor variable?

Answer 41

Independent variable

Question 42

Parsimony

Answer 42

the degree of which a scientific theory provides the simplest explanation of some phenomenon

Question 43

Mediation

Answer 43

Attempts to explain the relationship between two variables by testing for another variable that mediates the relationship between the first two