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Research Methods in Psychology > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Population

A

The entire set of people or products in which you are interested

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2
Q

Sample

A

A smaller set, taken from the population

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3
Q

Census

A

The whole population

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4
Q

Probability Sampling

A

Every member of the population has an equal chance at being selected

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5
Q

Simple Random Sampling

A

Randomly selected from the list of all those in the population

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6
Q

Random Assignment

A

Used only in experimental designs to assign participants to groups at random

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7
Q

What is the difference between probability and non-probability sampling?

A

In probability sampling, each member has an equal chance of being included in a sample, but in non-probability sampling, members are not selected at random

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8
Q

Self Selection

A

Sampling only those who invite themselves

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9
Q

Quota Sampling

A

Identify subsets of the population (strata), then use convenience/snowball sampling technique until quotas for each set are reached

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10
Q

Sampling Frame

A

The actual populations of individuals (or clusters) from which a random sample will be drawn

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11
Q

Response Rate

A

The percentage of people in the sample who actually completed the survey

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12
Q

What does the difference between respondents and non-respondents limit?

A

The generalizability of the study

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13
Q

Why are large samples generally better than small samples?

A

There is a greater power to detect differences

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14
Q

Confidence Interval

A

A calculated interval of values within which there is a chosen level of confidence (e.g. 95%) where the true population value lies

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15
Q

What is most important about the sample?

A

How it was selected

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16
Q

What does a large sample size equal?

A

A small margin of error

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17
Q

Bivariate Correlation

A

An association that involves exactly two variables

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18
Q

What is a quantitative variable?

A

Score, Height, Measure

19
Q

What is a categorical variable?

A

Eye color, genre, major

20
Q

T-Test

A

A statistic used to test the differences between two group averages

21
Q

What makes a study correlational?

A

Measured Variables

22
Q

What statistics are used to analyze association claims?

A

Scatterplots, bar graphs, r test, t test, and ANOVA

23
Q

The Steps to Describing Associations are:

A

Step 1: Consider the scatterplot or bar graph
Step 2: Consider the test statistics
Step 3: Describe the result in APA Style

24
Q

What do you ask when interrogating construct validity?

A

How well was each variable measured?

25
Q

What do you ask when interrogating statistical validity?

A

How well do the data support the conclusion?

26
Q

What do you ask when interrogating internal validity?

A

Can we make a causal inference from association?

27
Q

What do you ask when interrogating external validity?

A

To whom can the association be generalized

28
Q

Effect Size

A

Describes the strength of an association

29
Q

P Value

A

Probability estimate of the likelihood that the sample came from a population with a relationship of zero.

30
Q

What value of P is usually considered statistically significant?

A

p < .05

31
Q

What happens if p is relatively high?

A

The result is not statistically significant

32
Q

Curvilinear Association

A

The relationship between two variables is not a straight line

33
Q

Longitudinal Design

A

measures the same variables in the same sample at multiple points

34
Q

What is another name for longitudinal design?

A

Cross-lag panel design

35
Q

Cross Sectional Correlations

A

Whether two variables measured at the same point in time are correlated

36
Q

Autocorrelations

A

The correlation of each variable with itself across time

37
Q

Cross-lag correlations

A

The correlation of an earlier measure of one variable with a later measure of the other variable; change over time

38
Q

Instead of a longitudinal design, why not just do an experiment?

A

We cant always randomly assign participants to a variable

39
Q

Define “Control For”

A

holding constant

40
Q

What is the criterion variable?

A

The dependent variable

41
Q

What is the predictor variable?

A

Independent variable

42
Q

Parsimony

A

the degree of which a scientific theory provides the simplest explanation of some phenomenon

43
Q

Mediation

A

Attempts to explain the relationship between two variables by testing for another variable that mediates the relationship between the first two

Research Methods in Psychology (3 decks)

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