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Science7 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

inferring

A

The process of making an inference, an interpretation based on observations and prior knowledge

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2
Q

observing

A

The process of using one or more of your senses to gather information

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3
Q

qualitative observation

A

An observation that deals with characteristics that are not expressed in numbers

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4
Q

quantitative observation

A

An observation that deals with a number or amount

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5
Q

science

A

A way of learning about the natural world through observations and logical reasoning; leads to a body of knowledge

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6
Q

chemistry

A

The study of the properties of matter and how matter changes

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7
Q

physics

A

The study of matter and energy and how they interact

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8
Q

predicting

A

The process of forecasting what will happen in the future based on past experience or evidence

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9
Q

scientific inquiry

A

The ongoing process of discovery in science

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10
Q

hypothesis

A

A possible explanation for a set of observations or answer to a scientific question

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11
Q

controlled experiment

A

An experiment in which only one variable is manipulated at a time

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12
Q

manipulated variable

A

The one factor that a scientist changes during an experiment

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13
Q

responding variable

A

The factor that changes as a result of changes to the manipulated or independent variable in an experiment

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14
Q

variable

A

A factor that can change in an experiment

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15
Q

data

A

Facts, figures, and other evidence gathered through observations

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16
Q

communicating

A

The process of sharing ideas with others through writing and speaking

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17
Q

scientific law

A

A statement that describes what scientists expect to happen every time under a particular set of conditions

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18
Q

scientific theory

A

A well-tested explanation for a wide range of observations or experimental results

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19
Q

engineer

A

A person who is trained to use both technological and scientific knowledge to solve practical problems

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20
Q

brainstorming

A

A process in which group members freely suggest any creative solutions that come to mind

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21
Q

constraint

A

Any factor that limits or restricts a design

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22
Q

Trade-off

A

An exchange in which one benefit is given up in order to obtain another

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23
Q

prototype

A

A working model used to test a design

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24
Q

troubleshooting

A

The process of analyzing a design problem and finding a way to fix it

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25
Q

system

A

A group of related parts that work together

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26
Q

matter

A

Anything that has mass and occupies space

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27
Q

substance

A

A single kind of matter that is pure and has a specific set of properties

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28
Q

physical property

A

A characteristic of a pure substance that can be observed without changing it into another substance

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29
Q

chemical property

A

A characteristic of a pure substance that describes its ability to change into a different substance

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30
Q

element

A

A pure substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical or physical means

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31
Q

atom

A

The basic particle from which all elements are made

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32
Q

chemical bond

A

The force that holds atoms together

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33
Q

molecule

A

A neutral particle made of two or more atoms joined by covalent bonds

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34
Q

chemical formula

A

A combination of symbols that represents the elements in a compound and their proportions

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35
Q

compound

A

A pure substance made of two or more elements chemically combined

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36
Q

heterogeneous mixture

A

A mixture in which pure substances are unevenly distributed throughout the mixture

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37
Q

homogeneous mixture

A

A mixture in which substance are evenly distributed throughout the mixture

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38
Q

mixture

A

Two or more substances that are mixed together but not chemically combined

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39
Q

solution

A

A well-mixed mixture containing a solvent and at least one solute that has the same properties throughout

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40
Q

International System of Units (SI)

A

The system of units (SI) used by scientists to measure the properties of matter

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41
Q

mass

A

A measure of how much matter is in an object

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42
Q

density

A

The ratio of the mass of a substance to its volume

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43
Q

physical change

A

A change in a substance that does not change its identity

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44
Q

Chemical change

A

A change in which one or more substances combine or break apart to form new substances

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45
Q

law of conservation of mass

A

The principle that the total amount of matter is neither created nor destroyed during any chemical or physical change

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46
Q

endothermic change

A

A change in which energy is taken in

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47
Q

energy

A

The ability to do work or cause change

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48
Q

exothermic change

A

A change in which energy is given off

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49
Q

kinetic energy

A

Energy that an object has due to its motion

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50
Q

potential energy

A

Stored energy that results from the position or shape of an object

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51
Q

chemical energy

A

A form of potential energy that is stored in chemical bonds between atoms

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52
Q

electrical energy

A

The energy of moving electrical charges

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53
Q

electrode

A

A metal strip that conducts electricity.

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54
Q

electromagnetic energy

A

A form of energy that travels through space as waves

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55
Q

amorphous solid

A

A solid made up of particles that are not arranged in a regular pattern

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56
Q

crystalline solid

A

A solid that is made up of crystals in which particles are arranged in a regular repeating patter

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57
Q

fluid

A

A substance that can easily flow

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58
Q

liquid

A

A state of matter that has no definie shape but has a definite volume

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59
Q

gas

A

A state of matter with no definite shape or volume

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60
Q

melting

A

The change from the solid to the liquid state of matter

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61
Q

melting point

A

The temperature at which a substance changes from a solid to a liquid

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62
Q

evaporation

A

The process that occurs when vaporization takes place only on the surface of a liquid

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63
Q

freezing

A

The change from the liquid to the solid state of matter

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64
Q

boiling

A

The process that occurs when vaporization takes place inside a liquid as well as on the surface.

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65
Q

boiling point

A

The temperature at which a substance changes from a liquid to a gas

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66
Q

condensation

A

The change from the gaseous to the liquid state of matter

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67
Q

Boyle’s law

A

A principle that describes the relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas at constant temperature
q

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68
Q

Charles’s law

A

A principle that describes the relationship between the temperature and volume of a gas at constant pressure

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69
Q

graph

A

A diagram that shows how two variables are related

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70
Q

directly proportional

A

A term used to describe the relationship between two variables whose graph is a straight line passing throug the point (0, 0)

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71
Q

origin

A

The (0, 0) point on a line graph

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72
Q

electron

A

A negatively charged particle that is found outside the nucleus of an atom

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73
Q

energy level

A

The specific amount of energy an electron has

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74
Q

nucleus

A

The central core of the atom

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75
Q

neutron

A

A small particle in the nucleus of the atom, with no electrical charge.

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76
Q

atomic number

A

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

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77
Q

isotope

A

An atom with the same numbers of protons and a different number of neutrons from other atoms of the same element

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78
Q

mass number

A

The sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom

79
Q

atomic mass

A

The average mass of all the isotopes of an element

80
Q

periodic table

A

A chart of the elements showing the repeating pattern of their properties

81
Q

group

A

Elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table; also called a family

82
Q

period

A

A horizontal row of elements in the periodic table

83
Q

chemical symbol

A

A one or two-letter representation of an element

84
Q

nuclear fusion

A

The process in which two atomic nuclei combine to form a larger nucleus, forming a heavier element and releasing huge amounts of energy

85
Q

plasma

A

A gas-like state of matter consisting of a mixture of free electrons and atoms that are stripped of their electrons

86
Q

ductile

A

A term used to describe a material that can be pulled out into a long wire

87
Q

malleable

A

A term used to describe material that can be pounded into shapes

88
Q

metal

A

A class of elements characterized by physical properties that include shininess, malleability, ductility, and conductivity.

89
Q

conductivity

A

The ability of an object to transfer heat or electricity to another object

90
Q

corrosion

A

The gradual wearing away of a metal element due to a chemical reaction

91
Q

alkali metal

A

An element in Group 1 of the periodic table

92
Q

alkaline earth metal

A

An element in Group 2 of the periodic table

93
Q

alloy

A

A mixture of two or more elements, one of which is a metal

94
Q

particle accelerator

A

A machine that moves atomic nuclei at higher and higher speeds until they crash into on another, sometimes forming heavier elements

95
Q

nonmetal

A

An element that lacks most of the properties of a metal

96
Q

diatomic molecule

A

A molecule consisting of two atoms

97
Q

halogen

A

An element found in Group 17 of the periodic table

98
Q

noble gas

A

An element in Group 18 of the periodic table

99
Q

metalloid

A

An element that has some characteristics of both metals and nonmetals

100
Q

electron dot diagram

A

A representation of the valence electrons in an atom, using dots

101
Q

ion

A

An atom or group of atoms that has become electrically charged

102
Q

polyatomic ion

A

An ion that is made of more than one atom

103
Q

ionic bond

A

The attraction between oppositely charged ions

104
Q

ionic compound

A

A compound that consists of positive and negative ions

105
Q

crystal

A

An orderly, three-dimensional patter of ions or atoms in a solid

106
Q

covalent bond

A

A chemical bond formed when two atoms share electrons

107
Q

double bond

A

A chemical bond formed when atoms share two pairs of electrons

108
Q

molecular compound

A

A compound that is composed of molecules

109
Q

nonpolar bond

A

A covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally

110
Q

polar bond

A

A covalent bond in which electrons are shared unequally

111
Q

metallic bond

A

An attraction between a positive metal ion and the electrons surrounding it

112
Q

chemical reaction

A

The process in which substances undergo chemical changes that result in the formation of new substances

113
Q

endothermic reaction

A

A reaction that absorbs energy in the form of heat

114
Q

exothermic reaction

A

A reaction that releases energy in the form of heat

115
Q

chemical equation

A

A short, easy way to show a chemical reaction, using symbols

116
Q

conservation of mass

A

The principle stating that matter is not created or destroyed during a chemical reaction

117
Q

closed system

A

A system in which no matter is allowed to enter or leave

118
Q

open system

A

A system in which matter can enter from or escape to the surroundings

119
Q

coefficient

A

A number in front of a chemical formula in an equation that indicates how many molecules or atoms of each reactant and product are involved in a reaction

120
Q

decomposition

A

A chemical reaction that breaks down compounds into simpler products

121
Q

activation energy

A

The minimum amount of energy needed to get a chemical reaction started

122
Q

concentration

A

The amount of one material in a certain volume of another material

123
Q

catalyst

A

A material that increases the rate of a reaction by lowering the activation energy

124
Q

enzyme

A

A biological catalyst that lowers the activation energy of reactions in cells

125
Q

inhibitor

A

A material that decreases the rate of a reaction

126
Q

combustion

A

A rapid reaction between oxygen and fuel that results in fire

127
Q

fuel

A

A material that releases energy when it burns

128
Q

motion

A

The state in which one object’s distance from another is changing

129
Q

meter

A

The basic SI unit of length

130
Q

average speed

A

The overall rate of speed at which an object moves; calculated by dividing the total distance an object travels by the total time.

131
Q

instantaneous speed

A

The speed of an object at one instant of time

132
Q

acceleration

A

The rate at which velocity changes

133
Q

force

A

A push or pull exerted on an object

134
Q

net force

A

The overall force on an object when all the individual forces acting on it are added together.

135
Q

newton

A

A unit of measure that equals the force required to accelerate 1 kilogram of mass at 1 meter per second per second

136
Q

balanced forces

A

equal forces acting on an object in opposite directions

137
Q

friction

A

The force that one surface exerts on another when the two surfaces rub against each other

138
Q

fluid friction

A

Friction that occurs as an object moves through a fluid

139
Q

gravity

A

The force that pulls objects toward each other

140
Q

free fall

A

The motion of a falling object when the only force acting on it is gravity

141
Q

air resistance

A

The fluid friction experienced by objects falling through the air

142
Q

inertia

A

The tendency of an object to resist any change in its motion

143
Q

momentum

A

The product of an object’s mass and velocity

144
Q

law of conservation of momentum

A

The rule that in the absence of outside forces the total momentum of objects that interact does not change

145
Q

centripetal force

A

A force that causes an object to move in a circle

146
Q

joule

A

A unit of work equal to one newton-meter

147
Q

input force

A

The force exerted on a machine

148
Q

input work

A

The work done on a machine as the input force acts through the input distance

149
Q

machine

A

A device that changes the amount of force exerted, the distance over which a force is exerted, or the direction in which force is exerted

150
Q

output force

A

The force exterted on an object by a machine

151
Q

output work

A

The work done by a machine as the output force acts through the output distance

152
Q

mechanical advantage

A

The number of times a machine increases a force exerted on it

153
Q

efficiency

A

The percentage of the input work that is converted to output work

154
Q

inclined place

A

A simple machine that is a flat, sloped surface

155
Q

fulcrum

A

The fixed point around which a lever pivots

156
Q

lever

A

A simple machine that consists of a rigid bar that pivots about a fixed point

157
Q

compound machine

A

A device that combines two or more simple machines

158
Q

gravitational potential energy

A

Potential energy that depends on the height of an object

159
Q

elastic potential energy

A

The energy of stretched or compressed objects

160
Q

mechanical energy

A

Kinetic or potential energy associated with the motion or position of an object

161
Q

nuclear energy

A

The potential energy stored in the nucleus of an atom

162
Q

energy transformation

A

The process of changing one form of energy to another

163
Q

law of conservation of energy

A

The rule that energy cannot be created or destroyed

164
Q

fossil fuel

A

A material such as coal that forms over millions of years from the remains of ancient plants and animals

165
Q

absolute zero

A

the temperature at which no more energy can be removed from matter

166
Q

Celsius scale

A

The temperature scale on which water freezes at 0 degrees and boils at 100 degrees

167
Q

Fahrenheit scale

A

The temperature scale on which water freezes at 32 degrees and boils at 212 degrees.

168
Q

Kelvin scale

A

The temperature scale on which zero is the temperature at which no more energy can be removed from matter

169
Q

heat

A

Thermal energy that is transferred from matter at a higher temperature to matter at a lower temperature

170
Q

conduction

A

The transfer of heat from one particle of matter to another

171
Q

convection

A

The transfer of heat by the movement of currents within a fluid

172
Q

convection current

A

A current caused by the rising of heated fluid and sinking of cooled fluid

173
Q

conductor

A

A material that conducts heat well

174
Q

insulator

A

A material that does not conduct heat well

175
Q

change of state

A

The physical change of matter from one state to another

176
Q

heat engine

A

A device that converts thermal energy into mechanical energy

177
Q

external combustion engine

A

An engine powered by fuel burned outside the engine

178
Q

internal combustion engine

A

An engine that burns fuel inside cylinders within the engine

179
Q

mechanical wave

A

A wave that requires a medium through which to travel

180
Q

medium

A

The material through which a wave travels

181
Q

crest

A

The highest part of a transverse wave

182
Q

compression

A

The part of a longitudinal wave where the particles of the medium are close together

183
Q

longitudinal wave

A

A wave that moves a medium in a direction parallel to the direction in which the wave travels

184
Q

amplitude

A

The maximum distance the particles of a medium move away from their rest positions as a wave passes through the medium

185
Q

frequency

A

The number of complete waves that pass a given point in a certain amount of time

186
Q

hertz (Hz)

A

Unit of measurement for frequency

187
Q

law of reflection

A

The rule that the angle of reflection equals the angle of incidence

188
Q

constructive interference

A

The interference that occurs when waves combine to make a wave with a larger amplitude

189
Q

diffraction

A

The bending of waves as they move around a barrier or pass through an opening

190
Q

interference

A

The interaction between waves that meet

191
Q

destructive interference

A

The interference that occurs when two waves combine to make a wave with smaller amplitude

192
Q

antinode

A

A point of maximum amplitude on a standing wave.

193
Q

node

A

A point of zero amplitude on a standing wave

194
Q

P wave

A

A longitudinal seismic wave

Science7 (11 decks)

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