FINAL EXAM Flashcards
Scientific study of behavior and mental processes=
Psychology
Main goals of psychology=
Observe, describe, explain, predict, and control behavior
Main research methods=
Surveys and experiments
Explain the difference between a psychiatrist and a psychologist
Psychiatrist is a medical doctor who can prescribe medicine
Who introduced the concept of reinforcement?
B.F. Skinner
School of psychology that looks at the basic elements of conscious experience=
Structuralism
Founder of the school of behaviorism=
John B. Watson
School of associationist=
Aristotle
Introspection=
Carefully examining our thoughts and feelings/ “looking within”
Founded structuralism=
Wilhelm Wundt
Founded Psychoanalysis=
Sigmund Freud
School of psychology that describes experience as a whole, rather than breaking it down into parts=
Gestalt school
Who wrote the first modern psychology textbook=
William James
Information, processing, thinking=
Cognitive activities
School of psychology that studies the influence of the nervous system=
Association
School of psychology that emphasizes the effects of experience in behavior=
Behaviorism
How is the practice of psychology closely related to the practice of the natural sciences?
- it’s concern with the biological functions of the brain
- the way it analyzed data and draws conclusions
- the way it conducts experiements
Ideas that are not in awareness but that can be recalled=
Preconscious level
Awareness of things both inside and outside ourselves=
Conscious
Form of classical conditioning in which a good comes to be avoided=
Taste aversion
Act of responding in the same way to stimuli that seem similar=
Generalization
Method of overcoming fears of pairing a pleasant stimulus with a feared one=
Counter-conditioning
Method that involves relaxation and gradual exposure to a feared stimulus=
Systematic desensitization
Simple form of learning in which one stimulus calls forth the response usually called forth by another stimulus=
Classical conditioning
When a conditioned response stops occurring=
Extinction
Stimulus that causes an automatic response=
Unconditioned stimulus
Learned response to a stimulus that was previously neutral=
Conditioned response
Revival of an extinguished response=
Spontaneous recovery
Punishment vs. Negative reinforcement
Punishments decrease the frequency of a behavior when applied
Negative reinforcement increases the frequency of a behavior when they are removed
Secondary vs. Primary reinforcers
Primary= reinforcers that function from biological makeup of organism Secondary= acquire their value through paired associations- money, attention, etc.
People who see violence are more likely to be violent because of______.
Observational learning
Ivan Pavlov’s experiments with dogs provided information about _________.
Classical conditioning
In what way does classical conditioning help animals and people?
Helps organisms adapt to their environment
What did E.C. Tolman’s experiments on rats showed?
Latent learning
Mental picture is another term for__________.
Cognitive map
Examples of negative reinforcement include____________.
Discomfort, fear, and social disapproval; when we’re too warm in the sun, we move into the shade
Stimulus that encourages a behavior by meeting an organisms basic biological needs=
Primary reinforcers
Modeling is a form of__________ learning.
Observational
__________ is the method of teaching complex behaviors by breaking them down into manageable parts.
Shaping
Practiced skills and learned habits=
Achievements
Second process of memory=
Storage
Best retrieved when a person is in the same mood as when the memories are stored=
State-dependent memories
General knowledge=
Semantic memory
Repeated repetition of information to help the learning process=
Maintenance rehearsal
First process of memory=
Encoding
Define chunking-
The organization of items into familiar or manageable units that are easy to remember
Episodic memory example=
What you are for dinner last night
First modern intelligence test=
The Stanford-Binet
Most widely used intelligence test=
The Wechsler Scales
Main purpose of intelligence testing=
Can help people make important decisions, help indicate whether a person is suited for a job/class, or medication to reduce agitation
Most adoptee studies show that the IQs of adopted children are more like those of their ______.
Biological parents
Causes of mental retardation=
Accidents resulting in brain damage, difficulties during childbirth, and genetic disorders or abnormalities
Social inhibitions, feelings of inadequacy=
Avoidant
Grandiosity, need for admiration, lack of empathy=
Narcissistic
Disregard for the rights of others=
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Detachment from social relationships=
Schiziod Personality Disorder
Suspicious and distrusts others’ motives=
Paranoid personality disorder
General state of dread=
Anxiety
Psychoanalysis is helpful for_______.
The treatment of anxiety and depression
Which of the following Greek philosophers came up with the philosophy of “Know Thyself”?
Socrates
Who believed that psychological disorders are caused by abnormalities in the brain?
Hippocrates
Who established the idea of introspection?
Socrates
Who outlined the laws of associationism?
Aristotle
The majority of psychologists are ________.
Clinical psychologists
Who was the founder of structuralism?
Wilhelm Wundt
Who was the founder of the school of functionalism?
William James
Who established the concept of reinforcement?
B.F. Skinner
Who founded psychoanalysis?
Sigmund Freud
Which school of psychology looks at the basic elements of conscious experience?
Structuralism
Which school of psychology describes experience as a whole rather than broken down into parts?
Gestalt
Which school of psychology was concerned with studying how mental processes help organisms adapt to their environment?
Functionalism
Which school of psychology stated that learning is accomplished by observation and personal experience?
Behaviorism
Which school of psychology stressed that behavior is caused by motives and conflict?
Psychoanalysis
What psychological theory believes that people can learn intentionally by observing others?
Social-learning theory
List the five main goals of psychology.
Observe, describe, explain, predict, and control behavior
The most vivid dreams occur during________.
REM sleep (rapid-eye movement)
