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FINAL EXAM Flashcards

1
Q

Scientific study of behavior and mental processes=

A

Psychology

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2
Q

Main goals of psychology=

A

Observe, describe, explain, predict, and control behavior

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3
Q

Main research methods=

A

Surveys and experiments

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4
Q

Explain the difference between a psychiatrist and a psychologist

A

Psychiatrist is a medical doctor who can prescribe medicine

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5
Q

Who introduced the concept of reinforcement?

A

B.F. Skinner

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6
Q

School of psychology that looks at the basic elements of conscious experience=

A

Structuralism

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7
Q

Founder of the school of behaviorism=

A

John B. Watson

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8
Q

School of associationist=

A

Aristotle

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9
Q

Introspection=

A

Carefully examining our thoughts and feelings/ “looking within”

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10
Q

Founded structuralism=

A

Wilhelm Wundt

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11
Q

Founded Psychoanalysis=

A

Sigmund Freud

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12
Q

School of psychology that describes experience as a whole, rather than breaking it down into parts=

A

Gestalt school

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13
Q

Who wrote the first modern psychology textbook=

A

William James

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14
Q

Information, processing, thinking=

A

Cognitive activities

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15
Q

School of psychology that studies the influence of the nervous system=

A

Association

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16
Q

School of psychology that emphasizes the effects of experience in behavior=

A

Behaviorism

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17
Q

How is the practice of psychology closely related to the practice of the natural sciences?

A
  • it’s concern with the biological functions of the brain
  • the way it analyzed data and draws conclusions
  • the way it conducts experiements
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18
Q

Ideas that are not in awareness but that can be recalled=

A

Preconscious level

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19
Q

Awareness of things both inside and outside ourselves=

A

Conscious

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20
Q

Form of classical conditioning in which a good comes to be avoided=

A

Taste aversion

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21
Q

Act of responding in the same way to stimuli that seem similar=

A

Generalization

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22
Q

Method of overcoming fears of pairing a pleasant stimulus with a feared one=

A

Counter-conditioning

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23
Q

Method that involves relaxation and gradual exposure to a feared stimulus=

A

Systematic desensitization

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24
Q

Simple form of learning in which one stimulus calls forth the response usually called forth by another stimulus=

A

Classical conditioning

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25
When a conditioned response stops occurring=
Extinction
26
Stimulus that causes an automatic response=
Unconditioned stimulus
27
Learned response to a stimulus that was previously neutral=
Conditioned response
28
Revival of an extinguished response=
Spontaneous recovery
29
Punishment vs. Negative reinforcement
Punishments decrease the frequency of a behavior when applied Negative reinforcement increases the frequency of a behavior when they are removed
30
Secondary vs. Primary reinforcers
``` Primary= reinforcers that function from biological makeup of organism Secondary= acquire their value through paired associations- money, attention, etc. ```
31
People who see violence are more likely to be violent because of______.
Observational learning
32
Ivan Pavlov’s experiments with dogs provided information about _________.
Classical conditioning
33
In what way does classical conditioning help animals and people?
Helps organisms adapt to their environment
34
What did E.C. Tolman’s experiments on rats showed?
Latent learning
35
Mental picture is another term for__________.
Cognitive map
36
Examples of negative reinforcement include____________.
Discomfort, fear, and social disapproval; when we’re too warm in the sun, we move into the shade
37
Stimulus that encourages a behavior by meeting an organisms basic biological needs=
Primary reinforcers
38
Modeling is a form of__________ learning.
Observational
39
__________ is the method of teaching complex behaviors by breaking them down into manageable parts.
Shaping
40
Practiced skills and learned habits=
Achievements
41
Second process of memory=
Storage
42
Best retrieved when a person is in the same mood as when the memories are stored=
State-dependent memories
43
General knowledge=
Semantic memory
44
Repeated repetition of information to help the learning process=
Maintenance rehearsal
45
First process of memory=
Encoding
46
Define chunking-
The organization of items into familiar or manageable units that are easy to remember
47
Episodic memory example=
What you are for dinner last night
48
First modern intelligence test=
The Stanford-Binet
49
Most widely used intelligence test=
The Wechsler Scales
50
Main purpose of intelligence testing=
Can help people make important decisions, help indicate whether a person is suited for a job/class, or medication to reduce agitation
51
Most adoptee studies show that the IQs of adopted children are more like those of their ______.
Biological parents
52
Causes of mental retardation=
Accidents resulting in brain damage, difficulties during childbirth, and genetic disorders or abnormalities
53
Social inhibitions, feelings of inadequacy=
Avoidant
54
Grandiosity, need for admiration, lack of empathy=
Narcissistic
55
Disregard for the rights of others=
Antisocial Personality Disorder
56
Detachment from social relationships=
Schiziod Personality Disorder
57
Suspicious and distrusts others’ motives=
Paranoid personality disorder
58
General state of dread=
Anxiety
59
Psychoanalysis is helpful for_______.
The treatment of anxiety and depression
60
Which of the following Greek philosophers came up with the philosophy of “Know Thyself”?
Socrates
61
Who believed that psychological disorders are caused by abnormalities in the brain?
Hippocrates
62
Who established the idea of introspection?
Socrates
63
Who outlined the laws of associationism?
Aristotle
64
The majority of psychologists are ________.
Clinical psychologists
65
Who was the founder of structuralism?
Wilhelm Wundt
66
Who was the founder of the school of functionalism?
William James
67
Who established the concept of reinforcement?
B.F. Skinner
68
Who founded psychoanalysis?
Sigmund Freud
69
Which school of psychology looks at the basic elements of conscious experience?
Structuralism
70
Which school of psychology describes experience as a whole rather than broken down into parts?
Gestalt
71
Which school of psychology was concerned with studying how mental processes help organisms adapt to their environment?
Functionalism
72
Which school of psychology stated that learning is accomplished by observation and personal experience?
Behaviorism
73
Which school of psychology stressed that behavior is caused by motives and conflict?
Psychoanalysis
74
What psychological theory believes that people can learn intentionally by observing others?
Social-learning theory
75
List the five main goals of psychology.
Observe, describe, explain, predict, and control behavior
76
The most vivid dreams occur during________.
REM sleep (rapid-eye movement)

Psychology (4 decks)

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