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Psychology > FINAL EXAM > Flashcards

FINAL EXAM Flashcards

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1
Q

Scientific study of behavior and mental processes=

A

Psychology

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2
Q

Main goals of psychology=

A

Observe, describe, explain, predict, and control behavior

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3
Q

Main research methods=

A

Surveys and experiments

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4
Q

Explain the difference between a psychiatrist and a psychologist

A

Psychiatrist is a medical doctor who can prescribe medicine

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5
Q

Who introduced the concept of reinforcement?

A

B.F. Skinner

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6
Q

School of psychology that looks at the basic elements of conscious experience=

A

Structuralism

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7
Q

Founder of the school of behaviorism=

A

John B. Watson

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8
Q

School of associationist=

A

Aristotle

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9
Q

Introspection=

A

Carefully examining our thoughts and feelings/ “looking within”

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10
Q

Founded structuralism=

A

Wilhelm Wundt

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11
Q

Founded Psychoanalysis=

A

Sigmund Freud

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12
Q

School of psychology that describes experience as a whole, rather than breaking it down into parts=

A

Gestalt school

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13
Q

Who wrote the first modern psychology textbook=

A

William James

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14
Q

Information, processing, thinking=

A

Cognitive activities

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15
Q

School of psychology that studies the influence of the nervous system=

A

Association

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16
Q

School of psychology that emphasizes the effects of experience in behavior=

A

Behaviorism

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17
Q

How is the practice of psychology closely related to the practice of the natural sciences?

A
  • it’s concern with the biological functions of the brain
  • the way it analyzed data and draws conclusions
  • the way it conducts experiements
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18
Q

Ideas that are not in awareness but that can be recalled=

A

Preconscious level

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19
Q

Awareness of things both inside and outside ourselves=

A

Conscious

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20
Q

Form of classical conditioning in which a good comes to be avoided=

A

Taste aversion

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21
Q

Act of responding in the same way to stimuli that seem similar=

A

Generalization

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22
Q

Method of overcoming fears of pairing a pleasant stimulus with a feared one=

A

Counter-conditioning

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23
Q

Method that involves relaxation and gradual exposure to a feared stimulus=

A

Systematic desensitization

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24
Q

Simple form of learning in which one stimulus calls forth the response usually called forth by another stimulus=

A

Classical conditioning

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25
Q

When a conditioned response stops occurring=

A

Extinction

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26
Q

Stimulus that causes an automatic response=

A

Unconditioned stimulus

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27
Q

Learned response to a stimulus that was previously neutral=

A

Conditioned response

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28
Q

Revival of an extinguished response=

A

Spontaneous recovery

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29
Q

Punishment vs. Negative reinforcement

A

Punishments decrease the frequency of a behavior when applied
Negative reinforcement increases the frequency of a behavior when they are removed

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30
Q

Secondary vs. Primary reinforcers

A 
Primary= reinforcers that function from biological makeup of organism 
Secondary= acquire their value through paired associations- money, attention, etc.
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31
Q

People who see violence are more likely to be violent because of______.

A

Observational learning

32
Q

Ivan Pavlov’s experiments with dogs provided information about _________.

A

Classical conditioning

33
Q

In what way does classical conditioning help animals and people?

A

Helps organisms adapt to their environment

34
Q

What did E.C. Tolman’s experiments on rats showed?

A

Latent learning

35
Q

Mental picture is another term for__________.

A

Cognitive map

36
Q

Examples of negative reinforcement include____________.

A

Discomfort, fear, and social disapproval; when we’re too warm in the sun, we move into the shade

37
Q

Stimulus that encourages a behavior by meeting an organisms basic biological needs=

A

Primary reinforcers

38
Q

Modeling is a form of__________ learning.

A

Observational

39
Q

__________ is the method of teaching complex behaviors by breaking them down into manageable parts.

A

Shaping

40
Q

Practiced skills and learned habits=

A

Achievements

41
Q

Second process of memory=

A

Storage

42
Q

Best retrieved when a person is in the same mood as when the memories are stored=

A

State-dependent memories

43
Q

General knowledge=

A

Semantic memory

44
Q

Repeated repetition of information to help the learning process=

A

Maintenance rehearsal

45
Q

First process of memory=

A

Encoding

46
Q

Define chunking-

A

The organization of items into familiar or manageable units that are easy to remember

47
Q

Episodic memory example=

A

What you are for dinner last night

48
Q

First modern intelligence test=

A

The Stanford-Binet

49
Q

Most widely used intelligence test=

A

The Wechsler Scales

50
Q

Main purpose of intelligence testing=

A

Can help people make important decisions, help indicate whether a person is suited for a job/class, or medication to reduce agitation

51
Q

Most adoptee studies show that the IQs of adopted children are more like those of their ______.

A

Biological parents

52
Q

Causes of mental retardation=

A

Accidents resulting in brain damage, difficulties during childbirth, and genetic disorders or abnormalities

53
Q

Social inhibitions, feelings of inadequacy=

A

Avoidant

54
Q

Grandiosity, need for admiration, lack of empathy=

A

Narcissistic

55
Q

Disregard for the rights of others=

A

Antisocial Personality Disorder

56
Q

Detachment from social relationships=

A

Schiziod Personality Disorder

57
Q

Suspicious and distrusts others’ motives=

A

Paranoid personality disorder

58
Q

General state of dread=

A

Anxiety

59
Q

Psychoanalysis is helpful for_______.

A

The treatment of anxiety and depression

60
Q

Which of the following Greek philosophers came up with the philosophy of “Know Thyself”?

A

Socrates

61
Q

Who believed that psychological disorders are caused by abnormalities in the brain?

A

Hippocrates

62
Q

Who established the idea of introspection?

A

Socrates

63
Q

Who outlined the laws of associationism?

A

Aristotle

64
Q

The majority of psychologists are ________.

A

Clinical psychologists

65
Q

Who was the founder of structuralism?

A

Wilhelm Wundt

66
Q

Who was the founder of the school of functionalism?

A

William James

67
Q

Who established the concept of reinforcement?

A

B.F. Skinner

68
Q

Who founded psychoanalysis?

A

Sigmund Freud

69
Q

Which school of psychology looks at the basic elements of conscious experience?

A

Structuralism

70
Q

Which school of psychology describes experience as a whole rather than broken down into parts?

A

Gestalt

71
Q

Which school of psychology was concerned with studying how mental processes help organisms adapt to their environment?

A

Functionalism

72
Q

Which school of psychology stated that learning is accomplished by observation and personal experience?

A

Behaviorism

73
Q

Which school of psychology stressed that behavior is caused by motives and conflict?

A

Psychoanalysis

74
Q

What psychological theory believes that people can learn intentionally by observing others?

A

Social-learning theory

75
Q

List the five main goals of psychology.

A

Observe, describe, explain, predict, and control behavior

76
Q

The most vivid dreams occur during________.

A

REM sleep (rapid-eye movement)

Psychology (4 decks)

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