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Epi > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most important reservoir for Hepatitis A?

A

humans- transmitted facal oral

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2
Q

T/F: a good example of secondary prevention is building a fence to prevent animals with a FAD from entering

A

FALSE (primary prevention)

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3
Q

In VEEV, what species is the reservoir?

A

horse
sentinel surveillance is usually used in VEEV
VEEV is a reportable foreign animal disease (FAD)

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4
Q

What is the definitive host of Taenia saginata?

A

humans

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5
Q

How is T. solium transmitted?

A

water contaminated with human feces

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6
Q

T/F: epidemiologists beleive that most infections of Toxoplasma gondii are caused by lifetime exposure to cat feces in soil

A

False; lifetime exposure to pork/meat undercooked

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7
Q

What is the biggest difference b/t foodborne bacterial infections and foodborne viral infections

A

viruses shorter incubation & less diarrhea, more vomit

bact longer duration

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8
Q

T/F: a good example of targeted surveillance is testing cows on St Kitts before slaughter for BVD

A

True

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9
Q

Which is most fatal in humans? EEEV WEEV VEEV

A

EEEV- most pathogenic

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10
Q

Which is NOT found in the healthy intestines of animal species?

A

Staph aureus- skin

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11
Q

The best way to prevent bacterial foodborne infections is to pasteurize milk and reduce fecal contamination of carcasses. Which other pathogen can be prevented in this manner?

A

Listeria monocytogenes (does not produce a toxin)

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12
Q

Define sensitivity

A

the proportion of truly diseased animals that get a positive test result

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13
Q

What is the vector for Trypanosoma cruzii?

A

Kissing bug

causes chagas

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14
Q

A cat presents with a cutaneous myiasis. It is confirmed to be cuterebra. What do you do?

A

surgical removal of bot fly

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15
Q

Describes a case with 8% (CI: 0.4-2.8). What is true?

A

the study is statistically insignificant because 1 is included

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16
Q

Cats on St kitts were trapped b/t Dec-Jan, tested for FIV. Out of 100, 15 were +. What is the measure of association/study type?

A

period prevalence

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17
Q

Which is not an analytical test?

A

Case reports are descriptive studies

analytical tests are clinical trial, prospective cohort, retro cohort

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18
Q

After an outbreak of illness, 33 ppl that were sick and 35 ppl that were not sick and living in the same area were questioned about their food and water consumption. What type of study is this?

A

case control study- is a type of observational study in which two existing groups differing in outcome are identified and compared on the basis of some supposed causal attribute.

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19
Q

Define case fatality rate

A

the # of animals in a population that died after the population was exposed to a dz
-# of deaths caused by a dz among those who have the dz during a time interval

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20
Q

A test, when ____, rules a disease IN

A

very specific

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21
Q

Which test do you preform to see if associations b/t dogs and cancer study was by chance?

A

correlation test?

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22
Q

What is the best way to prevent Anisakis infection?

A

cook fish thoroughly

this is found in sushi

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23
Q

Which toxin is associated with a histamine reaction?

A

scombrotoxin- fish toxin

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24
Q

What puts you at risk for bartonella?

A

there is a risk every time you are bitten or scratched by a cat

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25
Q

What is the biggest concern with cat bites?

A

infection of wound

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26
Q

What is a disposition?

A

term in meat inspection that describes a decision made after ante or post-mortem inspection
consumers are considered first but with NO unnecessary waste

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27
Q

T/F: he FDA oversees seafood except for catfish and the USDA oversees poultry

A

True

USDA- meat, poultry, catfish
FDA- seafood, milk pasteurization, fruit, processed foods

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28
Q

Egg washing: if done incorrectly, washing the egg will introduce bacterial through

A

the removal of the cutical

-warm water, mild cleaner, do not scrub, rinse w/ disinfectant, dry

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29
Q

During the WNV outbreak, alligators were fed horse meat. The gators got sick but are not transmitting b/t eachother. What stage is this in

A

Stage 2

they are dead end hosts!

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30
Q

Which is not an example of an emerging dz?

A

a country where the dz is at a constant rate

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31
Q

If rabies has a reproductive rate of (RO=2), then what % of the cow pop needs to be vaccinated so dz will not spread?

A

50%

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32
Q

You are new at a vet clinic and to help, you plan an escape route. What is this an ex of?

A

preparedness

33
Q

Who do you report internationally notifiable important dzs to?

A

World Animal Health Orginization OIE

34
Q

What is true about states and notifiable dz?

A

generally includes USDA list

35
Q

What is true about passive surveillance?

A

has selection bias based on where samples are coming from

36
Q

what is true about information bias

A

Information bias is also called misclassification bias

error in the measurements taken

37
Q

What is the first thing you do when you have been called out to investigate an outbreak?

A

confirm there is an outbreak

38
Q

Which is not a foodborne pathogen?

A

Cryptosporidium spp its waterborne

39
Q

What is the most likely vector of Vibrio cholerae?

A

water

john snow

40
Q

What is true about norovirus

A

most common cause of foodborne illness in world
ppl shed for 2 weeks post illness
cruise ships

41
Q

What does it mean when an animal carcass has restrictions?

A

it can be used for human consumption after being cooked or frozen

42
Q

A dog is bit by a racoon, but it has been confirmed that he is up to date on his rabies vx. Next step?

A

treat the wounds

confine in home for 45 days

43
Q

Stray kitten found, already but the owner twice, observed neurological deficits upon physical exam. Next step?

A

since there are signs compatible with rabies, euthanize and submit for rabies testing

notify health dep & authorities
post exposure prophylaxis must be initiated if rabies results are positive

44
Q

A new compendium from 2009 requires:

A

all old layers to be replaced with new SE(salmonella enteritis)-free pullets and egg products pasterurized

45
Q

Which is true about egregious violation?

A

an inspector can immediatly halt all slaughter if there is an egregious violation

46
Q

Specified Risk Materials (SRM)

what is not considered safe for human consumption?

A

-tonsils and distal ileum from all ages
-if over 30 months: brain, skull, eyes, trigeminal ganglia, spinal cord, vertebral column, and dorsal root ganglia
“Inedible” based upon risk of BSE transmission to humans

47
Q

Definition of epidemiology

A

distribution and determinants of health related states and events in specific population and the application to the control of health problems

study of dz in populations!

48
Q

Rothman’s model

A 
Causal pies
dz is caused by multiple factors
-individual fators: component cause
-complete pie: sufficient cause
-component that appears in every pie: necessary cause
49
Q

Sensitivity (Se)

A

the proportion of DISEASED animals that the test correctly classifies as POSITIVE
(be sensitive to animals with dz)

50
Q

Specificity (Sp)

A

the proportion of NON diseased animals that test correctly as NEGATIVE

51
Q

A very ___ test, when neg, rules dz out

A

sensitive
SnNOut
SeNsitive test when Neg rules dz OUT

52
Q

A very ___ test, when positive, rules dz in

A

specific
SpPIn
Specific test when Positive rules dz IN

53
Q

Which type of test produces a lot of false positives?

A

low specificity

54
Q

Which type of test produces a lot of false negatives?

A

low sensitivity

55
Q

A very sensitive test produces many…

A

True positive results

Few false negative results

56
Q

Which test produces a lot of false negative results?

A

poor sensitivity

57
Q

A very specific test produces many…

A

true negative results

few false positives

58
Q

PPV equation

A

TP/TP+FP *100

59
Q

NPV equation

A

TN/TN+FN *100

60
Q

Se equation

A

TP/TP+FN *100

61
Q

Sp equation

A

TN/TN+FP *100

62
Q

Prevalence

A

a measure of the amount of dz in a population

chronic dz, magnitude of dz

63
Q

Incidence

A

a measure of the rate of dz occurence

acute dz, assess cause for dz

64
Q

Mortality rate

A

deaths during specified time/total population during that time

65
Q

How do we submit a brain for testing?

A

remove head
place in 2 plastic bags
place cold pack and specimen in foam container

66
Q

Ro=2

A

50%

67
Q

Ro=5

A

80%

68
Q

Ro=10

A

90%

69
Q

Ro=1

A

cases per time period stays the same

70
Q

A case report shows that something can happen ____. A case series shows that it can happen ____.

A

once

repeatedly

71
Q

Managing a diabetic cat is an example of which type of prevention?

A

tertiary prevention

72
Q

_____ is the frequency of an event over time

A

Rate

73
Q

T/F: Point prevalence is the number of diseased at a single point in time and typically used in cross-sectional studies.

A

true

74
Q

Case control studies determine

A

prevalence

75
Q

What is true about Grade B milk?

A

it does not abide by the PMO (pasteurized milk ordinance)

76
Q

According to the PMO, which is required for Grade A milk?

A

milk must be cooled to 45F within 2 hrs of milking cow

77
Q

True example of zoonosis in raw milk

A

brucellosis

78
Q

Rotavirus

A

cause of diarrhea in children around the world

Epi (3 decks)

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