Final Exam Flashcards
What is the most important reservoir for Hepatitis A?
humans- transmitted facal oral
T/F: a good example of secondary prevention is building a fence to prevent animals with a FAD from entering
FALSE (primary prevention)
In VEEV, what species is the reservoir?
horse
sentinel surveillance is usually used in VEEV
VEEV is a reportable foreign animal disease (FAD)
What is the definitive host of Taenia saginata?
humans
How is T. solium transmitted?
water contaminated with human feces
T/F: epidemiologists beleive that most infections of Toxoplasma gondii are caused by lifetime exposure to cat feces in soil
False; lifetime exposure to pork/meat undercooked
What is the biggest difference b/t foodborne bacterial infections and foodborne viral infections
viruses shorter incubation & less diarrhea, more vomit
bact longer duration
T/F: a good example of targeted surveillance is testing cows on St Kitts before slaughter for BVD
True
Which is most fatal in humans? EEEV WEEV VEEV
EEEV- most pathogenic
Which is NOT found in the healthy intestines of animal species?
Staph aureus- skin
The best way to prevent bacterial foodborne infections is to pasteurize milk and reduce fecal contamination of carcasses. Which other pathogen can be prevented in this manner?
Listeria monocytogenes (does not produce a toxin)
Define sensitivity
the proportion of truly diseased animals that get a positive test result
What is the vector for Trypanosoma cruzii?
Kissing bug
causes chagas
A cat presents with a cutaneous myiasis. It is confirmed to be cuterebra. What do you do?
surgical removal of bot fly
Describes a case with 8% (CI: 0.4-2.8). What is true?
the study is statistically insignificant because 1 is included
Cats on St kitts were trapped b/t Dec-Jan, tested for FIV. Out of 100, 15 were +. What is the measure of association/study type?
period prevalence
Which is not an analytical test?
Case reports are descriptive studies
analytical tests are clinical trial, prospective cohort, retro cohort
After an outbreak of illness, 33 ppl that were sick and 35 ppl that were not sick and living in the same area were questioned about their food and water consumption. What type of study is this?
case control study- is a type of observational study in which two existing groups differing in outcome are identified and compared on the basis of some supposed causal attribute.
Define case fatality rate
the # of animals in a population that died after the population was exposed to a dz
-# of deaths caused by a dz among those who have the dz during a time interval
A test, when ____, rules a disease IN
very specific
Which test do you preform to see if associations b/t dogs and cancer study was by chance?
correlation test?
What is the best way to prevent Anisakis infection?
cook fish thoroughly
this is found in sushi
Which toxin is associated with a histamine reaction?
scombrotoxin- fish toxin
What puts you at risk for bartonella?
there is a risk every time you are bitten or scratched by a cat
What is the biggest concern with cat bites?
infection of wound
What is a disposition?
term in meat inspection that describes a decision made after ante or post-mortem inspection
consumers are considered first but with NO unnecessary waste
T/F: he FDA oversees seafood except for catfish and the USDA oversees poultry
True
USDA- meat, poultry, catfish
FDA- seafood, milk pasteurization, fruit, processed foods
Egg washing: if done incorrectly, washing the egg will introduce bacterial through
the removal of the cutical
-warm water, mild cleaner, do not scrub, rinse w/ disinfectant, dry
During the WNV outbreak, alligators were fed horse meat. The gators got sick but are not transmitting b/t eachother. What stage is this in
Stage 2
they are dead end hosts!
Which is not an example of an emerging dz?
a country where the dz is at a constant rate
If rabies has a reproductive rate of (RO=2), then what % of the cow pop needs to be vaccinated so dz will not spread?
50%
You are new at a vet clinic and to help, you plan an escape route. What is this an ex of?
preparedness
Who do you report internationally notifiable important dzs to?
World Animal Health Orginization OIE
What is true about states and notifiable dz?
generally includes USDA list
What is true about passive surveillance?
has selection bias based on where samples are coming from
what is true about information bias
Information bias is also called misclassification bias
error in the measurements taken
What is the first thing you do when you have been called out to investigate an outbreak?
confirm there is an outbreak
Which is not a foodborne pathogen?
Cryptosporidium spp its waterborne
What is the most likely vector of Vibrio cholerae?
water
john snow
What is true about norovirus
most common cause of foodborne illness in world
ppl shed for 2 weeks post illness
cruise ships
What does it mean when an animal carcass has restrictions?
it can be used for human consumption after being cooked or frozen
A dog is bit by a racoon, but it has been confirmed that he is up to date on his rabies vx. Next step?
treat the wounds
confine in home for 45 days
Stray kitten found, already but the owner twice, observed neurological deficits upon physical exam. Next step?
since there are signs compatible with rabies, euthanize and submit for rabies testing
notify health dep & authorities
post exposure prophylaxis must be initiated if rabies results are positive
A new compendium from 2009 requires:
all old layers to be replaced with new SE(salmonella enteritis)-free pullets and egg products pasterurized
Which is true about egregious violation?
an inspector can immediatly halt all slaughter if there is an egregious violation
Specified Risk Materials (SRM)
what is not considered safe for human consumption?
-tonsils and distal ileum from all ages
-if over 30 months: brain, skull, eyes, trigeminal ganglia, spinal cord, vertebral column, and dorsal root ganglia
“Inedible” based upon risk of BSE transmission to humans
Definition of epidemiology
distribution and determinants of health related states and events in specific population and the application to the control of health problems
study of dz in populations!
Rothman’s model
Causal pies dz is caused by multiple factors -individual fators: component cause -complete pie: sufficient cause -component that appears in every pie: necessary cause
Sensitivity (Se)
the proportion of DISEASED animals that the test correctly classifies as POSITIVE
(be sensitive to animals with dz)
Specificity (Sp)
the proportion of NON diseased animals that test correctly as NEGATIVE
A very ___ test, when neg, rules dz out
sensitive
SnNOut
SeNsitive test when Neg rules dz OUT
A very ___ test, when positive, rules dz in
specific
SpPIn
Specific test when Positive rules dz IN
Which type of test produces a lot of false positives?
low specificity
Which type of test produces a lot of false negatives?
low sensitivity
A very sensitive test produces many…
True positive results
Few false negative results
Which test produces a lot of false negative results?
poor sensitivity
A very specific test produces many…
true negative results
few false positives
PPV equation
TP/TP+FP *100
NPV equation
TN/TN+FN *100
Se equation
TP/TP+FN *100
Sp equation
TN/TN+FP *100
Prevalence
a measure of the amount of dz in a population
chronic dz, magnitude of dz
Incidence
a measure of the rate of dz occurence
acute dz, assess cause for dz
Mortality rate
deaths during specified time/total population during that time
How do we submit a brain for testing?
remove head
place in 2 plastic bags
place cold pack and specimen in foam container
Ro=2
50%
Ro=5
80%
Ro=10
90%
Ro=1
cases per time period stays the same
A case report shows that something can happen ____. A case series shows that it can happen ____.
once
repeatedly
Managing a diabetic cat is an example of which type of prevention?
tertiary prevention
_____ is the frequency of an event over time
Rate
T/F: Point prevalence is the number of diseased at a single point in time and typically used in cross-sectional studies.
true
Case control studies determine
prevalence
What is true about Grade B milk?
it does not abide by the PMO (pasteurized milk ordinance)
According to the PMO, which is required for Grade A milk?
milk must be cooled to 45F within 2 hrs of milking cow
True example of zoonosis in raw milk
brucellosis
Rotavirus
cause of diarrhea in children around the world
