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Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What percentage of disease are zoonotic?

A

more than half 61%

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2
Q

What percent of emerging dz are zoonotic?

A

75%

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3
Q

What is the difference between clinician approach and epidemiologist approach?

A

Epidemiologists reduce dz without knowing etiology. (population, field, control/prevention, identify pattern, what is it)

Clinician- sick animal, hospital, Rx individual, identify dz, what is it, how to treat

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4
Q

Direct transmission is

types?

A

directly from reservoir to susceptible host
direct contact: skin to skin, bite. scratch
direct projection: direct projection: droplet spread, short range aerosols, coughing/talking

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5
Q

Biological vector

A

agent undergoes changes or multiples while in the vector, required for transmission
arthropod parasite to human

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6
Q

Propagated source curve

A

exposure followed by waves of secondary/tertiary cases

contagious dz

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7
Q

Common source single point exposure curve

A

all animals exposed at once & to the same source of infection.
NOT contagious
determine the min, average, & max incubation time

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8
Q

Secondary determinant

A

factors that make the dz more or less likely; predisposing or enabling factors

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9
Q

Intrinsic determinant

A

internal to the animal

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10
Q

Horse w/ upright conformation of hooves is predisposed to navicular dz

A

secondary intrinsic

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11
Q

Emerging disease

A

previously unknown dz that suddenly appears in a population or a known dz that suddenly appears in a new population
ex. outbreak of dz in a new species

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12
Q

Stage 2 of pathogen emergence

A

dead end host

animal reservoir transmits to human/other animals, but no transmission among them

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13
Q

Drivers of emerging dz

A 
land use changes
food & ag systems
environmental systems
human behavior
transmission from intentional release
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14
Q

Food animal issues

A

carcass disposal from mass casualties, animal ID, policy issues, environmental contamination
(herd health good for disaster management)

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15
Q

Incident command system (ICS)

A

multiple agency cooperation
standardized, on scene, all hazard, incident management
flexible

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16
Q

Hazard is high & outrage is low

A

task of risk communication = precaution advocacy
alerting people to serious risk
emerging dz, 80% fatal, no one seems to care = precaution advocacy

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17
Q

In a pre-crisis it is important to

A

test messages, be prepared, foster alliances

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18
Q

Regulatory framework of USDA

A

is to provide surveillance for reportable dz

designates list of OIE-reportable dz not notifiable in USA

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19
Q

Suspected FAD

A

positive reports must be confirmed by USDA lab

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20
Q

Clinical vets need to know

A

signs of FAD’s, signs of reportable dz, proper procedures for vx & testing, how to fill out legal forms, who to report dz to

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21
Q

Who can preform exams for health certificates and perform activities related to regulatory dz

A

accredited veterinarians through USDA

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22
Q

Category II accreditation

A

all animals, no exclusions

pigs

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23
Q

Category I accreditation

A

excludes food & fiber species, horses, all birds, farm raised aquatic species & zoo animals that could transmit dz to livestock

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24
Q

Purpose of surveillance

A 
rapid detection of dz outbreaks
support dz control/ eradication
assess population health & safety of food
produce info about dz
evaluate dz control/biosecurity programs
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25
Q

Passive surveillance

A

spontaneous report of cases or suspicion of a dz

ex. state surveillance of rabies, states depend on submission of case forms
pros: continuous, emerging dz, inexpensive

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26
Q

Active surveillance

A

representative of the population

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27
Q

Sentinel surveilance

A

small group is monitored as an indicator of the greater population health or dz risk
ex. chickens being bit by mosquitoes to tell us about EEV/WEEV

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28
Q

Primary prevention

A

prevent dz from occurring by keeping pathogens out
before the dz even occurs
ex. border security to keep out FAD from US, vx, meat inspection

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29
Q

Reducing contact potential

A

quarantine of possible infected

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30
Q

Increasing host resistance

A

genetic selection of Ndama cattle to be trypanotolerant

chemoprophylaxis, vaccination

31
Q

Examples of direct horizontal transmission

A 
direct skin to skin, bite, scratch
direct projection, droplet spread, short range aerosols
direct, airborne
indirect: vehicle, fomites
indirect: vector, mechanical/biological
32
Q

T/F dz occur at random in a population of people or animals

33
Q

T/F human social behavior has little to do with emergence on a dz

34
Q

T/F when participating in crisis communication, one should never withhold info from public to prevent panic

35
Q

USDA labs are the only ones that can

A

dx foreign animal dz

36
Q

Food borne dz originate primarily from

37
Q

During the Tularemia outbreak, people affected were within 5 meters of the contaminated area, what type of transmission is this an example of

A

horizontal & direct

38
Q

Reportable program that uses surveillance

A

continuous/passive surveillance

39
Q

Epidemic curves

A

contagious dz are represented in a propagated epidemic curve

40
Q

Evacuation concern

A

people can decide to not evacuate due to their pets

41
Q

What is asked of the USDA approved vets

A

to provide surveillance of reportable dz

42
Q

Example of an emerging dz

A

into of west nile virus to the US in 1999

43
Q

You have an HIV positive client who is scratched by her 8 week old kitten during a routine exam. She is at risk for which dzs?

A

bartonellosis (cat scratch dz)

abcsesssation

44
Q

In 2003 the US had an outbreak of monkey pox in people, via pet prairie dogs that were commingled w/ african rodents that carried the dz. This is an example of

A

international trade/commerce

45
Q

You see vesciles in the mouth of sheep in WY. what do you do?

A

it could be FMD or orf so call state vet

46
Q

You need cat II accreditation to work with

A

parakeets, pigs, cattle, horses

47
Q

Tularemia outbreak in germany, what was the primary transmission?

48
Q

What transmission is Borrelia burgdorferi caused by?

A

vector- tick

49
Q

Animal health surveillance examples

A

reportable dz program
alert system
testing mosquito pool
meat inspector condemning a TB infected bovine carcass

50
Q

State wide surveillance for rabies depends on the submission of case investigation forms from all vets licensed in that state. What type of surveillance?

51
Q

Surveillance for WNV in FL uses small flocks of chickens to test. What type of surveillance is this?

52
Q

After an outbreak of parvo in a city vet epidemiologists visit all clinics to review charts for cases of dogs with diarrhea illness. What type of surveillance?

53
Q

Which type of test produces a lot of false positives?

A

low specificity

54
Q

A very sensitive test will have

A

many true positive results

55
Q

which type of test produces a lot of false negatives?

A

low sensitivity

56
Q

What describes a very specific test?

A

many true negative test results

57
Q

Regarding the Tularemia outbreak in Germany, what type of transmission was it?

A

horizontal direct

58
Q

What does a propagated source tell you?

A

Exposure followed by primary cases

59
Q

An outbreak of Measles in 2001 in the UK was discussed in class and that example was used to highlight what point?

A

herd immunity

60
Q
  1. The outbreak of Foot and Mouth disease in 2001 is an example of
A

re-emerging dz

61
Q

example of emerging dz

A

nipah virus

62
Q

What stage of emergence stops at the dead end host?

63
Q

What is the order of disaster management?

A

mitigation
preparedness
response
recovery

64
Q
  1. You are recently employed veterinarian working in Key West Florida and your case load is light so you decide to be productive employee and taken it upon yourself to outline and revise evacuation plans if disaster was to ever strike, this is an example of?
A

preparedness

65
Q

Can be structural
Can be non-structural like procedural changes
Attempts to reduce the effect of disaster when they occur

A

mitigation

66
Q

NFR Nation response framework

A

Includes all levels of the government private sector and other organizations
Establishes a comprehensive all hazard approach to domestic incident response
Builds on the national incident management system with its flexible and adaptable coordinating structures

67
Q

Testing cows for Brucella
Culling the ones that are positive
Publishing an article about it

A

surveillance

68
Q

You are a veterinarian working at the slaughter house, inspecting incoming animals, what kind of surveillance is that?

A

targeted surveillance

69
Q
  1. When you ship a pet into St. Kitts from the US and the pet undergoes quarantine, what type of prevention is this?
A

primary prevention

70
Q

What surveillance type is representative of the population?

A

active surveillance

71
Q

Role of USDA vet within the regulatory framework

A

provide surveillance for reportable dzs

72
Q
  1. You are called to a zoo to examine endangered species of a cow that was recently imported into the US. One of them is salivating and has lesions in the mouth. What do you do?
A

Call AVIC immediately

Call the state veterinarian

73
Q
  1. When a country has an outbreak of a FAD, what agency should be notified ASAP?- call within 24 hours
74
Q

USDA accreditation

A

a. Only accredited veterinarians can perform exams for health certificates
b. Only accredited veterinarians can perform EIA testing
c. Only accredited vets can perform Rabies vaccinations in many US states
d. Only accredited vets can perform Brucella and TB testing
b. Need to know proper procedures for vaccinating, testing animals for regulatory diseases
c. Need to know how to fill out legal forms for traveling
d. Need to know who to report the diseases to

Epi (3 decks)

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