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PSY 111 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Phillippe Pinel

A

reformed how the mentally ill were treated
emphasized improving environment, treating patents with dignity
environmental factors are a cause of disorders!

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2
Q

psychopathology

A

illness of the mind

disorders need to be diagnosed so people can be treated

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3
Q

psychological disorder

A

clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotional regulation, or behavior
dysfunctional and/or maladaptive

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4
Q

pattern

A

a colleciton of symptoms that tend to go together

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5
Q

distress and dysfunction

A

interference by a disorder with daily life and well-being

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6
Q

deviant

A

differing from the norm, developmentally or culturally

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7
Q

Why classify disorders?

A
  1. predict future course of disorder
  2. suggest appropriate treatment
  3. prompt research into causes
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8
Q

ADHD

A

6 or more symptoms of inattention/hyperactivity for children up to 16
5 or more symptoms for adults
symptoms present for >6 months and inappropriate for developmental level

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9
Q

3 presentations of ADHD

A

combined: both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity
predominantly inattentive
predominantly hyperactive-impulsive

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10
Q

DSM

A

diagnostic and statistical manual
DSM-V is current, used to diagnose disorders
used to justify payment for treatment

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11
Q

criticisms of DSM diagnosis

A

calls many people “disordered”
classification can be arbitrary
labels direct how we view and interpret the world (self-fulfilling prophecies) and how we are treated by others

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12
Q

anxiety disorder

A

distressing, persistent anxiety and the dysfunctional behaviors that reduce anxiety

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13
Q

what makes anxiety a disorder?

A

distressing: constant anxiety
maladaptive coping responses
impairing: social, academic, occupational

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14
Q

generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

A

continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal
difficult to control worry, across a range of activities
emotional/cognitive symptoms: worrying, anxious anticipation interfering with concentration
physical symptoms: autonomic arousal, trembling, sweating, bad sleep

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15
Q

panic disorder

A

repeated, unexpected, and recurrent panic attacks as well as fear of the next attack
change in behavior to avoid attacks

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16
Q

panic attack

A

minutes of extreme dread or terror
chest pains, choking, numbness
need to escape

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17
Q

phobias

A

persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation
out of proportion to actual danger, avoidance of triggers
6 months or more

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18
Q

obsessive compulsive disorder

A

unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions), actions (compulsions) or both
often “rechecking”

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19
Q

obsessions

A

thoughts, urges, or images that are experienced as intrusive and unwanted

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20
Q

compulsions

A

repetitive behaviors or mental acts that the individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession or according to rules that must be applied rigidly

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21
Q

posttraumatic stress disorder

A

experience of a traumatic event, followed by:
intrusive symptoms, avoidance behaviors, negative changes in thoughts and mood, hyperarousal
at least 1 month

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22
Q

trauma

A

exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence
direct experience, witnessing, knowledge of it happening to family or friend, repeated/extreme exposure to details of trauma
form powerful associations in amygdala

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23
Q

anxiety and genetics

A

identical twins develop similar phobias
genes regulate levels of neurotransmitters (serotonin, glutamate)
evolutionary?

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24
Q

ACC

A

anterior cingulate gyrus
monitors actions and checks for errors
high activity in OCD brains

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25
Q

disorder explanatations

A

classical conditioning: overgeneralizing a conditioned response
operant conditioning: rewarding avoidance
observational learning: worrying like mom

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26
Q

observational learning

A

fears get passed down in families

when fear/avoidance is observed, it can be learned

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27
Q

reconsolidation

A

memory is “reactivated” then must be resolidified in long-term memory
following reactivation, memory is vulnerable to disruption
possible treatment for phobias

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28
Q

treatment for anxiety

A

anxiolytics like benzodiazepines
enhance effect of GABA at GABA-A receptor
effective during short term

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29
Q

depression

A 
the "common cold" of mental disorders
#1 reason people seek mental health services
must be distressing or dysfunctional
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30
Q

major depressive disorder

A

MDD
depressed mood most of day, less interest/pleasure in activities
fatigue, sleep issues, worthlessness, thoughts of suicide
must last over 2 weeks
treatment not always needed

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31
Q

seasonal affective disorder

A

seasonal pattern of depression brought on by dark, cold days of winter
crying survey b/t august and december

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32
Q

bipolar disorder

A

“manic-depressive”

bouts of depression offset by periods of mania, energetic, euphoric, and hyperactive mood

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33
Q

disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

A

similar to bipolar disorder but more commonly diagnosed in children
cycles of depression and rage instead of mania

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34
Q

Who is more susceptible to depression?

A

Women

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35
Q

evolutionary perspective on depression

A

mild, non-disordered depression may have survival value

“social-emotional hibernation” under stress that allows us to conserve energy, avoid conflicts, take time to think

36
Q

brain biology in depression

A

brain activity diminished
frontal lobes smaller
less norepinephrine and reduced serotonin
drugs try to restore NT levels, exercise, diet

37
Q

antidepressants

A

SSRIs or SNRIs (serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors

block reuptake, increase NT levels at synapse

38
Q

depressive explanatory style

A

mood predicted by how we analyze bad news

stable, internal, global problems instead of temp, external, specific

39
Q

suicide

A

at greatest risk when rebounding from depression
women more likely to attempt, men more likely to complete
public suicides increase rates

40
Q

NSSI

A 
non-suicidal self injury
used to deal with distress, cry for help
usually does not lead to suicide
peaks at 14-19 and for females
relieves guilt, distraction
41
Q

schizophrenia

A

“split from reality”
negative, cognitive, then positive symptoms appear over 3-5 years
both genetic and environmental factors

42
Q

schizophrenia symptoms

A

+ symptoms: hallucinations, delusions, thought disorders
- symptoms: flattened emotions, speechlessness, lack of initiative, social withdrawal
cognitive symptoms: poor attention span, motor speed, learning, memory, abstract thinking, problem solving

43
Q

courses of schizophrenia

A

acute/reactive: some people develop + symptoms like hallucinations in response to stress, recovery is likely
chronic/progressive: develops slowly, more - symptoms like flat affect, treatment can improve but recovery is doubtful

44
Q

susceptibility hypothesis

A

there is a gene for schizophrenia but it must be activated by the environment
identical vs. fraternal twins and their children

45
Q

dopamine hypothesis

A

positive symptoms caused by overactivity of dopaminergic synapses
mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway involved in reward system is affected, hard to follow orderly thought sequences
increased activity to amygdala

46
Q

hypofrontality

A

decrease in dopaminergic activity in prefrontal cortex leads to - and cognitive symptoms

47
Q

dissociation

A

a separation of conscious awareness from thoughts, memory, bodily sensations, feelings, or even from identity
psychological escape from stress

48
Q

dissociative disorder

A

dysfunction and distress caused by chronic and severe dissociation

49
Q

dissociative identity disorder

A

multiple personality disorder
personalities are distinct, not conscious at same time, may or may not be aware of each other
debate over biological vs. cultural/societal explanations

50
Q

personality disorders

A

eccentric/odd: schizophrenic - symptoms

dramatic: attention-seeking, narcissistic, amoral, antisocial
anxious: avoidant personality, ruled by fear of social rejection

51
Q

antisocial personality disorder

A

borderline/histrionic
total lack of empathy or conscience
may be aggressive and ruthless or intelligent
irresponsible, does not conform to social norms, deceitful

52
Q

biosocial roots of crime

A

murderers seem to have: less tissue/activity in brain area that suppresses impulses
less amygdala response to violence
overactive dopamine

53
Q

eating disorders

A

extremely prevalent even among kids

unrealistic body image, desire to control food when other things can’t be controlled, depression cycles, health issues

54
Q

anorexia nervosa

A

when someone maintains starvation diet despite being extremely underweight
results in many health issues, high mortality rate

55
Q

bulimia nervosa

A

vicious cycle of strict diet, craving and binge eating, then purging and shame

56
Q

psychotherapy

A

interaction with a trained professional, working on understanding and changing behavior, thinking, relationships, and emotions

57
Q

eclectic

A

treatment from various forms of therapy

58
Q

eating disorder contributors

A 
cultural ideals of body appearance
mother focused on her and child's weight
negative self-evaluation in the family
competitiveness/protectiveness for anorexia
childhood obesity for bulemia
59
Q

humanistic therapy

A

Carl Rogers, person-centered therapy
is non-directive, genuine, accepting, unconditional positive regard, empathetic, active listening
help people gain self-awareness and acceptance, support personal growth

60
Q

behavioral therapies

A

uses learning and classical/operant conditioning to reduce unwanted responses
exposure therapy

61
Q

exposure therapy

A

reverses reinforcement of conditioned fear avoidance behaviors by waiting for anxiety to subside during exposure
systematic desensitization: continuously increasing exposure intensity as patient tolerates lower levels
virtual reality therapy: simulating fears

62
Q

aversion therapy

A

exposure to stimulus that typically elicits problematic positive response, while simultaneously introducing discomfort
adding nausea drug to booze to associate alcohol with nausea

63
Q

operant conditioning therapy

A

behavior modification: shaping a chosen behavior to look more like a desired behavior
desired behaviors rewarded
problematic behaviors unrewarded or punished

64
Q

cognitive therapy

A

helps alter negative thinking that worsens symptoms
seeks to improve explanatory style for depressive causes (internal vs. external attribution)
changes irrational, self-defeating thinking

65
Q

cognitive therapy for depression

A

Aaron Beck

correcting cognitive distortions, self blame, overgeneralizing

66
Q

cognitive behavioral therapy

A

combines cognitive and behavioral therapy, most commonly used type of therapy

67
Q

family therapy

A

allows therapist to work on family system

related to couples/marital therapy

68
Q

client outcomes of therapy

A

people often enter in crisis, need to believe it worked
generally speak kindly of their therapists
most feel better when leaving than when they enter

69
Q

therapist outcomes of therapy

A

therapists hear praise from successes but little from those whose problems return
one client may be a success in multiple therapists’ files

70
Q

evidence-based practice

A

using outcome research and clinical expertise to select therapeutic interventions
based on clinical expertise, research, patient’s values/preferences/circumstances

71
Q

EMDR

A

eye movement desensitization and reprocessing
client recalls trauma while therapist waves finger or light in front of their eyes
effectiveness does not depend on eye movement technique

72
Q

light exposure therapy

A

daily exposure to bright light (esp. blue) as treatment for SAD

73
Q

What might make psychotherapy effective?

A

Hope for demoralized people, a new perspective, an empathetic, trusting, caring relationship

74
Q

psychologists

A

PhD, PsyD

therapy, intelligence and personality testing

75
Q

psychiatrists

A

MD, DO

psychotherapy and medicine

76
Q

social workers

A

MSW

counselors, nurses, and other professionals that can diagnose and treat mental disorders

77
Q

biomedical therapies

A

change the brain’s electrochemical state with psychotropic drugs, magnetic impulses, electrical currents, or surgery

78
Q

psychopharmacology

A

study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior

79
Q

antipsychotic

A

competitive dopamine antagonist
reduce positive symptoms like hallucinations, delusions
obesity, diabetes, movement problems

80
Q

antianxiety drugs

A

GABA agonist
temporarily reduces worried thinking and physical agitation, can permanently erase trauma associations
slows nervous system activity in body and brain
slowed thinking, reduced learning, dependence

81
Q

antidepressant

A

improves mood/control over depressing and anxious thoughts
SSRI/SNRI (serotonin, norepinephrine), possible neurogenesis
dry mouth, constipation, reduced libido

82
Q

mood stabilizers

A

reduce the highs of mania and the depressive lows
must measure blood levels
mechanism unknown
lithium

83
Q

ADHD stimulants

A

control impulses, reduce distractability and need for stimulation
block dopamine reuptake
decreased appetite

84
Q

electroconvulsive therapy

A

gentle anesthetic, muscle relaxant
30-60 secs of mild current resulting in mild seizure
some memory loss, no brain damage
can be very effective but relapse not uncommon

85
Q

RTMS

A

repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation
magnetic coil stimulates targeted brain regions via magnetic pulses
may lead to formation of new neural connections
increase activity in left frontal lobe?

86
Q

deep brain stimulation

A

implanted electrode delivers periodic stimulation like pacemaker
targets bridge between frontal lobes and limbic system

PSY 111 (4 decks)

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