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PSY 111 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

brain stem

A

controls heart rate and breathing
begins where spinal cord swells after entering skull
brain’s oldest region, contains medulla, reticular formation, and pons

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2
Q

medulla

A

controls heart rate and breathing

damage usually results in death

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3
Q

pons

A

helps coordinate movements

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4
Q

reticular formation

A

nerve network running through thalamus and brain stem
filters and directs incoming sensory input
important in controlling arousal
contains cells producing most serotonin

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5
Q

thalamus

A

directs sensory messages (except smell) to cortex, processes input

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6
Q

cerebellum

A

“little brain”, enables nonverbal and skill learning
coordinates and smoothens voluntary movement
helps process and store info outside of awareness

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7
Q

limbic system

A

contains amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus

neural center bordering older parts of brain and cerebral hemispheres

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8
Q

amygdala

A

linked to fear and aggression emotions

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9
Q

hippocampus

A

consolidates short term into long term memory

loss results in anterograde and retrograde amnesia

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10
Q

hypothalamus

A

maintains homeostasis
controls endocrine system using pituitary gland
emotion and reward

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11
Q

cerebrum

A

2 hemispheres containing cerebral cortex and underlying sub-cortical structures
has 4 lobes

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12
Q

cerebral cortex

A

thin layer of interconnected neural cells covering cerebral hemispheres
same structure in all humans (grooves/valleys)
larger = increased learning, thinking, adaptation capacity

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13
Q

frontal lobe

A

contains motor cortex
speaking, muscle movements, planning, judgment, decision making
last part of brain to fully develop

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14
Q

Phineas Gage

A

RR tie destroyed most of frontal lobe of cortex

“wasn’t gage”, went from kind to profane and dishonest

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15
Q

parietal lobe

A

contains somatosensory cortex

integrates sensory info, manipulation of objects, numbers and their relationships, spatial vision

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16
Q

occipital lobe

A

receives input from eyes
smallest lobe
in the back

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17
Q

temporal lobe

A

auditory processing, language comprehension, memory, emotion

directly above hippocampus

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18
Q

motor cortex

A

rear of frontal lobes
controls voluntary movements
contralaterally oriented: right controls left
body parts with larger portion of motor cortex have more control

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19
Q

somatosensory cortex

A

parietal lobe
processes info from skin senses and movement of body parts
each part’s sensitivity determined by size in cortex

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20
Q

association areas

A

integrate, interpret, and act on sensory information while linking it with stored memories
found in all lobes of cortex, not involved in primary sensory or motor functions

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21
Q

brain plasticity

A

ability of brain to remap and make new connections to allow regions to perform atypical functions in case of damage to regular region
diminishes later in life

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22
Q

corpus callosum

A

large band of neural fibers connecting two hemispheres of cortex

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23
Q

split brain

A

cut corpus callosum to treat epilepsy
brain’s hemispheres cannot communicate
heart: says they saw art, points to he w/left hand

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24
Q

Henry Molaison

A

case study after most of temporal lobe and hippocampus removed to treat epilepsy
could not recall old memories or form new ones
could learn/improve at skills

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25
Q

EEG

A

electroencephalogram
readout of brain’s electrical activity, shows function
only superficial of cortex
small time range (ms)

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26
Q

PET

A

positron emission tomography, shows brain’s consumption of glucose (hot spots)
some structure and function, seconds long

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27
Q

MRI

A

details soft tissues, gives structural information

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28
Q

fMRI

A

functional MRI, shows function and structure by adding blood flow

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29
Q

central nervous system

A

contains brain and spinal cord, make decisions

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30
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

contains autonomic and peripheral nervous systems, everything but brain and spinal cord

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31
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

contains sympathetic and parasympathetic parts

controls self-regulated action of internal organs and glands

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32
Q

sympathetic vs. parasympathetic nervous systems

A

sympathetic: arousing, fight or flight, stress
parasympathetic: calming

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33
Q

somatic nervous system

A

controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles

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34
Q

spinal reflex

A

signal travels up sensory neuron to interneuron, then immediately to motor neuron (bypassing brain)
movement before pain is registered in brain
can be bypasses consciously by brain

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35
Q

endocrine system

A

releases hormones in bloodstream that bind to receptors on cells
longer-lasting and slower-acting than nervous system

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36
Q

first psychology lab

A

Wilhelm Wundt, 1879

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37
Q

structuralism

A

pioneered by Titchener

uses introspection to search for mind’s structural elements

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38
Q

introspection

A

making observations on self while doing something, i.e. why or thoughts during
abandoned as unreliable
used to look for mind’s structural elements

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39
Q

functionalism

A

James
studied higher-order thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
looked for evolutionary functions
ex. fight or flight response

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40
Q

behaviorism

A

Watson and Skinner
scientific study of observable behavior, rejected introspection
stimuli > brain > response
if it cannot be measured, cannot be studied
conditioning

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41
Q

Freudian psychology

A

emphasis on unconscious thoughts and emotional responses to childhood events that affect our behavior
iceberg theory of conciousness

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42
Q

cognitive revolution

A

return to interest in mental processes
how info is perceived, stored, and remembered
more scientific

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43
Q

nature vs. nurture

A

behavior determined by genes vs. environment

usually answer is both

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44
Q

3 factors influencing behavior

A

biological: genes and their expression, naturally selected traits, mutations
psychological: learned fears and expectations, emotional responses
sociocultural: presence of others, cultural, familial, peer expectations

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45
Q

types of exploratory/descriptive research

A

case studies and naturalistic observation

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46
Q

case studies

A

using individual cases of interest to look for universal principles
can be misleading if individual is atypical

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47
Q

naturalistic observation

A

unobtrusively observing behavior in a natural setting without affecting it
describes, but does not explain, behavior

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48
Q

correlation

A

how much two continuous factors vary together
NOT distinct groups
ex. age, weight, income
not gender, race, or boss

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49
Q

correlation coefficient

A

tells how related two variables are, from -1 to 1

positive: both increase, >0
negative: one increases while other decreases, <0
none: not correlated, about 0

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50
Q

independent variable

A

what is being studied, altering it produces measurable effect on another variable

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51
Q

manipulated variable

A

independent variable in true experimental design, manipulated by experimenters

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52
Q

subject variable

A

independent variable in quasi design, subjects enter with this variable already determined

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53
Q

When can causation be inferred?

A

True experiments, not quasi

54
Q

quasi experimentation

A

IV not manipulated, subject variables instead
subject groups determined before study i.e. gender, race, weight
can conclude differences exist between groups but not the cause

55
Q

true experimentation

A

“true” IV manipulated by experimenters
employs random assignment, experimental and control groups
CAN infer causation as groups are random

56
Q

how to control a true experiment

A

double-blind assignment: both participants and experimenter unaware of participant’s group
placebo: any effect caused by an inert substance that participant believes is active

57
Q

measures of central tendency

A

single score that represents a set of scores

mean, median, mode, range, st. deviation

58
Q

When is an observed difference reliable?

A

When it is representative of population (i.e. not biased)
less variable observations are more reliable than more variable ones (smaller range)
large sample size, n
uses random sampling

59
Q

random sampling

A

group of people that represent your population of interest

everyone in the population has equal chance of participating in study

60
Q

phrenology

A

Gall, bumps on head revealed mental abilities or character traits
beginning of idea of brain function localization

61
Q

resting potential

A

negative charge inside neuron at rest

62
Q

selectively permeable membrane

A

dynamic equilibrium allows ions to continuously flow in and out while overall charge of cell remains the same

63
Q

action potential

A

firing of neuron when sufficiently excited/depolarized
EPSPs make cell more positive/closer to AP
IPSPs make cell more negative/further from AP

64
Q

excitatory threshold

A

charge required for neuron to send signal

all or nothing response

65
Q

rate law

A

APs are all same strength

stronger stimulus causes higher firing rate, not stronger AP

66
Q

reuptake

A

excess neurotransmitters reabsorbed by sending neuron

SSRIS inhibit serotonin uptake, make it more active

67
Q

enzyme breakdown

A

excess neurotransmitters broken down by enzymes in synapse

acetylcholine esterase

68
Q

antagonists

A

block or inhibit postsynaptic effects, curare (poison darts)

69
Q

agonists

A

facilitate postsynaptic effects, morphine

70
Q

ligands

A

anything that can bind to cell receptors

71
Q

pharmacodynamic tolerance

A

brains overcompensate for exogenous ligands by reducing their effectiveness, even to endogenous ligands
alcohol, GABA deficiency

72
Q

conciousness

A

our awareness of ourselves and our environment

73
Q

dual processing

A

info is often processed simultaneously on separate conscious and unconscious tracks

74
Q

high road

A

conscious, deliberate actions, problem solving, naming an object
more accurate but slower, less efficient

75
Q

low road

A

unconscious, auto actions, walking, making memories

more efficient but less accurate

76
Q

visual perception track

A

thinking consciously about the world, reorganize and plan future actions

77
Q

visual action track

A

guides moment-to-moment movements

78
Q

selective attention

A

focusing conscious awareness on a particular stimulus
spotlight analogy
can only listen to one convo at a time

79
Q

cocktail party effect

A

hearing your name will shift your attention from one convo to another

80
Q

selective inattention

A

we are “blind” to anything we are not looking at/paying attention to

81
Q

inattentional blindness

A

failing to see visible objects because our attention is directed elsewhere

82
Q

change blindness

A

occurs when we fail to notice a change in the environment while focusing on something else
watch for cyclist, card trick

83
Q

multi-tasking

A

humans are bad at it
our attention has limits, if 2 actions require same part of brain/similar activities can only do one at once
walking and talking but texting and driving

84
Q

sleep

A

characterized by an absence of conscious behavior
higher threshold for arousal by external stimuli
1/3 of lifespan but not sure how much we need, 8 hours is estimate

85
Q

theories of sleep

A

adaptation theory: sleep is a result of our internal “clock”, evolved to protect us from dangers of nighttime
recuperation theory: wakefulness causes deviation from homeostasis, sleep returns us to it

86
Q

EEG during sleep

A

shows neural oscillations, records excitation of neurons in cerebral cortex
amplitude = # of neurons firing

87
Q

sinusoidal waves

A

reflect flow of current thru cell membranes
close relationship to neuronal firing
different wave types based on frequency

88
Q

alpha oscillations

A

awake, 8-12 hz and smooth, relaxation

89
Q

beta oscillations

A

awake, 13-30 hz and irregular, arousal

90
Q

stage 1 sleep

A

characterized by theta oscillations (3.5-7.5 Hz), transition between wakefulness and sleep

91
Q

stage 2 sleep

A

irregular neural activity

theta oscillations, K complexes, sleep spindles

92
Q

K complexes

A

sharp sudden EEG waves, thought to be involved in memory consolidation
stage 2 sleep

93
Q

sleep spindles

A

short 12-14 Hz bursts of rapid activity

94
Q

stage 3 sleep

A

delta oscillations of less than 3.5 Hz

about 20-50% of all

95
Q

stage 4 sleep

A

more than half of oscillations are delta

96
Q

slow-wave sleep

A

less than 1 Hz, can collectively be classified as stage 3
up state: high firing of neocortex neurons
down state: lack of firing, cell rest period

97
Q

sleep cycle

A

roughly 90 minutes after the start of sleep

1 > 4 back to 1, includes REM

98
Q

REM sleep

A

rapid eye movement
characterized by irregular activity, rapid lateral eye movement, lack of muscle tone
theta and beta oscillations
most spinal/cranial motor neurons inhibited
increased blood flow, oxygen consumption in brain
genital arousal (not necessarily sexual)

99
Q

Circadian Rhythm

A

roughly 24-hour cycle of biological rhythms
controlled by light
natural rise and fall of body temp (higher in morning), alertness, strength

100
Q

lark

A

people who physically and mentally peak in the morning, tend to do better in school, eat healthier

101
Q

owl

A

physical and mental peak at night, more creative

102
Q

SCN

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus
signaled by light activated retinal proteins
controls melatonin secretion via pineal gland
inhibited during morning, increased at night

103
Q

insomnia

A

recurring problems in falling or staying asleep
self-report sleep for diagnosis but we usually underestimate
aggravated by sleeping pills or alcohol

104
Q

narcolepsy

A

cause sleep attacks, cataplexy, sleep paralysis, hynagogic hallucination
lapse directly into REM sleep
hereditary autoimmune disorder, orexinergic neurons disturbed or destroyed
treated with stimulants or antidepressants

105
Q

sleep attacks

A

irresistible urge of narcoleptics to sleep during day, 2-5 mins, awaken feeling rested

106
Q

cataplexy

A

complete paralysis while awake, caused by strong emotional reactions or sudden physical effort
dog

107
Q

sleep paralysis

A

paralysis just before falling asleep

108
Q

hypnagogic hallucinations

A

vivid dreams occurring just before sleep

109
Q

sleep apnea

A

temporary cessation of breathing that causes repeated awakenings
CO2 builds up in blood, wake up gasping for air
treatable with CPAP or surgery

110
Q

orexin

A

hypothalamus peptide that prevents sleep

111
Q

CPAP

A

continuous positive airway pressure

mask that prevents airway from collapsing while sleeping

112
Q

REM rebound

A

when we have sleep debt/deprived of REM

reach REM faster and stay in it longer

113
Q

sleep deprivation

A

causes sleep debt: increased sleeping till repaid
suppresses immune system activity
can predict depression/life dissatisfaction
increased cognitive errors i.e. auto accidents

114
Q

tolerance

A

taking more of a drug to achieve same effect over time

alcohol metabolism increases over time

115
Q

sensitization

A

opposite of tolerance, taking same amount creates larger effect

116
Q

addiction

A

dependency on drug to function and/or feel normal

117
Q

psychoactive drug

A

chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods

118
Q

GABA

A

inhibitory neurotransmitter

119
Q

glutamate

A

excitatory neurotransmitter

120
Q

alcohol

A

low dose: mild euphoria, reduce anxiety
high dose: incoordination, sedation
releases us from responses to averse stimuli
+ (euphoria) and - (anxiety) reinforcer
increases dopamine production, release in nucleus accumbens (+)
depressant

121
Q

2 major sites of action of alcohol

A

antagonist: indirectly at NMDA receptors for glutamate
agonist: indirectly at GABA receptor, - reinforcement and sedative effect

122
Q

heroine

A

releases dopamine in nucleus accumbens at 150-300% higher levels
produces analgesia, hypothermia, sedation, reinforcement
passes thru placental barrier, newborns addicted
high tolerance buildup means high addiction
different opiate receptors in different locations produce different effects

123
Q

narcan

A

competitive antagonist to opiates by binding to opiate receptors

124
Q

cocaine

A

binds and deactivates dopamine transporters, preventing their reuptake
also blocks voltage-gated sodium channels

125
Q

amphetamines

A

cause dopamine and norepinephrine channels to run in reverse, sending neurotransmitters into synapse and blocking reuptake
meth is more potent

126
Q

mesolimbic dopamine system

A

essential for all forms of reinforcement
drugs alter it
blocking receptors causes loss of cocaine reinforcement effect

127
Q

cannabis

A

THC stimulates dopamine release

acts on cannabinoid 1 receptors in brain

128
Q

nicotine

A

more deaths than hard drugs
releases many neurotransmitters
diminishes appetite and anxiety, boosts alertness, reduces pain sensitivity
stimulates nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
increases activity of mesolimbic DA neurons, causing release of DA in nucleus accumbens

129
Q

caffeine

A

displaces adenosine in brain, which causes tiredness

130
Q

hallucinogens

A

drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images without input
LSD and marijuana

131
Q

addiction risk factors

A

high comorbidity with high stress, anxiety, personality/mood disorders
self-medication
etiological: high stress and addiction caused by same thing
personality
familial factors: copying parents

PSY 111 (4 decks)

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