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PSY 111 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

motivation

A

a need or desire that energizes behavior and directs it towards a goal

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2
Q

instinct

A

a fixed pattern of behavior that is not acquired by learning, likely rooted in genes

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3
Q

drive

A

an aroused state related to a physical need

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4
Q

drive-reduction theory

A

humans are motivated to reduce their drives for hunger, thirst, etc.
restores homeostasis
need > drive > drive-reduction

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5
Q

hierarchy of needs/motives

A

Maslow, humans strive to satisfy basic needs before moving up on hierarchy

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6
Q

physiology of hunger

A

complex relationship between stomach, hormones, brain

feeling hungry causes stomach contractions

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7
Q

Which area of the limbic system controls hunger?

A

hypothalamus
signals appetite-stimulating hormones and appetite-suppressing hormones after eating
glucose receptors in digestive system send signals to hypothalamus

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8
Q

hypothalamic influences on hunger

A

lateral hypothalamus stimulation causes a desire to eat
ventromedial hypothalamus causes desire to stop eating
removal has consequences

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9
Q

hormonal influences on hunger

A

insulin from pancreas controls blood glucose
ghrelin from stomach promotes hunger
orexin from hypothalamus promotes hunger
leptin from fat cells decreases hunger
PPY from digestive tract decreases hunger

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10
Q

weight regulation

A

when weight changes, body adjusts hunger and energy use as well as basal metabolic rate
most mammals have a stable set weight to which they return

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11
Q

basal metabolic rate

A

rate of energy expenditure for maintaining body functions at rest

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12
Q

other influences on hunger

A

genetics influences hunger and metabolic rate
cultural influence of climate and spicy food
social influences of social facilitation, unit bias, buffet effect

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13
Q

social facilitation

A

the presence of others often accentuates typical eating habits

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14
Q

unit bias

A

we may only eat one serving of foo but eat more if serving size is larger

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15
Q

buffet effect

A

eat more if more options are available

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16
Q

obesity

A

an amount of body fat that increases the risk of health problems to the point that weight loss is a health priority
linked to many diseases

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17
Q

obesity and weight control

A

adaptive for humans to eat energy-rich food but now that is junk food
adaptive to slow down fat burning when food is scarce but can slow down weight loss

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18
Q

social psychology of obesity

A

weight discrimination is very real

obese people more likely to be depressed or isolated

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19
Q

sex hormones

A

testosteron and estrogen
direct physical development of sex characteristics, activate sexual behavior
shift across lifespan

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20
Q

sexual response cycle

A

excitement: getting ready, genitals fill with blood, breathing/pulse speed up
plateau: excitement reaches peak
orgasm: contractions, sexual release
resolution: genitals released from blood, refractory period

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21
Q

hormones and sexual motivation

A

women show rise in estrogen and testosterone during ovulation
increases sexual desire in women and men around them

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22
Q

paraphilias

A

sexual desire directed in unusual ways

experience arousal from fantasies involving non-humans/objects, suffering of others, or non-genitals

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23
Q

adolescent sexual activity

A

age of first intercourse varies over cultures/time

dependent on social environment, not just basic drives

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24
Q

sexual orientation

A

one’s preferences as an object of their sexual attraction
not related to parenting or childhood abuse
could be genetic or hormonal changes in womb

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25
Q

erotic plasticity

A

women’s sexual orientation tends to be less strongly felt and possibly more changing and fluid

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26
Q

biological differences in sexual preferences

A

gay men have smaller hypothalamic cell cluster, larger commissure, react similarly to women to hormones
identical twins share sexual preferences more than fraternal
manipulated in fruit flies

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27
Q

emotion

A

full body/mind/behavior response to a situation

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28
Q

appraisal

A

acknowledgement and labelling of an event

determines emotional response according to Schacter-Singer two-factor theory

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29
Q

spillover effect

A

spillover arousal from one event to the next, influencing a response

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30
Q

emotions without awareness

A

some reactions develop in a “low road” through the brain, skipping conscious thought and cognition

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31
Q

high road for emotions

A

sensory receptors > cortex processes/labels info > limbic system (emotion)

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32
Q

low road for emotions

A

sensory receptors > limbic system

knee-jerk reaction

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33
Q

detecting emotion in others

A

people can detect nonverbal cues, but poor at detecting deceiving expressions
women are better at reading and expressing emotion (except anger)

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34
Q

differneces in gender and nonverbal behavior

A

women better at reading emotion and expressing it with faces

people attribute female emotionality to disposition and male emotionality to circumstance

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35
Q

universal emotions

A

there are some universal primary emotions

elaborated on by culture in some ways

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36
Q

behavioral feedback effect

A

behavior influences our own and other’s thoughts, feelings, and actions

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37
Q

lie detection

A

measure emotion-linked changes in breathing, cardiovascular activity, and perspiration
compare responses to control responses, designed to evoke mild arousal
not always reliable
polygraph

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38
Q

2 dimensions of emotion

A

low to high arousal
unpleasant to pleasant
both are continuous

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39
Q

pros and cons of anger

A

+: flash of anger gives us energy and initiative to fight

-: persistent anger is unhealthy for the body

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40
Q

decreasing anger

A

waiting, distraction, distancing oneself, exercise, verbal expression/releasing anger, catharsis

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41
Q

happiness

A

high arousal emotion like anger
mood and a cognitive filter
positive psych
feel-good, do-good

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42
Q

feel good do good phenomenon

A

when in a good mood, we do more for others

doing good also feels good

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43
Q

Can money buy happiness?

A

When lifting people out of extreme poverty

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44
Q

adaptation-level phenomenon

A

we adjust our neutral levels relative to our own experience
we adjust highs and lows relative to our neutral level
if current condition changes we come to consider this level our new normal

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45
Q

relative depravation

A

the perception that you are worse off than those you compare yourself to
more likely to envy peers than beggars or billionaires

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46
Q

correlates of happiness

A

high self-esteem in individualistic countries
optimistic, outgoing, agreeable
close friendships or satisfying marriage
work and leisure that engage their skills
active religious faith
sleep well and exercise

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47
Q

not correlated with happiness

A

age, gender, parenthood, physical attractiveness

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48
Q

attribution

A

explanation for someone’s (including own) behavior

internal (dispositional) and external (situational)

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49
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

we tend to overemphasize internal influences and fail to account for situational (external) influences when making attributions

50
Q

actor-observer bias

A

we tend to generate external attributions for our own behavior and internal attributions for others’

51
Q

self-serving bias

A

we don’t always make external attributions for our own behaviors
positive behavior = internal
negative = external

52
Q

cultural differences in attribution

A

collectivist cultures
behavior of others is attributed more to situation
credit for success is given more to others
blame for failures is taken on oneself

53
Q

attitude

A

evaluation about an attitude object

person, idea, group, project, etc.

54
Q

Do attitudes predict behavior?

A

not always

attitudes change, norms influence our behavior, and people are bad at introspection

55
Q

When do attitudes predict actions?

A
  1. external influences are minimal
  2. attitude is stable
  3. attitude is easily recalled
56
Q

persuasion

A

peripheral route: appealing to fears, desires, associations

central route: influencing attitudes with evidence and logic, need cognition and motivation

57
Q

self-perception theory

A

people determine their attitudes and preferences by interpreting the meaning of their own behavior

58
Q

foot in the door

A

small compliance will lead to a large compliance

tendency to be more likely to agree to a large request after agreeing to a small one

59
Q

role playing and attitudes

A

roles can become reality e.g. Stanford prison experiment

60
Q

cognitive dissonance

A

feeling of discomfort when our actions are not in harmony with our attitudes
actions affect attitudes

61
Q

cognitive dissonance theory

A

we tend to resolve cognitive dissonance by changing our attitudes to fit our actions

62
Q

conformity

A

a change in behavior to fit a real or imagined group standard

63
Q

social norms

A

the implicit or explicit rules a group has for the acceptable behaviors, values, and beliefs of its members

64
Q

informational social influence

A

we conform because we are unsure of how to behave or we believe others have useful info about how to behave
increased by ambiguous situations, incompetence, looking up to others, crisis situations
use behaviors of others as a guide

65
Q

normative social influence

A

we conform because we know how to behave but we want to fit in
want to be liked or accepted by others
increased by group size, unanimous, culture, admired group, not previously committed to response, clear social roles/expectations

66
Q

factors increasing obedience

A

legitimate authority, prestigious institution, proximity to authority
when victim is in another room
no role model for defiance

67
Q

social facilitation and impairment

A

presence of others increases arousal, which intensifies performance
easy/expert = perform better
hard/novice = perform worse

68
Q

social loafing

A

presence of others can decrease accountability (tug of war example)

69
Q

reducing social loafing

A 
belief that individual performance is being evaluated
task is meaningful
believe others won't perform
group is important
group is small
70
Q

deindividuation

A

increased anonymity means reduced normative behavior
we lose our identity in a group, we will do things we wouldn’t do as individuals
riots, online bullying
anonymity results in low accountability and reduced self awareness

71
Q

group polarization

A

when people of similar views for a group together, discussion makes their views more extreme

72
Q

group think

A

groups will often make decisions wihtout open exchange of ideas in pursuit of social harmony
prevents thinking and real assessment of options

73
Q

fighting groupthink

A 
avoid endorsing a position
combine group and solitary brainstorming
appoint devil's advocate
seek outside advice and criticism
encourage people to voice doubts
74
Q

stereotype

A

a generalized belief about a group applied to every member of that group

75
Q

prejudice

A

an unjustified (usually negative) attitude towards a a group and its members

76
Q

discrimination

A

unjustified behavior selectively applied to members of a group

77
Q

components of prejudice

A

beliefs/stereotypes
emotions (hostility, fear)
predisposition to act/discriminate

78
Q

aversive racism

A

negative racial attitudes more likely to be manifested in subtle ways than overt acts of discrimination

79
Q

implicit prejudice

A

unconscious patronization

reflexive body response to faces of other races

80
Q

gender prejudice

A

people may prefer a feminine face
female abortion/infanticide due to preference for male babies
blaming women for adultery
different attitude towards assertiveness/ambition for men and women

81
Q

outgroup prejudice

A

quickly categorizing strangers “with or against” me

can occur in randomly assigned groups

82
Q

social inequality

A

when some groups have fewer resources and opportunities than others
can result from and promote prejudice

83
Q

belief in a just world

A

believing that justice generally prevails, that people get the benefits and punishments they deserve
leads to blaming the victim: poor/outcasts don’t deserve better

84
Q

scapegoat theory

A

it helps to blame someone, causes prejudice especially in fear or stress inducing scenarios
emotional cause of prejudice

85
Q

other-race effect

A

we tend to see uniformity in the appearance of other groups, and may assume other similarities such as traits
help form stereotypes
cognitive cause of prejudice

86
Q

availability heuristic

A 
vivid examples (e.g. of bad people of a race) seem more frequent
terrorists
87
Q

hindsight bias

A

blames victims for misfortunes, related to belief in just world

88
Q

comfirmation bias

A

we are not likely to look for counterexamples to our stereotypes

89
Q

aggression

A

behavior with the intent of harming another

genetic, neural, and biochemical influences

90
Q

genetic influences of aggression

A

can be selectively bred in animals
identical twins are similar
males more prone to aggression than females

91
Q

neural influences of aggression

A

stimulation of amygdala?

underactive frontal lobes linked to aggression and violence

92
Q

biochemical influences of aggression

A

testosterone correlated with irritability, impulsiveness, assertiveness
criminals often have high T, low serotonin

93
Q

alcohol and aggression

A

chemically or physiologically makes behavior more likely
disinhibited aggress behavior
violent crimes
interpreting neutral acts as provocations

94
Q

frustration-aggression principle

A

aggression is often a response to frustration or other aversive conditions
more violence on hot years/days

95
Q

reinforced aggression

A

bullies win control and obedience

robbers gain wealth

96
Q

mere exposure effect

A

becoming attracted to someone can depend on proximity

face we are most familiar with is our own

97
Q

physical attractiveness

A

men seek youth and fertility
women seek maturity, masculinity, and affluence
also: nice people, loved ones

98
Q

halo effect

A

attractive people seen as happy, healthy, successful, socially skilled
not happier than others
do not have higher self-esteem

99
Q

similarity and attraction

A

we enjoy being around people with similar beliefs, intelligence, humor, etc.

100
Q

making love last

A

equity: sharing responsibilities, sense of partnership
self-disclosure: sharing self increases intimacy
positive interactions/support: offering sympathy, concern, laughs, hugs

101
Q

passionate love

A

state of strong attraction that people are absorbed in each other
physiological arousal, flattering appraisal, intense desire for other’s presence

102
Q

companionate love

A

deep, caring, affectionate attachment/commitment

attachment is more than just dsire to be together

103
Q

bystander effect causes

A

diffusion of responsibility
people in a crowd follow example of others
after a while people rationalize inaction

104
Q

factors promoting helping

A 
person appears to be in need
is a woman and/or similar to us
in a small town or rural area
feeling guilt
not in a hurry
in a good mood
105
Q

conflict

A

a perceived incompaibility in goals, ideas, and actions between people or groups

106
Q

mirror image perceptions

A

both sides assuming the worst in the other person

self-fulfilling prophecy

107
Q

social traps

A

when pursuing self-interest makes things worse for everyone

108
Q

superordinate goals

A

shared goals that can only be accomplished via cooperation

can help us define new inclusive group that dissolves former subgroups

109
Q

personality

A

our characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

110
Q

humanism

A

focusing on the conditions that support healthy personal growth

111
Q

maslow’s hierarchy of needs

A 
physiological needs
safety needs
belonging needs
esteem needs
self-actualization is last step
112
Q

self-actualization

A

fulfilling one’s potential and self-transcendence

personality includes being self-aware, self-accepting, open, ethical, spontaneous, and loving

113
Q

3 conditions that facilitate growth according to Rogers

A

genuineness, acceptance, empathy

114
Q

self-concept

A

core of our personality in humanism
our sense of our identity
people are happiest when self-concept matches ideal self

115
Q

humanism critiques

A

too focused on individual insead of societal benefits

does not appreciate human capacity for evil

116
Q

trait

A

an enduring quality that makes a person tend to act a certain way

117
Q

trait theory of personality

A

we are made up of a collection of traits that can be identified and measured
differ from person to person

118
Q

biological basis of traits

A

brain: extraverts seek stimulation
body: shyness related to high autonomic system reactivity
genes

119
Q

personality inventory

A

asking which behaviors and responses a person would choose

assess traits

120
Q

empirically derived test

A

items predictably match the qualities being tested

121
Q

minnesota multiphasic personality inventory

A

designed to identify people with personality dififculties

T/F questionnaire

122
Q

factor analysis

A

identifying factors that tend to cluster together

PSY 111 (4 decks)

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