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Spinal Anatomy > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

what is the name given to segments that lie in the transition zones of the vertebral column

A

transition vertebrae

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2
Q

what are the transiting zones of the vertebral column

A

occipitocervical, cervicothoracic, thoracolumbar, lumbosacral, sacrococcygeal

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3
Q

how are the specific segments within a transition zone identified

A

by adjacent region of the segment, process of transition, and specific segment (occipitalization of C1)

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4
Q

what does the suffix “ization” mean

A

in the process of becoming like

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5
Q

what are the possible transition zone - segment combinations

A

cervicalization of occiput, occipital ization of C1, dorsal ization of C7, cervical ization of T1, lumbar ization of T12, dorsal ization of L1, sacral ization of of L5, lumbar ization of S1, coccygealization of S5, Sacral ization of Co1

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6
Q

what are the characteristics of cervical ization of occiput

A

in increase in occipital bone size, formation of new or larger lines on the occipital bone.

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7
Q

What are the characteristics of occipital ization of C1

A

the atlas may be partially or completely fused to occiput

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8
Q

what is another way of implying occipital ization of C1

A

atlas assimilation

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9
Q

what is the incidence of occipital ization of C1

A

0.1% to 0.8%

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10
Q

when do the centers of ossification for the odontoid process appear first

A

during the last trimester in utero

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11
Q

when do the bilateral ossification centers for the odontoid process fuse

A

at or shortly after birth

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12
Q

what joint forms between the odontoid process ossification centers and the Centrum of C2

A

the subdental synchondrosis

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13
Q

what joint classification is present between the C2 odontoid process and Centrum

A

anphiarthrosis synchondrosis

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14
Q

ossification between the odontoid process and Centrum joint of C2 first appear at what age

A

4 years old

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15
Q

a joint between the odontoid process and Centrum joint of C2 is lady identified at what age

A

7 years old

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16
Q

what is the name given to the condition in which the joint firmed between the odontoid process Ann’s the Centrum of C2 persists beyond age 7

A

os odontoideum

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17
Q

what is the name given to the joint between Tyne odontoid process and the Centrum of C2 which is still evident beyond age 7

A

persistent subdental synchondrosis

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18
Q

what is the name given to the joint formed between the tip of the dens and the odontoid produces centers of ossification

A

anphiarthrosis synchondrosis

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19
Q

at what age will the tip of the devs center if ossification appear

A

sometime in early adolescence

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20
Q

based on the age of appearance, how is the top of the dens center of ossification classified

A

secondary center of ossification

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21
Q

at what age will the tip of the dens fuse with the odontoid process

A

before age 12

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22
Q

if the joint formed between the tip of the dens and odontoid prices centers of ossification persists beyond age 12, what is the condition called

A

terminal ossicle

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23
Q

what is the basilar impression

A

Persistence of the nonunion of the basilar and condylar part of the chondrocranium such that the cartilage deforms due to the weight of the brain

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24
Q

what is the basilar invagination

A

the upper cervical spine appears to be invaginated into the skull on x-ray analysis

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25
Q

What is the characteristic of dorsal ization of C7

A

the addition of a rib and changes in Superior articular for set orientation or typical

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26
Q

what is the incidence of rib related changes following dorsal isation of C7

A

from one half to two and one half per cent of the population

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27
Q

two patients typically present with symptoms of specific for dorsal ization of C7

A

no they are typically asymptomatic

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28
Q

what is the gender bias suggested for dorsal isation of C7

A

female

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29
Q

what alteration of c7 facet Orientation May accompany dorsal ization

A

the superior articular facet of C7 may change from back aboard and medial to that of a typical thoracic facet back upward and lateral. The inferior articular facet is unchanged

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30
Q

what alteration of C6 facet Orientation May accompany dorsal ization

A

C6 demonstrates a change in inferior articular facet orientation from forward lateral and downward to forward medial and downward. The superior articular facet unchanged

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31
Q

what percent of the population made demonstrate thoracic like features at C7

A

up to 46%

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32
Q

what rib related changes May accompany cervical isation of T1

A

the first rib May decrease in mean relative length or become absent

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33
Q

what will result from Fusion of a short rib to the T1 transverse process

A

the transverse foramen

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34
Q

what T1 facet orientation changes May accompany cervical ization

A

the superior articular facet may change from back upward and lateral to back up word and medial. The inferior articular facet is unchanged

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35
Q

what C7 facet orientation changes May accompany cervical ization

A

the inferior articular facet may change from forward medial and downward to forward lateral and downward. The superior articular facet is unchanged

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36
Q

what is the incidence of cervical dilation of T1 in the population

A

up to 28%

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37
Q

what rib related changes May accompany dorsal ization of L1

A

elongated bones shaped like ribs may appear

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38
Q

what is the incidence of Lumbar ribs in the population

A

over 7% of the population demonstrates lumbar ribs

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39
Q

what L1 facet orientation changes May Company dorsal ization

A

the superior articular facet may change from concave back upward and medial to flat back aboard and lateral. The inferior articular facet is unchanged

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40
Q

what T12 facet orientation changes May accompany dorsal ization

A

the inferior articular facet may change from convex forward lateral and downward two-flat forward medial and downward. The superior articular facet is unchanged

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41
Q

what is the gender bias associated with dorsal ization of L1

A

males are two to three times more affected

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42
Q

what rib related changes May accompany lumbarization of T12

A

a significant shortening of the mean relative length of 113 mm of the 12th rib or it becomes absent

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43
Q

what T12 facet orientation changes May accompany lumbarization

A

the superior articular facet may change from Flat backward upward and lateral to concave back upward and medial. The inferior articular facet is unchanged

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44
Q

what T 11 facette orientation changes May accompany lumbarization

A

the inferior articular facet may change from Flat forward medial and downward to convex forward lateral and downward. The superior articular facet is unchanged

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45
Q

what is characteristic of lumbarization of S1

A

the failure of synostosis between S1 and S2 squaring of the vertebral body of S1 and flaring of the sacral ala

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46
Q

what unique characteristics of lumbarization of S1 we’re stressed in class

A

squaring of the vertebral body of S1 and flaring of the sacral ala

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47
Q

what is failure of synostosis between S1 and S2

A

the segments do not completely fused together

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48
Q

what articular facet changes accompany lumbarization of S1

A

none

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49
Q

what is characteristic of sacralisation of L5

A

L5 may be partially or completely fused to the sacrum

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50
Q

what is the incidence of sacralisation of L5 in the population

A

41% - 85%

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51
Q

which segment demonstrate the greatest morphological variation along the spine

A

L5

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52
Q

what articular facet changes accompanied sacralisation of L5

A

none

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53
Q

what is the incidence of variation within the sacral coccygeal region in the population

A

up to 14%

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54
Q

what is characteristic of sacralisation of co1

A

the premature Fusion of co1 to the sacrum

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55
Q

what is characteristic of coccygeal ization of S5

A

the separation of S5 from sacrum and it’s premature Fusion to co1

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56
Q

which of the muscles attaching to spinous processes represent layer one of the true back

A

trapezius and latissimus dorsi

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57
Q

which of the muscles attaching to spinous processes represent layer 2 of the true back

A

rhomboid major and rhomboid minor

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58
Q

which muscles attach into transverse processes represent layer two of the true back

A

levator scapulae

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59
Q

the trapezius is innervated by what nerve

A

the spinal accessory nerve

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60
Q

what forms the spinal accessory nerve innervating the trapezius

A

C1 through C5 chord levels contribute to the spinal root of the spinal accessory nerve

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61
Q

the latissimus dorsi is innervated by what nerve

A

the thoracodorsal nerve

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62
Q

what forms the thoracodorsal nerve innervating the latissimus dorsi

A

ventral ramus from C6 through C8

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63
Q

which of the muscles of the true back are innervated by the dorsal scapular nerve

A

levator scapulae, rhomboid major and rhomboid minor

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64
Q

what forms the dorsal scapular nerve

A

the ventral ramus of C5

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65
Q

what part of the vertebra forms the Aussies origin for the splenius muscles

A

the spinous process

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66
Q

splenius capitis will attach to what locations on a skull

A

mastoid process of temporal bone, Superior nuchal line of the occipital bone

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67
Q

contraction of splenius capitis will result in what movements

A

lateral flexion of head, rotation of face to the side. bilaterally they extend the head

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68
Q

what is the elevation of the splenius capitis

A

dorsal ramus of middle cervical spinal nerves. C3 through C5 cord levels

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69
Q

splenius cervicis will attach to what locations on the spine

A

lateral mass of C1 and posterior tubercle of transverse processes on C1 through C4

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70
Q

what is the innervation of the splenius cervicis

A

dorsal ramus of lower cervical spinal nerves. C5 through C7 cord levels

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71
Q

which muscles represent the fourth layer of the true back

A

the erector spinae or sacrospinalis muscles

72
Q

which muscles are identified as erector spinae or sacrospinalis muscles

A

iliocostalis, longussimus, spinalis

73
Q

what osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as An Origin to the iliocostalis lumborum

A

spinous processes of t11 through T12, L1 through L5, median sacral Crest, lateral sacral crest

74
Q

what is the insertion for the iliocostalis lumborum

A

costal angles of a lower 6 through 9 ribs. Ribs 6 through 12 or rib 3 through 12

75
Q

what is the Innovation for the iliocostalis lumborum

A

dorsal ramus of lower thoracic and all lumbar spinal nerves

76
Q

what osseous part of the vertebral column serve as An Origin to the iliocostalis lumborum Parrs lumborum

A

spinous processes of L1 through L5

77
Q

what is the insertion for the iliocostalis lumborum pars lumborum

A

iliac crest of the innominate bone

78
Q

which subdivision of the iliocostalis muscle appears to have a reverse origin insertion

A

iliocostalis lumborum pars lumborum

79
Q

what is the origin for the iliocostalis thoracis

A

costal angles of the lower 6 - 7 ribs

80
Q

what is the insertion for the iliocostalis thoracis

A

costal angles of the upper 6 to 7 ribs, transverse process of C7

81
Q

what else is part of the vertebral column serves as an insertion for the iliocostalis thoracis

A

transverse process of C7

82
Q

which subdivision of the iliocostalis primarily originates and inserts on ribs

A

iliocostalis thoracis

83
Q

what is the innovation of the iliocostalis thoracis

A

dorsal rami of upper 6th thoracic spinal nerves. T1 through T6 cord levels

84
Q

what is the origin for the iliocostalis cervicis

A

costal angles of the upper 3 - 6 ribs. Ribs 1 through 3 or ribs 1 through 6

85
Q

what is the insertion for the iliocostalis services

A

posterior tubercle of transverse process of C3 C4 through 6

86
Q

what is the innovation of the iliocostalis services

A

dorsal Rami of T1, T2 spinal nerves, sometimes C8 spinal nerve

87
Q

what muscles are classically identified as longissimus muscles

A

longissimus thoracis, longissimus cervicis, longissimus capitis

88
Q

what osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as An Origin to the longissimus thoracis

A

accessory process and transverse processes of L1 through L5, spinous processes of L3 through L5 and median sacral Crest S1 thru S3

89
Q

what is the insertion for the longest simis thoracis

A

transverse tubercle of all thoracic segments between tubercle and costal angle of the lower 9 to 10 ribs

90
Q

which erector spinae muscle is attached to the accessory process

A

longissimus thoracis

91
Q

what is the innervation of the LT

A

dorsal Rami of all thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves

92
Q

what osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as An Origin to the LT pars lumborum

A

accessory process and medial part of the transverse process of L1 through L5

93
Q

what is the insertion for the LT pars lumborum

A

posterior superior iliac spine of the innominate bone

94
Q

what osseous part of the vertebral column sites serve as An Origin to the LT pars thoracis

A

spinous processes of L3 through L5 and median sacral Crest S1 thru S 3

95
Q

what is the insertion for the LT pars thoracis

A

transverse process of all thoracics, between tubercle and costal angle of all ribs

96
Q

which subdivision of the longissimus muscle appears to have a reversal of origin and insertion

A

LT pars lumborum

97
Q

what osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an insertion for the longissimus cervicis

A

posterior tubercle of transverse processes of C2 through C6 or C7, articular processes from C2 through C 6 or 7

98
Q

what is the innervation of the LC

A

dorsal Rami of C4 through C8 and T1 through T12 spinal nerves

99
Q

what osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as An Origin to the El Cap

A

transverse tubercle of T1 through T5 and articular processes of C4 through C7

100
Q

what is the insertion for the El Cap

A

mastoid process of temporal bone

101
Q

what is the innervation of the El Cap

A

dorsal ramus C1 through C 3 or C4 spinal nerves

102
Q

which erector spinae muscles attached to cervical articular processes

A

L C & L cap

103
Q

what muscles are classically identified as spinalis muscles

A

spinalis thoracis, spinalis services spinalis capitis

104
Q

what else is parts of the vertebral column serve as An Origin to the spinalis thoracis

A

spinous processes of t11 and T12 through L1 and L2

105
Q

what is the insertion for the spinalis thoracis

A

spinous process of T1 through T4 or as low as T8

106
Q

what is the innovation of the spinalis thoracis

A

dorsal Rami all thoracic and upper lumbar spinal nerves

107
Q

what osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as An Origin to the spinalis services

A

spinous process of C7 and T1 through T6

108
Q

what osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as and insertion for the spinalis services

A

spinous processes from C2 through C4

109
Q

what is the innervation of the spinalis services

A

dorsal ramus of all cervical spinal nerves

110
Q

what osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as An Origin to the spinalis capitis

A

spinous process of C7 and T1 through T6 or t7

111
Q

what is the innervation of the spinalis capitis

A

dorsal ramus of lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal nerves

112
Q

which muscles are identified as transversospinalis muscles

A

semispinalis, multifidus and rotators

113
Q

how many vertebrae can it be attached to a single segment by transversospinalis muscles

A

as many as nine vertebrae

114
Q

what osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as An Origin to the semispinalis thoracis

A

transverse tubercles of T6 through T10 or as low as T12

115
Q

what segment will represent the lowest attachment site for the semispinalis thoracis

A

T12

116
Q

what is the insertion for the semispinalis thoracis

A

spinous processes of C6 through C7 and T1 through T4

117
Q

contraction of semispinalis thoracis will result in what movements

A

extension, lateral flexion and rotation of upper thoracic and lower cervical spine. Bilaterally they act to extend the thoracic spine

118
Q

what is the innervation of the semi spinalis thoracis

A

dorsal ramus I of T1 through T6 spinal nerves

119
Q

what osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as An Origin to the semispinalis cervicis

A

transverse tubercles of T1 through T5 or T6 and articular processes of C4 through C7

120
Q

what is the insertion for the semispinalis services

A

spinous processes of C2 through C5

121
Q

what is the innervation of the semispinalis services

A

dorsal ramus of C6 through C8 spinal nerves

122
Q

what is the insertion for the semispinalis capitis

A

below the superior nuchal line of the occipital bone

123
Q

what osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as An Origin to the semispinalis capitis

A

transverse tubercles of C7, T1 through T6 or t7 and articular processes of C4 through C6

124
Q

what is the innervation of the semispinalis capitis

A

dorsal ramus of c one through C6 spinal nerves

125
Q

the semispinalis capitis and spinalis capitis May fused to form what muscle

A

biventer cervicis

126
Q

what Regional subdivisions are now identified with multifidus muscles

A

lumbar multifidus, thoracic multifidus and cervical multifidus

127
Q

what osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as An Origin to the classic multifidus

A

articular process of C4 through C7, transverse processes of T1- T12, mammillary processes of L1 -L5 and the dorsal surface of S1 through S4 or S5

128
Q

what is the insertion for the classic multifidus

A

spinous process 3 - 5 segments above the origin

129
Q

which transversal spinalis muscle attaches to articular and mammillary processes along the spine

A

multifidis

130
Q

contraction of the classic multifidus will result in what movements of the vertebral column

A

lateral flexion and rotation of the spine, maintains the lumbar Lordotic curve and prevents entrapment of zygapophyseal capsular ligament during movement

131
Q

what is the innervation of the classic multifidus

A

dorsal ramus of C3 through C8, T1 through T12, L1 through L5 and S1 spinal nerves

132
Q

what osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as An Origin to the multifidus services

A

articular process of C4 through C7

133
Q

what is the attachment site and most cranial vertebra of insertion for the multifidus

A

spinous process of C2

134
Q

contraction of multifidus services will result in what movements

A

Alters the zygapophyseal capsular ligament response to load distribution, determines the cervical spine response to injury as evidenced by neck pain, and is a significant contributor to postural control of the head and neck

135
Q

which subdivision of multifidus May demonstrate a reversal of origin and insertion

A

multifidus lumborum

136
Q

contraction of multifidus lumborum will result in what movements

A

lateral flexion and rotation of the lumbar spine, maintains the lumbar lordotic curve and prevents entrapment of Lumbar zygapophyseal capsular ligament during movement

137
Q

which muscles of the spine exhibit a reversal of the expected origin and insertion combination

A

iliocostalis lumborum Parrs Lumber Orem, LT pars lumborum multifidus lumborum

138
Q

Rotator muscles are typically identified in what region of the spine

A

the thoracic region

139
Q

what will replace muscles spending one or two segmental levels in the cervical and lumbar spine

A

deep layers of the multifidus

140
Q

contraction of Rotator longus will result in what movements

A

rotation of the segment of insertion. Bilaterally acts to Weakley extend spine

141
Q

what innervates the rotators

A

dorsal ramus at the level of insertion are believed to do so

142
Q

what muscles are included in the suboccipital muscle group

A

rectus capitis posterior major, rectus capitis posterior minor, obliquus capitis inferior and obliquus capitis Superior

143
Q

which suboccipital muscles relax and attachment to the skull

A

obliquus capitis inferior

144
Q

which nerve will innervate all suboccipital muscles

A

the dorsal ramus of C1, the suboccipital nerve

145
Q

what is the origin of the rectus capitis posterior major

A

the spinous tubercle of C2

146
Q

what is the insertion of the rectus capitis posterior minor

A

inferior nuchal line laterally

147
Q

contraction of rectus capitis posterior major will result in what movements

A

turns the face to the side. bilaterally acts to extend the head

148
Q

what is the origin of the rectus capitis posterior minor

A

the posterior tubercle of the posterior arch of C1

149
Q

contraction of rectus capitis posterior minor will result in what movement

A

extends the head

150
Q

what is the origin of the obliquus capitis inferior

A

C2 spinous process and lamina

151
Q

what is the insertion of the obliquus capitis inferior

A

transverse process of C1

152
Q

contraction of oblivious capitis inferior will result in what movement

A

turns the face to the side

153
Q

what is the origin of the obliquus capitis superior

A

the posterior tubercle of the transverse process of C1

154
Q

what is the insertion of the obliquus capitis Superior

A

between Superior nuchal line and inferior nuchal line

155
Q

contraction of obliquus capitis superior will result in whatmovements

A

lateral flexion/lateral bending of the head, bilaterally asked to extend the head

156
Q

an increase in the density of muscle spindles is most apparent in which suboccipital muscle

A

obliquus capitis inferior

157
Q

suboccipital muscle feedback relays to what additional locations in the brain

A

extraocular nuclei of origin, primary visual cortex and vestibular nuclei

158
Q

what is the result of communication between suboccipital muscles, visual centers and vestibular Center

A

coordination of head and eye position

159
Q

what is the proposed function of the suboccipital muscle group

A

postural stabilizers of the Atlanto-occipital and atlantoaxial joints

160
Q

which suboccipital muscles are known to attach to dura mater

A

rectus capitis posterior major, rectus capitis posterior minor and obliquus capitis inferior

161
Q

inter spinalis is paired in which regions of the spine

A

cervical and Lumbar regions

162
Q

at what locations will inter spinalis be absent along the spine

A

T3 / T4 down to T10 / T 11

163
Q

contraction of Interest been Alice is traditionally said to result in what movement

A

weak approximation of the spinous processes or extension of the spine

164
Q

based on the density of muscle spindles what is the proposed function of the inter spinalis

A

acts as a proprioceptive transducer in conjunction with intertransversarii to coordinate the smooth movement of the spine and to maintain appropriate posture

165
Q

intertransversarii are paired in which regions of thespine

A

cervical and Lumbar regions

166
Q

in which region of the spine are intertransversarii best developed

A

cervical region

167
Q

which of the cervical intertransversarii is innervated by dorsal Rami of cervical spinal nerves

A

posterior medial belly, cervical intertransversarii

168
Q

what are the names of the parts of the intertransversarii in the lumbar spine

A

medial belly, anterior lateral belly, posterior lateral belly

169
Q

what is the origin of the medial Belly of the lumbar intertransversarii

A

accessory process of transverse process L1 to L4, mammillary process of superior articular process L1 to L4

170
Q

which of the lumbar intertransversarii is innervated by dorsal ramus of lumbar spinal nerves

A

medial belly, lumbar intertransversarii

171
Q

which of the lumbar intertransversarii is innervated by ventral ramus of lumbar spinal nerves

A

anterior lateral belly and posterior lateral belly, lumbar intertransversarii

172
Q

which muscle group is innervated by both dorsal ramus and ventral Rami of spinal nerves

A

intertransversarii

173
Q

based on the density of muscle spindles what is the proposed function of the intertransversarii

A

acts as a proprioceptive transducer in conjunction with interspan Alice to coordinate the smooth movement of the spine and to maintain appropriate posture

174
Q

what is the origin of the longest coli

A

vertebral bodies of C5 to C7, T1 to T3 and anterior tubercles of transverse processes C3 to C5

175
Q

what is the insertion of the longest colli

A

anterior tubercle of the anterior Arch C1, vertebral bodies of C2 to C4, anterior tubercles of transverse processes C5 to C6

176
Q

what will innervate the longest coli

A

ventral ramus of C2 - C6 or C7 spinal nerves

Spinal Anatomy (4 decks)

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