Exam 2 Flashcards
which mammals do not have 7 cervical vertebra
the two-toed sloth, Manatee, ant bear, and three toed sloth
which mammals have more than 7 cervical vertebra
ant bear, three-toed sloth
which mammals have less than 7 cervical vertebra
two-toed sloth, manatee
what is the number of vertebra in a typical cervical spine
7 segments
which vertebra are typical cervicals
C3 through C6
which vertebra are atypical cervical
C1, C2, C7
what is the shape of a typical cervical vertebral body from the cranial View
rectangular
what is the appearance of the typical cervical vertebral body from the lateral View
posterior height is greater than anterior height by a few millimeters
what would be the direction of the cervical curve based on osseous features
posterior or kyphotic
what accounts for the direction of the typical cervical
the intervertebral disc height
what is the direction of the typical cervical curve
anterior or lordotic
which vertebral couples will demonstrate a decrease in intervertebral disc height
C2/C3 down to C4/C5
at which vertebral couple will the cervical curve again increase intervertebral disc height
C5/C6
what are the names of the lateral modifications of the superior epiphyseal Rim in cervical
uncinate process, Unciform process, uncovertebral process, uncus or lateral lip
what are the modifications of the inferior epiphyseal rim of a typical cervical
Anterior lip, posterior lip, right and left lateral grooves
what is the joint classification of the anterior lip/anterior longitudinal ligament/anterior groove articulation
fibrous (anphiarthrosis) syndesmosis
what is the joint classification of the posterior lip / posterior longitudinal ligament/ posterior Groove articulation
fibrous (anphiarthrosis) syndesmosis
what is the joint classification of the uncinate process and lateral Groove articulation
modified synovial saddle (diarthrosis Sellar)
what is a joint classification for the spongy bone and intervertebral disc articulation
cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis
how many joints are present on the upper surface of a typical cervical vertebral body
5
how many joints are present on the lower surface of a typical cervical vertebral body
5
how many total joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of a typical cervical
10
what is the name given to the uncinate process and lateral Groove articulation
joint of luschka or uncovertebral joint
The Joint of Luschka is formed from what surfaces
the uncinate process and lateral Groove
how many total synovial joint services are present on the vertebral body of a typical cervical
4
what is the functional significance of the joint of Luschka
it appears to stabilize the intervertebral disc while accommodating flexion/extension and requiring couple motion (axial rotation with lateral bending) in the cervical spine
what muscle attaches to the typical cervical vertebral body
the longus colli muscle
what is the orientation and angulation of the pedicle of a typical cervical
posterolateral, 45 degrees
in the vertebral couple, which cervical vertebral body will contribute more toward the height of the intervertebral foramen
neither, both contribute equally to the intervertebral foramen height
what is the direction of projection of the cervical lamina
postero medially
what ligament attaches to the lamina of a typical cervical
ligamentum flavum
what joint classification will be associated with the ligamentum flavum and its attachment
fibrous (anphiarthrosis) syndesmosis
ossification of the ligamentum flavum at the attachment site on the lamina will result in what feature
para articular processes
ossification of the ligamentum flavum at the attachment site on the lamina will be associated with which classification of bone
accessory bone
ossification within the length of the ligamentum flavum will be associated with which classification of bone
heterotopic bone
what is the outline of the vertebral foramen of a typical cervical vertebra
heart-shaped or triangular
which is the greatest diameter of the vertebral foramen of typical cervical
transverse
the greatest transverse diameter of the typical cervical vertebra occurs at which vertebral level
C6
the greatest frequency of osteophytes associated with the vertebral body occurs at which typical cervical vertebral couple
C5 C6
what osseous parts form of the typical cervical vertebra transverse process
costal element, anterior tubercle, costotransverse bar, posterior tubercle, true transverse process
what muscles will attach the anterior tubercle of a typical cervical vertebra
anterior scalene, longus capitis, longus colli, anterior intertransversarii
what muscles May attach to the posterior tubercle of a typical cervical vertebra
splenius cervicis, iliocostalis cervicis, longissimus cervicis, levator scapula, middle scalene, posterior scalene, rotators and posterior intertransversarii
what muscles will attach to the cost of transverse bar
middle scalene and posterior intertransversarii
what produces the primary tension on the transverse process that will cause remodeling in the anterolateral and inferior directions
cervical spinal nerves as they are directed anterolaterally and inferior leave to form the cervical and brachial plexuses
what is the name given to the superior margin of the costotransverse bar
sulcus for the ventral primary ramus of a cervical spinal nerve
what is the orientation and angulation of a typical cervical transverse process
60° anterolaterally from midsagittal plane, 15° inferiorly from the horizontal plane
what is the name given to the modification of the anterior tubercle of the C6 transverse process
the Carotid tubercle
what will occupy the typical cervical vertebra transverse foramen
the vertebral artery, vertebral venous plexus and postganglionic sympathetic motor nerve fibers
what is the name of the surface feature observed between the ends of the articular pillar
the groove/sulcus for the dorsal ramus of a cervical spinal nerve
what is the classic angulation of typical cervical articular facets
40 to 45 degrees from the coronal plane
recent work suggests what angulation for typical cervical articular facets
55 to 60 degrees
what is the orientation of the typical cervical Superior articular facet
backward, upward, medial (BUM)
what is the orientation of the typical cervical inferior articular facet
forward, lateral, downward (FoLD)
what muscles will attach to typical cervical articular processes
the longissimus capitis, longissimus cervicis, semispinalis capitis, semispinalis cervicis, multifidus and rotators
what muscles blend with the capsular ligament of cervical zygapophyses
the semispinalis capitis, multifidus and Rotator longus
what is the joint classification for the typical cervical zygapophysis
synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia) joint
what modifications of the synovial joint are observed in the cervical spine
meniscoidal Folds
what function will meniscoidal folds provide in cervical zygapophyses
they are assumed to distribute pressure Across The Joint surface
the greatest range of flexion extension among the typical cervical vertebrae occurs at which vertebral couple
typically C5/C6
what motions are coupled in the cervical spine
lateral bending and axial rotation
ranges of coupled motion among the typical cervical vertebra will be similar for what cervical vertebral couples
the C2/C3, C3/C4, C4/C5 vertebral couples
ranges of coupled motion among the typical cervical vertebra will begin to decrease at what cervical vertebral couple
the C5 C6 vertebral couple
what is the usual condition for the Caucasian typical cervical spinous process
they are bifid
what is the usual condition for the African-American typical cervical spinous process
they are non bifid
what muscles May attach to the typical cervical spinous process
the spinalis cervicis, semispinalis cervicis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotators and interspinalis
what ligaments will attach to the typical cervical spinous process
the inter spinous ligament and ligamentum nuchae
what will form the anterior boundary of a typical cervical intervertebral foramen
the lateral Groove and vertebral body of the segment above, the uncinate process and vertebral body of the segment below, the intervertebral discs and the posterior longitudinal ligament
what will form the posterior boundary of a typical cervical intervertebral foramen
the inferior articular process, the superior articular process, the capsular ligament and the ligamentum flavum
what will form the superior boundary of a typical cervical intervertebral foramen
the inferior vertebral notch or inferior vertebral incisure
what will form the inferior boundary of a typical cervical intervertebral foramen
the superior vertebral notch or Superior vertebral incisure
what is the Unique Interior boundary of the intervertebral foramen for the C4 spinal nerve
the lateral group of C3 and uncinate process of C4 forming the joint of luschka
what is the name of the first cervical vertebra
Atlas
what features are lacking at C1
vertebral body, pedicles, a spinous process and the intervertebral disc
what is thought to represent the pedicle at C1
the anterior Arch
what osseous modification is observed to the front of the anterior arch of C1
the anterior tubercle
what muscle attaches to the anterior arch of C1
longus colli
what ligaments will attach the anterior arch of C1
the anterior longitudinal, anterior atlanto-occipital and anterior atlantoaxial ligaments
what is observed on the back of the anterior arch of C1
the fovea dentist
what join classifications are observed on the anterior arch of C1
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint and synovial pivot (diarthrosis trochoid) joint
what is the morphology of the superior articular facet of C1
they are elliptical, closer together in front and often demonstrate and elevation subdividing the fassett surface into two separate surfaces
what is the orientation of the superior articular facet of C1
backward, upward, medial. Bum
what is the joint classification of the atlantoaxial zygapophysis
synovial diarthrosis ellipsoidal joint
what are morphological characteristics of the inferior articular facet of C1
asymmetrical, slightly concave or flattened
what is the orientation of the inferior articular facet of C1
backward, media, downward. Bmd
what is the joint classification of the atlantoaxial zygapophysis
synovial plane diarthrosis arthrodial joint
what is the name of the rounded elevation on the medial aspect of the lateral mass of C1
typical for the transverse Atlantal ligament
what muscles attach to the lateral mass of C1
levator scapulae, splenius cervicis and rectus capitis anterior
what part of C1 represents the spinous process
posterior tubercle of the posterior Arch
what is the distance from the posterior tubercle of the posterior Arch to the skin in each gender
males about 50 cm, females about 37mm
what attaches to the posterior tubercle of the posterior arch of C1
rectus capitis posterior minor muscle and ligamentum nuchae
what Superior Service modifications of the posterior arch of C1 are present
Groove / sulcus for the vertebral artery and arcuate rim
what attaches to the arcuate rim of C1
the posterior atlanto occipital ligament
ossification of the free margin of the posterior atlanto occipital ligament results in which a typical bone classification
accessory bone
what is the earliest stage of development where ossification of the anterior free margin of the posterior atlanto occipital ligament was observed
about age 7 years old
based on the amount of ossification of the anterior free margin of the posterior atlanto occipital ligament what structures will form
an incomplete ponticulus posticus or a complete ponticulus posticus
what are the name a be used to identify a ponticulus posticus
kimmerle anomaly
what names are given to the opening formed by the ponticulus posticus
arcuate foramen or retro articular canal
ponticulus posticus had been observed in what ethnic populations
all ethnic populations studied thus far
what is the general range of incidence of ponticulus posticus in the populations studied
1% to 41%
what is the gender bias now associated with ponticulus posticus
female
what is the incidence of a complete ponticulus posticus versus an incomplete ponticulus posticus
the incidence of a complete ponticulus posticus is about 15%, the incidence of an incomplete ponticulus posticus may be as high as 41%
what are the osseous parts of the transverse process of C1
costal element, post your typical, true transverse process
what muscles attach to the transverse process of C1
rectus capitis anterior, rectus capitis lateralis, middle scalene, levator scapulae, splenius cervicis, obliquus capitis Superior, obliquus capitis inferior and intertransversarii muscles
what suboccipital muscles are known to have facial projections attaching to the spinal Dura
rectus capitis posterior minor, rectus capitis posterior major, obliquus capitis inferior
were they connections between suboccipital muscles and the spinal Dura called
myodural bridges
what are the lateral bridges of Atlas connected to
the lateral mass and the transverse process of Atlas
what forms of the lateral bridges are observed in the population
incomplete lateral Bridges incomplete lateral Bridges
what opening is identified when a complete lateral Bridge is formed
the Retro transverse foramen
what are the possible contents of the Retro transverse foramen
the vertebral artery, a branch from a sub occipital nerve and veins communicating with the venous sinuses of the neck
which of the ponticles (bridges) of Atlas is most numerous
ponticulus posticus
which of the ponticles of Atlas is only observed in humans
lateral bridges
what is observed in the transverse foramen of C1
vertebral artery, vertebral venous plexus, post ganglionic sympathetic motor nerve fibers
what is the gender variation for measurements of the transverse diameter of C1
males 78mm, females 72 mm
what is the distance from the posterior tubercle of the transverse process of C1 to the skin for each gender
a little over 30 mm for both males and females
how many synovial joint services are observed at C1
5
what names are given to C2
axis or epistropheus
what unique vertebral body modification is characteristic of C2
the dens or odontoid process
how many joint services are present on the odontoid process of C2
5
what joint surfaces are present on the Android process of C2
facet for fovea dentist, Groove for transverse Atlanta ligament, attachment sites for the alar ligaments, attachment site for the apical Dental ligament
what is the name / classification given to the odontoid process when the tip of the dens is directed posterior
lordotic dens
what is the name / classification given to the odontoid process when the tip of the dens is directed anterior
kyphotic dens
what joint surfaces are present at the inferior part of the vertebral body of C2
anterior lip, posterior lip, right and left lateral grooves and cancellous Bone
how many joints are formed by the inferior part of the vertebral body of C2
5
how many joint services are present at the vertebral body of C2
10
what joint classifications are present at the vertebral body of C2
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis, synovial pivot (diarthrosis trochoid), modified synovial saddle (diarthrosis seller) and cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis
what ligament will represent the cranial continuation of the posterior longitudinal ligament
membrana tectoria
what ligament forms the anterior boundary for the spinal canal below C2
posterior longitudinal ligament
what is the location of the superior vertebral Notch of C2
on the lamina pedicle Junction
what attaches to the lamina of C2
obliquus capitis inferior muscle, posterior atlantoaxial ligament, ligamentum flavum
what is the appearance of the superior articular facets of C2
they are asymmetrical and slightly convex
what is the facet orientation of the superior articular facet of C2
backward, upward, and lateral. Bul
what is the orientation of the inferior articular facets of C2
forward, lateral, and down. Fold
what muscles attach to the articular process of C2
longissimus cervicis
what will be observed in the transverse foramen at C2
vertebral artery, vertebral venous plexus, postganglionic sympathetic motor nerve fibers
what is the gender variation for the transverse diameter of C2
males 57mm, females 50mm
what muscles attached to the transverse process of C2
levator scapulae, middle scalene, splenius cervicis, longissimus cervicis and intertransversarii
What is the characteristic appearance of the C2 spinous process in humans
bifid
what muscles attach to the spinous process of C2
rectus capitis posterior major, obliquus capitis inferior, spinalis cervicis, semispinalis cervicis, multifidus, rotators and Interspinalis muscles
what ligaments attach to the spinous process of C2
ligamentum nuchae, inter spinous ligaments
what names may be given to C7
vertebra prominens and vertebral prominens
what name is only given to C7
vertebra prominens
what is the name given to the topographical elevation observed at the base of the neck
vertebral prominence
in what percent of men and of women does C7 become the vertebral prominence
men 86%, women 79%
what is the segments and gender bias for vertebra other than C7 becoming the vertebral prominence
C6 is more common in females and T1 is more common in males
how many joint services are present at the vertebral body of C7
8
what joint classifications are observed at the vertebral body of C7
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis, cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis and modified synovial saddle (diarthrosis Sellar) joint
what muscles attach to the vertebral body of C7
longus colli muscle
what features are typically present in the transverse foramen of C7
vertebral venous plexus, postganglionic sympathetic motor fibers
what muscles attach to the transverse process of C7
middle scalene, iliocostalis thoracis, longissimus cervicis, semispinalis capitis, rotators, intertransversarii and levator costarum brevis
what is the orientation of a superior articular facet of C7
backward, upward, medial. Bum
what is the orientation of the inferior articular facet of C7
forward, medial, downward. Formed
what muscle will attach to the articular process of C7
longissimus cervicis, longissimus capitis, semispinalis cervicis and multifidus
what muscles attach the spinous process of C7
trapezius, rhomboid minor, serratus posterior Superior, splenius capitis, spinalis capitis, spinalis Services, semispinalis thoracis, multifidus, rotators and interspinalis
what ligaments attach to the spinous process of C7
ligamentum nuchae and Inter spinous ligaments
the vertebral artery on which side is typically larger
left vertebral artery
what is the gender bias regarding size of the vertebral artery
men have larger vertebral arteries than women
what was the name of the physical exam used to determine vertebral artery patency
the vertebrobasilar artery insufficiency test
which side artery was tested during the course of the vertebral basilar artery insufficiency exam
the ipsilateral artery on the side of rotation
typically at what vertebral level will the vertebral artery first become located in the transverse foramen
C6
at what location will the vertebral artery form it’s first compensatory Loop
the atlanto axial interspace
at what location will the vertebral artery form its second compensatory Loop
the Atlanta occipital interspace
at what segments will the vertebral artery be firmly attached to the transverse foramen
both C1 and C2
what is the purpose of the vertebral artery Loops between C2, C1, and occiput
The increased length will accommodate the greater rotation at these locations
what happens to the vertebral artery after it enters the subarachnoid space at C1
the vertebral artery ascends along the medulla oblongata to the pontine medullary Junction where the right and left arteries unite to form the basilar artery
what suboccipital muscles attach to C1
rectus capitis posterior minor, obliquus capitis Superior, obliquus capitis inferior
which suboccipital muscles attach to C2
rectus capitis posterior major, obliquus capitis inferior
which erector spinae muscles attach to the cervical spine
iliocostalis thoracis, iliocostalis cervicis, longissimus cervicis, longissimus capitis, spinal cervicis, spinals capitis
which transversospinalis muscles attaches to the cervical spine
semispinalis cervicis, semispinalis capitis, multifidis, rotators
what joint classifications are present at C1
synovial (diarthrosis) ellipsoidal, synovial pivot (diarthrosis trochoid), synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia) and fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis
what joint classifications are present at C2
synovial pivot, synovial plane, modified synovial saddle, fibrous syndesmosis and cartilaginous symphysis joint
what joint classifications are present at each typical cervical
synovial plane, modified synovial saddle, fibrous syndesmosis and cartilaginous symphysis
what drug classifications are present at C7
synovial plane, modified synovial saddle, fibrous syndesmosis and cartilaginous symphysis
what forms the boundary for the exit of the C1 nerve for the spinal canal
occipital condyle, Superior articular process of C1, capsular ligament, arcuate Rim, Groove for the vertebral artery, posterior atlanto occipital ligament
what forms the boundaries for the exit of the C2 nerve from the spinal canal
inferior articular process of C1, Superior articular process of C2, capsular ligament, inferior vertebral Notch of C1, Superior vertebral Notch of C2, posterior arch of C1, lamina of C2, posterior atlanto axial ligament
what forms the anterior boundary for the C2 nerve exit from the spinal canal
inferior articular process of C1, Superior articular process of C2, capsular ligament
what forms the posterior boundary it for the C2 nerve exit from the spinal canal
the posterior arch of C1, lamina of C2 and posterior atlanto axial ligament
what forms the anterior boundary for the C3 through C7 nerve exit from the spinal canal
the vertebral bodies, intervertebral discs, posterior longitudinal ligament, uncinate process, lateral Groove
what forms the anterior boundary for the cat of exit from the spinal canal
the vertebral bodies of C7 and T1, intervertebral disc, posterior longitudinal ligament, capsular ligament of the Costo Central joint, Superior costal facet of T1 and articular surface of the first rib
what are the superior articular facet orientations for the cervical vertebra
C1 is backward, upward, medial. C2 is backward, upward, lateral. C3 through C7 is backward, upward, medial
what are the inferior articular facet orientations for the cervical vertebrae
see one is backward, downward, medial (bmd). C2 thru C6 is forward, downward, lateral (fold). C7 is forward, downward, medial (formed).
how many synovial joints are identified for each cervical vertebra
C1 is 5, C2 is eight, C3-6 is eight, C7 is six
how many joints are identified at the vertebral body of each cervical vertebra
C1 is none, C2 is 10, C3 through 6 is 10, C7 is 8
what features will allow discrimination between T2 through T4 and T5 through T8 segmental groups
the vertebral body, transverse process, articular process and spinous process
what is the outline of the vertebral body of a typical thoracic from Superior View
triangular
what is the name given to the left side of parents of the vertebral body of T5 through T8
the aortic impression
what is the aortic impression
the flattening of the superior and inferior epiphyseal rims on the left side of the vertebral body of T5 through T8 which gives the vertebral body a less scalloped or less indented appearance on that side
what part of the vertebral body is most influenced by the aorta at T5 through T8
the left side Superior and inferior epiphyseal rims
what is the height pattern of the typical thoracic vertebral body
the posterior height is greater than the anterior height by 1 to 2 mm
what is the height pattern of the intervertebral discs in the typical thoracic region
the intervertebral discs are rather plain are or flat with no apparent height difference between anterior and posterior height
what is the principal cause of the posterior curve of the thoracic spine
the vertebral body height differences
in terms of the anterior posterior curves of the vertebral column, what direction will the thoracic spine face
posterior
what is another way of naming a posterior curve pattern
a kyphotic curve
what join classifications are identified at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic
fibrous syndesmosis, cartilaginous symphysis and synovial plane
how many synovial joints are formed at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic
4
how many symphysis joints are formed with the vertebral body of a typical thoracic
two
how many joints are formed at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic
typically 10. 14 if the costocentral stellate/ radiate ligaments are included
what is the name given to the Joint formed between the vertebral body and rib
costocentral joint
how many CostcoCentral joints are formed at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic
4
which of the demifacets on the vertebral body of a typical thoracic is larger
the superior costal demifacet
what feature will provide assistance in maintaining the stability of the intervertebral foramen in the typical thoracics
the costocentral joint or ribs
what is the size relationship between the articulating surface of the head of the rib and the costal demifacet surface
the rib surface is greater than the costal demifacet surface
which muscle or muscles is attached to the vertebral body of T2 through T3
the longus coli
what is the angulation of the particle in the typical thoracic region
10 - 15 degrees posterolateral from the sagittal plane
which x-ray view is used to see into the intervertebral foramen of a typical thoracic
the lateral View
which vertebral notch or incisor is said to be prominent
the inferior vertebral notch
what is the nerve / vertebral body relationship at the typical thoracic intervertebral foramen
in the intervertebral foramen, the number of the nerve is the same as the number of the upper thoracic in the vertebral couple
what is the rib / vertebral body relationship at the typical thoracic intervertebral foramen
in the intervertebral foramen, the number of the rib is the same as the number of the lower thoracic in the vertebral couple
what is the overlap of the lamina called in the typical thoracic region
shingling
in which plane will the size of the vertebral foramen of a typical thoracic be greatest
the transverse plane, the vertebral transverse diameter
what is the distance between the transverse tubercles and the typical thoracic region
from tea to each transfers domitor becomes shorter as the transverse processes angle more posterior
what is present on the transverse tubercle of a typical thoracic
the transverse costal facet
what is the rib / transverse process relationship for the typical thoracics
the number of the rib is the same as the number of the vertebra whose transverse process is being studied, fifth rib with T5 transverse process
what is the classification of the costotransverse joint
synovial plane joint
what are the osseous parts of the costotransverse joint
the transverse costal facet and the articular surface of the tubercle of a rib
what ligaments support the cost of transverse joint of a typical thoracic
the superior costotransverse, inferior costotransverse, and lateral costotransverse ligaments
the superior cost of transverse ligament of rib 5 will attach to which vertebral feature
the transverse process of T4
what ligaments attach to the transverse process of a typical thoracic
intertransverse, capsular costotransverse, Superior costotransverse, inferior costotransverse and lateral costotransverse ligaments
which muscles May attach to the transverse process of a typical thoracic
longissimus thoracis, longissimus cervicis, longissimus capitis, semispinalis thoracis, semispinalis cervicis, semispinalis capitis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis, intertransversarii, levator costarum longus and levator costarum brevis.
of the muscles attaching to the transverse process of typical thoracics which one will attach only to the T5 T8 vertebral segments
semispinalis thoracis and levator costarum longus
how did the transverse diameters of the articular processes compare and the t2 through T4 region
the superior articular process transverse diameter is greater than the inferior articular process transverse diameter for given segment
how did the transverse diameters of the articular process compare in the T5 through T8 region
the superior articular process transverse diameter is the same as or equal to the inferior articular process transverse diameter for a given segment
what is the orientation of the superior articular facet of a typical thoracic
backward, upward, and lateral. Bul
what is the orientation of the inferior articular facet of a typical thoracic
forward, downward, and medial. Formed
what is the curvature of the superior articular facet of a typical thoracic
they are slightly convex
what is the curvature of the inferior articular facet of a typical thoracic
they are slightly concave
what is the drug classification of the articular facet joint
synovial plane
how many synovial joints are present at a typical thoracic
10
identify the synovial joint surfaces present on a typical thoracic
2 Superior costal demifacets, two inferior costal demifacets, two transverse costal facets, 2 Superior articular facets, two inferior articular facets
what is the name given to the overlap of spinous processes in the thoracic region
imbrication
imbrication will be more pronounced for what region of the thoracic
T5 through T8
which thoracic has the longest spinous process
T8
what is the angulation of the spinous process of T2 through T4
the undersurface of T2 through T4 spinous processes will angle up to 40 degrees from the horizontal plane
what is the angulation of the spinous process of T5 through T8
the undersurface of T5 through T8 spinous processes will angle up to 60 degrees from the horizontal plane
what joint classification is associated with typical thoracic spinous process ligaments
fibrous syndesmosis joint
which muscles May attach to the spinous process of a typical thoracic
trapezius, latissimus dorsi, rhomboid major, serratus posterior Superior, splenius cervicis, splenius capitis, spinalis thoracis, spinalis Services, spinalis capitis, semispinalis thoracis , multifidus, Rotator longus, Rotator brevis and interspinalis
which muscles attach into the spinous process of a typical thoracic are not included in any muscle layer of the true back
splenius cervicis, splenius capitis and inter spinalis
what joint classifications are present at every typical thoracic vertebra
fibrous syndesmosis, cartilaginous symphysis and synovial plane
what is the appearance of the superior surface of the vertebral body of T 1
it is somewhat cup-shaped with elevations at the posterior and lateral margin
what made the elevations on the vertebral body of T1 represent
uncinate processes
what is the appearance of the inferior surface of the vertebral body of T1
typically flat, lacking anterior and posterior lips characteristic of the cervical
how many synovial joints are formed at the vertebral body of T1
four normally
how many symphysis joints are formed with the vertebrae body of T1
two
how many syndesmosis joints are formed of the vertebral body of T1
typically for are identified, as many as eight if the rib articulation is included
how many joints are formed at the vertebral body of T1
typically 10, 14 if the rib ligaments are included
how many Costco Central joints are formed at the vertebral body of T1
4
what synovial joint surfaces are present on the T1 vertebral body
the right and left Superior costal facet, the right and left inferior costal demifacet
what is the rib / vertebral body combination at the intervertebral foramen for the 8th cervical nerve
the superior costal facet of T1 will joint with the articular surface of the head of the first rib
what ligament supports the cost of central joint of the first rib
the Costco Central Stella / radiate ligament
what ligaments support the Costo Central joint of the second rib
the Costo Central stellate / radiate ligament and the Costo Central interarticular or intra-articular ligament
what muscle is attached to the vertebral body of T1
the longus colli
what ligaments support the cost of transverse joint of T1
the inferior costotransverse and lateral costotransverse ligaments
what ligament is absent at the costotransverse Joint of T1
the superior costotransverse ligament
which Costo transverse joint will the superior costotransverse ligament of T1 support
the second rib costotransverse joint
what muscles attach to the transverse process of T1
longissimus thoracis, longissimus cervicis, longissimus capitis, semispinalis cervicis, semispinalis capitis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis, intertransversarii, levator costarum brevis
which specific transversospinalis muscle is absent from T1
semispinalis thoracis
what is the orientation of the superior articular facet of T1
backward, upward, lateral. Bul
what is the orientation of the inferior articular facet of T1
forward, downward, medial. Formed
what is the classification of the articular facet joint of T1
synovial plane
how many synovial joints are present at T1
10
how many synovial joint surfaces for ribs are present at T1
6
which vertebrae have been identified as forming the vertebral prominence
C6, C7, T1
what is the gender bias associated with T1 as the vertebral prominence
males, 9%, are more likely than females, 6%, to demonstrate T1 as the vertebral prominence
what muscles attach to the spinous process of T1
the trapezius, rhomboid minor, serratus posterior Superior, splenius capitis, spinalis thoracis, spinalis cervicis, spinalis capitis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidus, Rotator longus, Rotator brevis, enter spinalis
which synovial joint surfaces may be absent from the vertebral body of T9
inferior costal demifacets
which muscles attach to the transverse process of T9
longissimus thoracis, semi spinalis thoracis, multifidus, Rotator longus, Rotator brevis, intertransversarii, levator costarum longus, and levator costarum brevis
which is the last arrested vertebra to have an inferior costal Demi facet
T9
what muscles attach to the spinous process of T9
the trapezius, latissimus dorsi, multifidus, Rotator longus, Rotator brevis and inter spinalis
which muscles are conspicuously absent at the T9 spinous process
spinalis and semispinalis
how many synovial joints are formed at the vertebral body of T10
two
how many symphysis joints are formed with the vertebral body of T10
two
how many syndesmosis joints are formed at the vertebral body of T10
typically four are identified, as many as eight if the cost of central stellate / radiate ligaments are included
which synovial joint surface is absent from vertebral body of T10
inferior costal demifacets
para articular processes are more commonly observed on which segment of the spine
T10
what is typically present on the transverse tubercle of T10
the transverse costal facet
what muscles attach to the transverse process of T10
longissimus thoracis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidus, Rotator longus, Rotator brevis, intertransversarii, levator costarum longus and levator costarum brevis
which rib related facet is absent on T10
the inferior costal demifacet
what is the orientation of the spinous process of T10
posterior and slightly inferior, it will shorten and become more horizontal
a dimpling or depression of the skin in the thoracic region is often characteristic of the location of which segment
T10
what muscles attach to the spinous process of T10
the trapezius, latissimus dorsi, multifidus, Rotator longus, Rotator brevis and inter spinalis
what name is given to t11
the anticlinal vertebra
how many synovial joints are formed at the vertebral body of t11
two
how many symphysis joints are formed with a vertebral body of T 11
two
how many joints are typically formed at the vertebral body of T 11
typically 8, 12 if the Costo Central stellate / radiate ligaments are included
what is present at the tip of the transverse process of t-11
the transverse tubercle
what part of the transverse process is absent present on t11
the transverse costal facet
which vertebra is the last segment to demonstrate a transverse costal facet
T10
what ligaments form the cost of transverse joint of t-11
the superior costotransverse, and slightly developed inferior costotransverse and lateral costotransverse ligaments
