Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology II > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define ecology

A

The study of how organisms react with each other and their environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Distinguish between biotic and abiotic components of the environment.

A

Biotic components are those that are living (animals, plants, etc.), while abiotic components are not living (water, rocks, etc.).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Distinguish among organismal ecology, population ecology, community ecology, ecosystem ecology, and
landscape ecology.

A

Organismal: morphological, physiological, and behavioral ways that organisms meet challenges in their environment.
Population: population density/distribution, changes in pop size, etc.
Community: How interactions among species affect community structure/organization
Ecosystem: energy flow and the cycling of chemicals among the biotic and abiotic components in ecosystems
Landscape: How spatial arrangement of habitat types affects the distribution and abundance of organisms and ecosystem processes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe, with examples, how biotic and abiotic factors may affect the distribution of organisms.

A

Biotic: competition, food sources, etc.
Abiotic: Water availability, temp., terrain, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

List abiotic factors that are the most important components of climate.

A

Temperature, precipitation, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Explain, with examples, how a body of water and a mountain range might affect regional climatic conditions.

A

Bodies of water heat or cool overlying air masses that pass across the land. Coastal regions are also more moist than inland areas. Mountains also influence air flow over land. When warm, moist air approaches a mountain, it rises and cools, releasing moisture on the windward side of the peak. On the leeward side, cooler, dry air descends, absorbing moisture and producing a “rain shadow” (where many deserts are found).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe how an ecologist might predict the effect of global warming on distribution of a tree species.

A

Trees won’t prosper in warmer temps, so they will shift farther from the equator, which is the point on the earth that has the most direct sunlight.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Name a way in which marine biomes affect the biosphere.

A

Water evaporated from the ocean provides most of the world’s rainfall, and ocean temperatures have a major effect on global climate and wind patterns.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Define each layer in a stratified aquatic biome: photic zone, aphotic zone, benthic zone, abyssal zone.

A

Photic zone: The narrow top layer of an ocean or lake, where light penetrates sufficiently for photosynthesis to occur.
Aphotic zone: light does not penetrate sufficiently for photosynthesis to occur.
Benthic zone: The bottom surface of an aquatic environment.
Abyssal zone: The part of the ocean’s benthic zone between 2,000 and 6,000 m deep.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe the vertical layering of a forest and grassland.

A

Upper canopy, the lower-tree layer, the shrub understory, the ground layer of herbaceous plants, the forest floor, and the root layer.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Give an example of a biome characterized by periodic disturbance or lightning fires

A

Savanna

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe the characteristics of the major terrestrial biomes: tropical forest, desert, savanna, chaparral,
temperate grassland, coniferous forest, temperate broadleaf forest, and tundra.

A

Tropical Forest: Equatorial and subequatorial. Constant rainfall. High temp year round.
Desert: 30 deg N and S lat. Precip is low and highly variable. temp is variable seasonally and daily.
Savanna: Equatorial and subequatorial. Seasonal rainfall (30-50 cm/yr) with long dry season. Warm year round.
Chaparral: midlatitude coastal regions. Rainy winters, dry summers. Cool fall, spring, winter. Hot summer
Temp. grassland: plains and prairies. Dry winters, wet summers. cold winters, hot summers.
Con. for: Largest. Stretch from NA to EA. Precip of 30-70 cm w droughts. cold winter, hot summer.
Broadl. for.: Midlat north hem. 70-200 cm precip. Cold winter, hot and humid summer.
Tundra: Artic. 20% land surface. 20-60 cm precip. Cold temps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe the characteristics of populations that exhibit Type I, Type II, and Type III survivorship curves.

A

Type I: low death rates in young/middle-age, high in old
Type II: Death rates stable throughout lifetime
Type III: high death rates in young, but declines as passes stage of early die-off

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Compare the exponential model of population growth with the logistic model.

A

Exponential has nothing limiting it. Logistic has a carrying capacity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is carrying capacity?

A

The maximum number of individuals in a population that can be sustained by the resources in the habitat.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the global human population and how are we impacting the populations of other species?

A

More than 7 bill. Negatively

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Distinguish among parasitism, mutualism, and commensalism (lecture notes, Ch. 54)

A

…

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Distinguish between a food chain and a food web.

A

…

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What explains why food chains are relatively short?

A

…

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Describe an example of humans acting as agents of disturbance.

A

…

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Explain why species richness declines along an equatorial-polar gradient.

A

…

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Describe the fundamental relationship between autotrophs and heterotrophs in an ecosystem.

A

…

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Explain how decomposition connects all trophic levels in an ecosystem.

A

…

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Explain why the amount of energy used in photosynthesis is so much less than the amount of solar energy that reaches Earth.

A

…

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Explain why energy is said to flow rather than cycle within ecosystems.

A

…

26
Q

Explain why nutrients are said to cycle rather than flow within ecosystems.

A

…

27
Q

Explain how decomposition affects the rate of nutrient cycling in ecosystems.

A

…

28
Q

Describe how agricultural practices can interfere with nitrogen cycling. Think about what we discussed for exam 3 (soil issues, Dead Zone)

A

…

29
Q

Describe how increased atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide are changing Earth’s heat budget.

A

…

30
Q

How do communities and ecosystems differ? How are they linked?

A

…

31
Q

Highest levels of organization, ecology/interconnectedness

A

…

32
Q

Population survivorship curves

A

…

33
Q

Types of energy/energy flow/energy loss; nutrient cycling

A

…

34
Q

Food chain; producers, consumers, decomposers/detritivores & importance
to ecosystem

A

…

35
Q

Factors and effects of climate and precipitation; importance of solar
energy; weather vs. climate; why climate varies globally and how

A

…

36
Q

Rain shadow/mountains; locations of terrestrial biomes on mountains

A

…

37
Q

Know characteristics of the 8 terrestrial biomes such as climate (temp, rainfall), geographic location, soil, unique plant/animal life
discussed

A

…

38
Q

Which depend on natural weather events to maintain their unique
characteristics?

A

…

39
Q

How is each terrestrial ecosystem being altered and why? What are benefits to humans and effects of human activities?

A

…

40
Q

Which have high diversity or low diversity and why? What is important about vertical stratification?

A

…

41
Q

For which are mycorrhizae especially important? For which are fire especially important?

A

…

42
Q

Marine (terms for zonation, shallow habitats such as kelp beds, coral
reefs)

A

…

43
Q

Estuarine: know general characteristics/benefits

A

…

44
Q

Freshwater (rivers, lakes, wetlands, etc); importance of wetlands

A

…

45
Q

Know examples of human effects aquatic ecosystems discussed in class (for example: how rivers/streams are affected by logging/clear-cutting; how humans affect coral reefs)

A

…

46
Q

Issues with algal blooms in all three ecosystem types

A

…

47
Q

What are the main greenhouse gases and their concentrations, sources,
residence times? What is the greenhouse effect?

A

…

48
Q

Evidence of climate change; Suess effect

A

…

49
Q

Correlation between CO2 and temp; importance of deforestation;
country contribution of global emissions

A

…

50
Q

What are the effects of increased temps on the environment?
o Natural populations of animals and plants; desynchronization
o Effects on polar and alpine areas; oceans & effects of ocean
acidification
o How are humans affected by increased temps? How are they
adding to the problem?

A

…

51
Q

General concept of natural selection and evolution and (broad, “bigpicture”
understanding); human evolution.
o How does natural selection occur; important factors
o 3 types of natural selection
o Evidence for evolution

A

…

52
Q

Structure determines function!!! From cells to organs to ecosystems,
how does structure relate to the function of that level of organization?

A

…

53
Q

Cellular respiration and photosynthesis – reactants and products; how
each is important to our discussions of plant phys, plant/anim
requirements and ecosystem structure and function

A

…

54
Q

Five kingdoms of life: know (1) general characteristics of each and (2)
key characteristics and examples of the major groups discussed

A

…

55
Q

Examples of beneficial and disease organisms; non-living disease factors

A

…

56
Q

Important relationships between organisms in their environment. We
discussed examples of symbiosis/mutualism (mycorrhizae, pollinators).
Be able to recognize examples and how each partner benefits.

A

…

57
Q

Know examples of environmental concerns we have discussed throughout
the semester; soil issues; dead zone causes/effects, the connection
between some of the environmental issues we discussed and
photosynthesis; effect of human population size

A

…

58
Q

Biodiversity: Main causes for loss of biodiversity; 6
th mass extinction;
what do humans lose when we lose species? Why is keeping biodiversity
important?

A

…

59
Q

Plant diversity & reproduction: restrictions of mosses/ferns; know
basics for seed plants (structures that house male and female
structures; what happens & what is formed after pollination and
fertilization)

A

…

60
Q

Animal diversity: examples of major phyla and key characteristics;
evolutionary order and derived traits of chordate groups; restrictions
faced by fish & amphibians; basic differences repro and temp regulation

A

…

61
Q

Plant and Animal Physiology: Emphasis on structure and function for
each as well as key structures for energy acquisition, transport, gas
exchange

A

…

Biology II (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions