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Lifespan Development > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Crystallized intelligence

A

accumulated facts and information that you have learned. (Environmental/Nurture)

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2
Q

Fluid intelligence

A

Knowledge that detects the relationships between things and sees patterns. (Biological ability relying more on nature.)

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3
Q

What do results of Horn’s cross-sectional research show regarding changes in intelligence in middle adulthood?

A

Horn’s study showed that crystallized intelligence increases throughout a lifespan, but that fluid intelligence peaks during adulthood and decreases into middle and late adulthood.

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4
Q

Discuss problems with Horn’s cross-sectional research?

A
  • Cross-sectional research does not take into consideration cohort effects and therefore potentially underestimates cognitive abilities of adults.
  • The older people had very different life experiences than the younger in terms of education or health status (didn’t have access to proper healthcare as we do now, lots did not even graduate high school.)
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5
Q

What 6 cognitive abilities did Schaie’s longitudinal study examine?

A

Reason, Spatial Ability, Perceptual Speed, Numerical Ability, Vocabulary, and Verbal Memory.

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6
Q

What do Schaie’s longitudinal research show regarding changes in intelligence in middle vs. late adulthood?

A

In middle adulthood there is no real change and all are relatively stable, numerical ability and perceptual speed do begin to decline
In late adulthood there are significant decreases in numerical ability and perceptual speed, the other cognitive abilities decline as well but it is a very gradual decline.

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7
Q

Changes in Short term memory in middle adulthood and why?

A

No real changes,

may seem that way bc there’s a lot more going on

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8
Q

Changes in Short term memory in late adulthood and why?

A

There is gradual decline because speed of processing declines and there is less efficient encoding and storage of information.

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9
Q

Implicit/Procedural memory and how it changes with age:

A

How to do something. “How to drive” things that become automatic.
Does not change as we get older, remains stable and intact.

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10
Q

Semantic memory and how it changes with age:

A

(Crystallized intelligence) memory store for facts and information
-Remains stable, just takes longer to retrieve/access it.

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11
Q

Episodic memory and how it changes with age:

A

can be periods of your life which can be sometimes specific or special moments to us, can also be “daily episodic memory” such as where you parked your car, etc.
-Declines because short term memory declines. not encoding or storing info as efficiently.

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12
Q

What has research demonstrated regarding “training studies” and changes in cognitive functioning?

A

The studies show success, the encoding ability increases (for late adulthood) with organized instruction.

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13
Q

Age range for middle adulthood?

A

Ages 40/45 - 65

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14
Q

Age range for late adulthood?

A

65+

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15
Q

primary aging (senescene)

A

Biological aging based on nature. Natural decline in muscle tone, fertility.
-Cannot stop this, only slow it down.

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16
Q

secondary aging

A

Environmental aging. Things we may or may not do, such as smoking (environmental/lifestyle factor that leads to decreased lung capacity.)

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17
Q

Changes of frequency of sexual intercourse during middle and late adulthood:

A

Decline in sexual activity with age

  • women live longer so there are more opportunities for sexual activity than women.
  • influenced by factors such as: health status, child rearing, working, etc.
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18
Q

What is menopause?

A

Have gone a year w/o a menstrual cycle

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19
Q

When does menopause occur?

A

Average age is 51.

Around age 48 “peri-menopause” is experienced: a drop in estrogen.

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20
Q

Symptoms of menopause

A
  • Hot flashes
  • Mood swings/irritability
  • Lower sexual arousal
  • body/facial hair
  • weight gain
  • nausea
  • headaches
  • tiredness
  • for perimenopause: irregular cycles.
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21
Q

Women’s psychological reactions to menopause:

A

Most women are neutral or somewhat positive about menopause.

50% of women don’t report symptoms (varies with culture, eastern cultures have less negative reports.)

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22
Q

Changes in sexual dev. associated with females

A
  • Less Vaginal lubrication
  • Vag. walls lose elasticity, sag just like outer skin does. leads to discomfort and pain.
  • Menopause
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23
Q

Changes in sexual dev. associated with males

A
  • Drop in testosterone
  • Sperm production declines
  • Orgasms not as frequent due to cardiovascular functions/health status.
  • prostate enlarges.
24
Q

What behavior pattern has been linked to cardiovascular disease?

A

Type A

25
Q

Type A behavior pattern

A
  • Competitive
  • Very Impatient
  • Time urgency
  • Anger/Hostility
  • 2x more likely to suffer heart disease.
26
Q

Type B behavior pattern

A
  • Relaxed
  • patient
  • friendly
27
Q

Results of more recent research show what aspect of Type A behavior pattern has been most related to cardiovascular disease?

A

Anger/Hostility

28
Q

Free Radical/Wear and tear theory of aging

A
  • free radicals = by-product of metabolic processes, a single molecule that hasn’t bonded
  • bounces around and causes damage to other cells.
  • Antioxidants impt because get can matchup with free radicals.
29
Q

Cellular Clock/Genetic Programming theory of aging.

A

-Telomeres- tips of DNA

pieces of them are getting locked off, can inject something in the cell to help it extend life cycle of the cell???

30
Q

Midlife crisis: fact or fiction, why?

A
  • Data shows it is Fiction. Not supported, not universal/across the board.
  • Western Phenomenon perpetuated through media.
31
Q

Most common Living arrangement in late adulthood:

A

Living with family members

32
Q

Research has shown that Alzheimer’s patients have __________ levels of the neurotransmitter __________.

A

lower; acetycholine

33
Q

At present, is there a cure for Alzheimer’s Disease?

A

No.

34
Q

Plaques that form in the Alzheimer’s brain are the result of clumps of __________.

A

beta-amyloid protein

35
Q

Cataracts affect the __________ of the eye.

A

lens

36
Q

When treating a cataract, __________ are used to break up the __________ in order to remove it.

A

high frequency sound waves; lens

37
Q

What is a standard treatment option for a cataract?

A

Surgery

38
Q

Which type of vision does glaucoma typically affect first?

A

Peripheral

39
Q

According to the video, glaucoma is a leading cause of ___________ worldwide.

A

Blindness

40
Q

Glaucoma results from a build up of fluid in the __________ of the eye called _________ fluid.

A

front; aqueous

41
Q

In Glaucoma the build up of fluid in the eye puts pressure on the __________ of the eye, thereby affecting vision.

A

optic nerve

42
Q

In the wet form of macular degeneration, __________ leaks into the __________.

A

blood; retina

43
Q

Macular degeneration affects the __________ of the eye.

A

Retina

44
Q

Macular degeneration results in the loss or deterioration of __________ vision.

A

Central and Color

45
Q

Types of macular degeneration

A

Dry and Wet

46
Q

In the dry form of macular degeneration, ________ collect(s) underneath the _________.

A

deposits; retina

47
Q

Which of the following did the video discuss as a treatment option for the wet form of macular degeneration?

A

injecting medicine into the eye

48
Q

What are some visible signs of aging?

A
  • skin wrinkles and sags
  • age spots
  • hair thins and gays
  • nails develop ridges and become thicker and more brittle
49
Q

in what ways can our culture influence reactions to aging?

A

> because youthful appearance is valued it can have the impact of older people undergoing cosmetic surgery, dying hair, wearing wigs, enrolling in weight reduction programs, and taking heavy doses of vitamins.

50
Q

Changes in height/weight in middle age and why they occur:

A

Lose height and gain weight
>loss of height due to bone loss in the vertebrae
>body fat accounts for 20% or more in middle adulthood

51
Q

Changes in muscle tone and strength in middle adulthood:

A
  • loss of muscle tone and strength

- joints/tendons and ligaments become less efficient

52
Q

Changes in hearing in middle adulthood

high pitch vs. low pitch

A
  • hearing declines,

- high pitch usually declines first, low pitch sounds do not seem to decline very much in middle adulthood

53
Q

Gender differences in hearing loss in middle adulthood and why that may exist?

A

Men lose sensitivity to higher pitched sounds sooner than women.
-possibly due to men’s greater exposure to occupations such as mining, automobile work, etc.

54
Q

Changes in vision in middle adulthood:

A
  • The ability to focus and maintain an image on the retina declines sharply
  • in particular, difficulty viewing close objects and retina becomes less sensitive to low levels of illumination
  • loss of flexibility of the lens inside the eye
55
Q

Genetic, sex, age and environmental risk factors for cardiovascular disease:

A
  • increases during middle age
  • heredity does influence cholesterol levels that are bad, but eating food low in saturated fat and exercising can reduce that
56
Q

changes in sleep in middle adulthood:

A
  • less deep sleep, wakeful periods more frequent
  • sleep disordered breathing and restless legs syndrome become more prevalent
  • adults that sleep less than 6 hours a night have increased risk of stroke symptoms. less effective immune system functioning. problems with long term memory.

Lifespan Development (7 decks)

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