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Lifespan Development > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What age range is considered Adolescence?

A

11/12-18/20 years

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2
Q

In Piaget’s theory, at what age does formal operations occur?

A

12+

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3
Q

What new ability develops in formal operations?

A

The ability to think abstractly

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4
Q

Steps of hypothetico-deductive reasoning:

A
  1. Deduce/form specific hypothesis. Develop list of factors

2. Test hypothesis in an orderly manner.

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5
Q

2 challenges/criticisms of Piaget’s theory:

A
  1. Overestimated ability of adolescents
  2. “Universality” of acquiring operations is questionable. (Doesn’t take into account other cultures, etc., like those who are in a survival forced society.)
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6
Q

What is the purpose of the corpus callosum?

A

Connects Left and Right hemispheres of the brain

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7
Q

What changes take place in the corpus callosum during adolescence?

A
  • Thickens/gets denser

- Most likely comes from myelination

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8
Q

Functions of the limbic system?

A
  • plays a role in emotions: fear, happiness, sadness and REWARD CENTERS.
  • develops BEFORE the prefrontal cortex.
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9
Q

When is the limbic system fully developed?

A

age 14-15

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10
Q

What changes occur in white matter/myelination and gray matter/synapses in the brain during adolescence?

A
  • There is an increase in white matter (myelination)
  • and there is a decrease in gray matter (synapses/neural connections.) “Use it or lose it” Neural connections not being used are pruned.
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11
Q

How are the changes in white matter and gray matter similar/different in the adolescence period and infancy period?

A
  • In both infancy and adolescence there is an increase in white matter (myelination)
  • In adolescence we see a decrease in gray matter (neural connections/synapses)— BUT in infancy this gray matter increases.
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12
Q

What are functions of the prefrontal cortex?

A
  • Involved in planning and thinking about the long term future (and consequences of actions.)
  • Impulse control
  • Develops AFTER the limbic system, in the midtwenties
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13
Q

At what age is the prefrontal cortex believed to be fully developed? And what impact does this have on adolescent behavior?

A

age 25
-Impulse control is fully developed far after the limbic system (reward/pleasure centers) so adolescents are more inclined to partake in risk taking behavior.

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14
Q

What is “imaginary audience” in regards to adolescent egocentrism?

A

It is the adolescent distorted belief that he/she is always the center of attention, falsely believes that everybody is looking at them.

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15
Q

What is “personal fable” in regards to adolescent egocentrism, and what are the potential impacts of it on thinking and behavior?

A
  • It is the false belief that he/she is special and unique. “You don’t understand”— as if you’ve never gone through adolescence
  • May lead to invincible thinking “I’m not susceptible to bad things happening.”
  • Therefore may lead to risky behavior.
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16
Q

What does Erik Erikson’s stage theory propose?

A

In each stage there is a crisis that needs to be resolved.
EX: Infancy period: Trust and Mistrust
Adolescence: Identity vs. Identity Confusion

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17
Q

How does one get identity confusion?

A

Erikson proposed that if you did not establish your identity in adolescence you will have identity confusion.

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18
Q

Marcia’s identity statuses are based on:

A

Commitment level

and “crisis”/exploration

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19
Q

Low commitment, Low “crisis”/exploration

A

Diffusion

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20
Q

High commitment, Low “crisis”/exploration

A

Foreclosure

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21
Q

Low commitment, High “crisis”/exploration

A

Moratorium

22
Q

High commitment, High “crisis”/exploration

A

Achievement

23
Q

Identity Diffusion

A

Low commitment, low “crisis”/exploration

High in Adolescence, drops into 20’s

24
Q

Identity Foreclosure

A

High commitment, Low “crisis”/exploration

Highest in early Adolescence, drops into the 20’s

25
Q

Identity Moratorium

A

Low commitment, High “crisis”/exploration

Low in early Adolescence, heightens with age.

26
Q

Identity Achievement

A

High commitment, High “crisis”/exploration

Low in early Adolescence, heightens with age.

27
Q

What is meant by MAMA cycle

A

Happens throughout one’s life, identity status is generally not fixed
Moratorium, Achievement, Moratorium, Achievement
(Just because you get to an achievement status doesn’t mean you’ll stay there.)

28
Q

What does parent-child conflict typically center on?

A

everyday issues: curfew, clothing choices, etc.

29
Q

What does parent-child conflict say about the child?

A

Arguing is normative, shows the child is maturing intellectually.

30
Q

What are criteria/markers for defining adulthood or becoming an adult?

A
  • Responsible
  • Identity development established
  • Independent
  • Have career plans/goals
  • Emotional/Social Maturity
31
Q

Emerging adulthood age range

A

18-25 years

32
Q

When does physical performance peak?

A

19-26 years of age

33
Q

Level of sensory function in early adulthood:

A

Sensory level is high/strong. All senses are at their peak.

34
Q

Senescence

A

Biological aging, natural decline with aging. Not noticeable until around (35-40 years)

35
Q

Healthiest period of the lifespan?

A

Early adulthood. They do not suffer from chronic illnesses or disorders that kids and older adults do.

36
Q

What does research show about young adults’ health practices?

A

-They have high knowledge of health promotion but do not generally apply it. As they add work roles, student roles, maintaining a balance between good health practices and work/school is challenging.

37
Q

What are characteristics of Postformal thought?

A
  • “reflective” thinking
  • influence of emotion on thinking
  • tolerate ambiguity
  • “one size does not fit all”
38
Q

Perry’s Dualistic thinking

A

Absolute thinking: can see the difference of right and wrong but not the gray area: believe things are black and white, good and evil, right an wrong, but no in between.

39
Q

Perry’s Relativistic thinking

A

Things are not simply black and white, right and wrong. There is a gray area.
No absolute truth or validity.

40
Q

Factors influencing attraction and liking:

A
  • Proximity

- Similarity

41
Q

Proximity and the mere exposure effect

A

Familiarity and repeated exposure generally leads to liking.

42
Q

Similarity and the importance of consensual validation

A

Consensual validation is the idea that other people share your beliefs which in turn validates your own personal beliefs. “birds of a feather flock together.”

43
Q

Median ages of 1st marriages as of 2011

A

Males: 28
Females: 26

44
Q

What aspect of development has been shown to change more in our 20’s than at other age periods of the lifespan?

A

Personality

45
Q

According to research discussed by Dr. Jay, __________ of “life-changing events or defining moments” occur by the age of 35.

A

more than two-thirds

46
Q

When this TED talk was filmed in 2013, Dr. Jay stated that there were _____ million “20-somethings” in the US.

A

50

47
Q

With regard to brain imaging techniques, a structural MRI produces a ___________ image of the brain whereas a functional MRI yields a __________ image.

A

still; moving

48
Q

Which sex does the adolescent begin earlier for?

A

usually begins earlier for girls than for boys.

49
Q

Changes in which of the following areas exerts the MOST influence on the onset of menstruation for females?

A

percent body fat

50
Q

The onset of menstruation occurs later in girls who ___________.

A

are malnourished

51
Q

Data shows that, in industrialized societies and cultures, the onset of menarche has __________.

A

been occurring earlier

52
Q

What is menarche?

A

the first occurrence of menstruation

Lifespan Development (7 decks)

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