Final exam Flashcards
____________is organisms changing over time.
Evolution
___________ suggest an explanation that might be true
Hypothesis
____________ is a careful value of research by other individuals to make sure everything is right.
Peer review
A __________ has to be inside a living cell to be a virus
Virus
_____________is an atom with specific number of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
Element
___________ is composed of elements
Matter
___________ is a positive charge and its located in the nucleus of atoms.
Protons
____________ is a neutral charge in the nucleus
Neutron
_____________ is a negative charge located in orbitals surrounding atoms.
Electrons
____________ is the number of protons in an atom.
Atomic number
___________ is the gain or loss in electrons
Redox reaction
An element gained or loss of electrons is called _________
Ions
Carbon 12, 13, 14 are _________ and as they break down they lose radiation.
Isotopes
___________ is a negative logarithm of hydrogen ion of concentration.
PH
_____________ regulates PH of blood.
Bicarbonate buffer system
_________ share electrons
Covalent bonds
___________ gain or lose electrons
Ionic bonds
_____________ hold water together.
Hydrogen bond
_____________ is the simplest carbohydrate and its necessary for all forms of life.
Glucose
_____________ are built out of subunits of monosaccharides.
Carbohydrates
____________ dont dissolve in water.
Lipids
______________ are common lipids used for energy storage.
Triglycerides
___________ catalyze chemical reactions.
Enzymes
___________ is when a substate and enzyme join together.
Induced fit
___________ are inorganic non protein substances that can be used in enzymatic reactions.
Cofactors
_____________ is found in cytoskeleton and shellfish and can also be used to store cellulose.
Chitin
__________ is made by amino acids.
Protein
______________ involves a specific amino acid and sequence.
Primary protein structure
___________ and ___________ contain nucleotides.
DNA RNA
What are the base pairs of DNA and RNA.
DNA- AT CG
RNA- AU CG
Who was the first person to see cells under a scope?
Robert Hooke
___________ is in charge of collecting and transporting materials in a cell.
Golgi Apparatus
_____________ has DNA in its nucleus, has organelles and can be single or multicellular.
Eukaryotes
______________ doesn’t have a nucleus, DNA is found in the nucleoids base and its always single celled organisms.
Prokaryotes
____________ is a macromolecule and is used to store hereditary information.
DNA
Plants, Fungus, and bacteria all have __________
Cell walls
___________ are composed of protein and is at the site of proteinsyntharsis.
Ribosomes
________ and ___________ have 9+2 microtubule arrangement.
Cilia flagella
Microtubules, intermediate filaments and microfilaments form the ___________.
Cytoskeleton
_____________ is where chloroplast and mitochondria were once free living cells.
Endosibiosis
_____________ is a movement from high to low concentration and does not require energy.
Diffusion
______________ goes against the concentration gradient carrier portion and energy.
Active transport
____________ is the movement of water through semi permeable membrane.
Osmosis
_______________ is when 3 sodium leaves the cell and 2 potassium enter the cell.
Sodium Potassium pump
________________ is made up of phospholipids and they contain a phosphate group of glycerol molecule and 2 fatty acid chains.
Biological membrane
__________ proteins recognize cell vs non cell.
MHC
__________ is cell eating
Phagocytosis
__________ cell drinking
Pinocytosis
___________ is a primary electron carrier through metabolism.
NAD
_____________ is capacity to do work.
Energy
__________ is movement.
Potential energy
___________ is energy in movement.
Kinetic energy
A __________ is a unit of heat.
Calorie
____________ require stored energy in chemical bonds.
Heterotrophs
________ make their own energy
Autotrophs
____________ is all chemical reactions that take place while breaking material down.
Metabolism
___________ enzymes are called ribozymes
RNA
A ___________ is when an enzyme is catalyzed.
Substrate
_____________ is in all living organisms.
Glycolosis
_____________ requires a membrane and requires a proton motive force.
Electron transport chain
The __________ is the ultimate energy source of light.
Sun
The visible light spectrum is ___________ to __________ nanometers.
400-740
____________ occurs in chloroplast.
Photosynthesis
____________ contains groups of chlorophyll molecule and accessory pigments.
Photosystem
____________ are responsible for the cell cycle.
Cyclins
Each species has a specific number of ____________.
Chromosomes
What are the stages of the cell cycle in order?
G1, S, G2, Mitosis, Cytokinesis
_____________ is the visible separation of chromatids
Anaphase
Animal cells achieve cytokinesis by forming a ___________.
Cleavage furrow
____________ cell contain 1 set of chromosomes ( usually sex cells)
Haploid
________________ increases genetic diversity
Sexual reproduction
____________ is where egg and sperm unite.
Zygote
_____________ occurs in Prophase 1
Crossing over
___________ was a austrian monk and studied hereditary factors like genes.
Mendel
What model did Mendel study?
Pea plant
_________ are the physical characteristics of an organism.
Phenotype
____________ is the allelic make up of organisms.
Genotype
____________ is individuals that have 2 identical alleles on their chromosome.
Homozygous
____________ alleles are always expressed.
Dominant
___________ alleys require both alleys to be expressed .
Recessive
An __________ is considered to be an alternate form of a gene.
Allele
A___________ is used to determine an if individual is homo or heterozygous.
Test cross
___________ is universal donor.
0 negative
Human height is considered a ___________ trait.
Polygenic
____________ alleys are singe gene with 3 or more alternate forms.
Multiple
