Bio test 1 Flashcards
What is the study of living things?
Biology
What is one cell that can carry out all the necessary functions such as growth, development, reproduction, energy utilization, heredity, organization, and homeostacis?
Organism
What is the basic unit for all living organisms?
Cell
The study of science encompasses what kind of fields?
Chemistry and physics
What are the 3 domains?
Bacteria, Archaea, Eucyara
What are the 6 kingdoms?
Archaea, Bacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
What are the 7 characteristics of all living organisms?
Complexity, Response, Cellular Organization, Energy utilization, Homeostasis, Growth, Heredity
What are the level of organization for all living systems?
Atom Molecule Organelle Cell Tissue Population Community Ecosystem Biosphere
Uses general principles to make specific predictions and validate general ideas.
Deductive Reasoning
Uses specific observations to develop general conclusions.
Inductive Reasoning
What are the steps in the scientific method?
Observation, Hypothesis, Prediction, Experimentation, Conclusion
__________ is tested by the hypothesis and 1 variable at a time can be tested.
Experimental group
___________ is not tested and is used by a comparison.
Control group
A possible explanation for an observation and is used to make predictions.
Hypothesis
_____________ is a well substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world, based on a body of facts that have been repeatedly confirmed through observation and experiment.
Scientific theory
____________ is the description of an observed phenomenon.
Scientific law
Author who wrote “On the Origin of Species” and a naturalist whose scientific theory of evolution by natural selection became the foundation of modern studies.
Charles Darwin
Where did Charles Darwin research take place?
Coast of South America
How long of a period of time did it take Charles Darwin to do his research?
5 years
What did Charles Darwin propose?
The theory of Natural selection
___________ is the same evolutionary origin but now differ in structure and function.
Homologous structure
__________ is a different origin used for the same purpose. Ex. butterfly and bird wings
Analogous Structure
Theory which describes the properties of cells.
Cell Theory
What are the levels of taxonomy?
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family Genus, Species
How are organisms classified?
By the Binomial Nomenclature
__________ is when each level of organization for living organisms builds upon the previous levels and increases in levels of complexity.
Hierarchal organization
___________ is the presence of similar genes, portions of genes, or chromosome segments in different species, reflecting both the common origin of species.
Evolutionary conservation
__________ is a tracing origin of particular nucleotide changes to reconstruct an evolutionary history.
Phylogenetic tree
Basic unit of a chemical element.
Atom
What are the subatomic particles that make an atom?
Protons, Neutrons, and electrons
An ____________ is a substance that cannot be broken down to any other substance by ordinary chemical means.
Element
Atoms of a single element that posses different numbers of neutrons.
Isotope
____________ are atoms that have gained or lost electrons resulting in them posting a positive or negative charge.
Ions
__________ is the number of protons.
Atomic number
___________ is the number of protons and neutrons.
Atomic mass
____________ can bond with other atoms and they consist of a larger portion of the atoms energy.
Electrons
How many electrons are needed to fulfill the octet rule?
8
_________ is the loss of electrons.
Oxidation
__________ is the gain of an electron
Reduction
What is an electropositive hydrogen from one polar molecule that is attracted to an electronegative atom.
Hydrogen bond
_____________ Are molecules that are groups of atoms held together in a stab association.
Chemical bond
_____________ is formed by the attraction of oppositely charged ions.
Ionic bond
__________ is formed when atoms share 2 or more valence electrons.
Covalent bond
What is the most common chemical property of water?
Hydrogen bonds
__________ is when water molecules stick to other water molecules by hydrogen bonds.
Cohesion
_________ is when water molecules stick to other polar molecules by hydrogen bonding.
Adhesion
What are negative logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration of solution.
pH
___________ is any substance that dissociates in water to increase the H+.
Acids
___________ are substances that combines with H+ dissolved in water and lowers the H+.
Bases
____________ is a substance that resists change in pH.
Buffers
Why is carbon important?
Because it is associated with all living things.
What type of molecules is carbon mainly associated with?
Organic molecules
___________ are large molecules that contain repeating units of carbon and hydrogen.
Hydrocarbons
Molecules with the same molecular formula. Ex. Glucose fructose and galactose
Isomers
__________ are small similar chemical subunits.
Monomers
_________ are large units built by linking monomers.
Polymers.
Formation of large molecules by the removal of water.
Dehydration Synthesis
________ is the break down of large molecules by the addition of water.
Hydrolysis reaction
__________ are molecular compounds made from carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Carbohydrates
What is the carbohydrates ratio?
1:2:1
What are some examples of carbohydrates?
Sugar, starch, and glucose
What do monosaccharides, disaccarides, and polysaccharides consist of ?
Mono- 1 sugar ( glucose)
Di- 2 sugars ( sucrose)
Poly- more then 2 sugars
Polymers of repeating nucleotides containing a simple chain of a 5 carbon sugar composes a ____________.
Nucleic acid
Adenine and Guanine are __________.
Purines
Thymine, Cytosine, and Uracil are ___________.
Pyramid lines
___________ is a double stranded molecule containing deoxyribose as its sugar and its nucleic acid.
DNA
__________ is a single stranded molecule containing ribose as its sugar and nucleic acid.
RNA
What is ATP?
Adenine Triphosphate
_________ is the energy currency of the cell.
ATP
___________ is a molecule composed of polymers of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds.
Proteins
What do proteins do?
Enzyme catalysis, Defense, Transport, Support, Motion, Regulate, Storage
_____________ structure sequence of amino acids that can be bound together and form numerous combinations of proteins.
Primary
__________ structure interaction of groups in the peptide backbone including interactions with hydrogen bonds.
Secondary
___________ structure final folded 3D shape of a globular protein.
Tertiary
__________ structure arrangement of individual chains in a protein with 2 or more polypeptide chains.
Quaternary
__________ are small units of secondary structure.
Motifs
Functional units within a larger structure.
Domains
Help proteins fold correctly
Chaperones
What happens to a protein when it denatures?
Loses structure and function
___________ is a carboxylic acid consisting of a hydrocarbon chain and a terminal carboxyl group.
Fatty acids
__________ are loosely defined group of molecules with one main chemical characteristic.
Lipids
____________ is a individual fat molecule.
Triglycerides
Triglycerides are composed of __________ and _________.
1 Glyceral and 3 fatty acids
Phospholipids are composed of _________ and _________.
2 fatty acids tails and a phosphate head
_____________ is a lipid bilayer that occurs when hydrophobic tails line up against one another.
Hydrophilic head
___________ is the fatty acid chains that are uncharged non polar tails.
Hydrophobic tail
____________ is a two layered arrangement of phosphate and lipid molecules that form a cell membrane.
Phospholipid bilayer
_________ and ________ are non fat lipids.
Serpens and Steroids
___________ is the chemical formula for glucose.
C6 H12 O6
