Final Exam Flashcards
Motor control
Connect UMNs to LMNs
Speech - cranial nervous system
Limbs - spinal cord system
Internalizing thought
Taking sensory sensations into nervous system, linking them to what we think (input decoding process), comprehension (LAA)
Externalizing thought
Formulating thought in response to what’s been taken in and comprehended (encoding process) and executing output of thought through motor control activity
Basal ganglia structures
Caudate nucleus (top)
Putamen (center)
Globus pallidus (behind putamen, before thalamus)
Part of extrapyramidal system for motor behavior
Caudate and putamen function
Also: neostriatum
Alters posture as intentional movements occur.
Regulates flexion-extension patterns
Globus pallidus function
Also: paleostriatum
Increases muscle tone for movement patterns
Basal ganglia inputs
Received by neostriatum (caudate and putamen)
Telencephalon (cortex)
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Amygdaloid complex
Mesencephalon (midbrain)
Basal ganglia outputs
From the paleostriatum (globus pallidus) and travels to:
Thalamus
Mesencephalon and red nuclei
Metencephalon (pons) and reticular nuclei
Subthalamic nucleus
Substantia nigra
Cortex (cerebrum) sensory inputs
Course through internal capsule going to specific sensory lobes
From receptor to first order, second, and third order neurons
Cortex motor output
From the UMNs (mostly in frontal lobes) to internal capsule and head to brainstem and spinal cord
Brodmann classification SLP areas
41/42-heschl’s gyrus (processing speech sounds)
22-wernicke’s area
39-angular gyrus
40-supramarginal gyrus
6-premotor area
44-broca’s area (speech motor planning)
4-motor cortex
1,2,3-sensory cortex
17-visual cortex
Language association area (LAA)
Wernicke’s area (linguistic input comprehension)
Angular gyrus (word-based comprehension)
Supramarginal gyrus (grammar, syntax, word-order concepts)
Puts thoughts into language
Pyramidal UMN system
Direct system for motor control from cortex to final common pathway/LMN
Controls patterns of movement
Three tracts: corticobulbar, corticospinal, corticopontine
Corrticobulbar tract
Pyramidal system
Bilateral control
Movement of head and neck
Corticospinal tract
Pyramidal
Contralateral travel with pyramidal crossing at medulla
Movement of body limbs and digits
Corticopontine tract
Pyramidal
Input to cerebellum
Monitors and assists with balance, postural adjustment, and intentional movement control
Pyramidal UMN tract travel
Starts at betz cells mostly in motor strip of frontal lobes and forms corticospinal, corticobulbar, and corticopontine tracts
Then synapses with vestibular nuclei or cranial nerves or cerebellar neurons
Then to LMNs
Extrapyramidal UMN system
Indirect motor control system from cortex to subcortical (basal ganglia) areas through specialized nuclei in brainstem to LMNs
Controls postural positioning, tremor, and tone of voluntary movements
Extrapyramidal UMN system travel
Starts with cortically originating extrapyramidal fibers (COEPS) mostly from motor cortex in frontal lobes travel ipsilaterally and contralaterally
COEPS to basal ganglia (caudate and putamen to globus pallidus) to red nuclei to reticular formation then synapse with LMN cranial or spinal nerves
Neurolinguistic and speech motor process (1-4)
- Auditory tract (1st and 2nd order) carries signal
- Thalamus sends input to cortex by internal capsule
- Heschl’s gyrus activated
- Transmission to wernicke’s area which works with regions of LAA (angular and supramarginal) to understand/comprehend
Neurolinguistic and speech motor process (5-8)
- Whole brain active to develop thought for responding
- Wernicke’s works with other areas of LAA (angular and supramarginal) to generate linguistic response
- Arcuate fasciculus activated to transmit formulated thought from posterior to anterior regions
- Broca’s area receives input (formulated thought)
Neurolinguistic and speech motor process (9-11)
- Broca’s area plans speech motor movements
- Broca’s area transmits plan
- UMN (direct and indirect) send impulses to appropriate tracts
Neurolinguistic and speech motor process (12-13)
- UMN tracts use appropriate interneuronal pools or gamma motor neurons in brainstem
- Cranial nerves (V-trigeminal, VII-facial, IX-glossopharyngeal, X-vagus, XI-accessory, XII-hypoglossal) activate muscles for phonation, articulation, and resonation
Hear and recognize name
Steps 1-6
Someone asks for time and you respond
All steps
You’re told to write your name
All steps
You read a note that tells you to say hello to someone
Steps 1-6
You wake from deep sleep and think “I don’t want to get up”
WAS steps 5-6
You wake from deep sleep and think “I don’t want to get up” and say loudly “I’m going back to sleep”
Steps 5-13
Amygdaloid complex
Basal ganglia level
Connections to major bg structures, olfactory, hypothalamus, and memory centers of temporal lobe
Part of limbic system
Subthalamic nucleus
Diencephalon level
Connections to major BG structures and hypothalamus
Substantia nigra
Upper brainstem level
Manufactures and transmits dopamine to BG to inhibit tremor
