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Neuroscience for Communication Disorders > Exam 3 - Neurobasis > Flashcards

Exam 3 - Neurobasis Flashcards

1
Q

Spinal cord gray matter

A

Segmented and extends from 2nd lumbar vertebra to foramen magnum at base of skull

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2
Q

Spinal cord horns and zones

A

Dorsal

Ventral

Lateral zone

Intermediate zone

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3
Q

Dorsal horn

A

Receives afferent input for spinal cord

Sensory

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4
Q

Ventral horn

A

Transmits efferent impulses from spinal cord

Motor

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5
Q

Lateral zone

A

Has direct connections to brainstem for input and output from visceral nervous system

Lissauer’s zone

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6
Q

Intermediate zone

A

Contains interneuronal pools

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7
Q

Funiculi

A

White matter surrounding gray matter

Columns that allow fiber bundles to ascend from and descend to spinal segments

Dorsal, lateral, and ventral

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8
Q

Dorsal column

A

Important for proprioception, 2 point discrimination, and form perception

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9
Q

Lateral column

A

Long ascending and descending tracts

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10
Q

Ventral column

A

Short tracts for signals between spinal segments

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11
Q

Spinal segments and paired nerves

A

Cervical (8)

Thoracic (12)

Lumbar (5)

Sacral (5)

Coccygeal (1)

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12
Q

Distal sensory inputs

A

Travel medially

Lumbar and sacral

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13
Q

Proximal sensory inputs

A

Travel laterally

Cervical and thoracic

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14
Q

Neuron orders for ascending tracts

A

1st - dorsal root ganglion

2nd - crosses midline and forms lemniscus traveling toward thalamus

3rd - thalamic level travels to cortex

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15
Q

Ascending/afferent spinal tracts (general names)

A

Spinothalamic

Spinotectal

Spinocerebellar

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16
Q

Spinothalamic tracts

A

3 ascending tracts from spinal cord to thalamus

Lateral spinothalamic tract (pain, temperature, crude awareness)

Ventral spinothalamic tract (simple light touch and pressure, stereognosis, 2 point or point to point orientation)

Lateral ventral tract (exteroceptory)

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17
Q

Spinotectal tract (general info)

A

Ascends from cord to roof of brain stem

General sensory awareness and awareness in space

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18
Q

Spinocerebellar tracts

A

2 ascending tracts from cord to cerebellum

Ventral/anterior spinocerebellar tract (cutaneous input for control of direction, rate, and force of movement)

Dorsal spinocerebellar tract (proprioceptive info, coordination of posture)

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19
Q

Spinal cord efferent system

A

Lower motor neuron or final common pathway for motor response

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20
Q

Spinal basic unit motor response

A

Stretch reflex

Polysynaptic arc

Gamma loop

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21
Q

Cervical plexus

A

C 1,2,3,4

Innervate strap muscles of neck for respiration and tongue positioning

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22
Q

Phrenic neurons

A

Not plexus

Lower motor neurons located in C3 to C5

Innervate diaphragm

23
Q

Brachial (arm) plexus

A

C5,6,7,8 and T1

Lower motor neurons that innervate muscles of rib cage, excluding the costals

24
Q

Lumbrosacral plexus

A

Lumbar plexus - L2,3,4

Sacral plexus - L4,5 and S1,2,3,4

Lower motor neurons that innervate abdominal muscles

25
Q

12 thoracic nerves

A

Not a plexus

Lower motor neurons that innervate costal muscles for breathing

T1-T11 serve external and internal intercostals

T12 serves subcostal

26
Q

Brainstem encephalonic divisions

A

Mesencephalon (midbrain)

Metencephalon (pons)

Mylencephalon (medulla)

27
Q

Specialized brainstem nuclei medulla level

A

Vestibular nuclei - gives strength to extensor pattern, part of pyramidal tract’s course toward LMN using stretch reflex and reflex arc pathways

Pyramidal system

28
Q

Specialized brainstem nuclei pons level

A

Reticular nuclei (reticular formation) - attending and be alerting function using gamma motor neuron and internuncial pools to activate LMN

Extrapyramidal

29
Q

Specialized brainstem nuclei midbrain level

A

Red nuclei - excitatory and inhibitory functions with influence from basal ganglia and extrapyramidal tracts. Using gamma motor neuron and internuncial pools to activate LMN

Substantia Nigra - inhibitory for basal ganglia influences, dark pigmented fibers

Extrapyramidal system

30
Q

Ascending fiber tracts

A

Lemniscus or tracts

Medial lemniscus

Spinal lemniscus

Spinotectal tract

31
Q

Medial lemniscus

A

Dorsal column tracts (gracilis and cuneatus)

Discriminative touch, proprioception, vibration

Travels: synapse on gracilis and cuneatus neurons of medulla at inferior olivary nucleus level
Through pons and midbrain
To thalamus

32
Q

Spinal leminiscus

A

3 spinothalamic tracts

Travel:
Synapse in medulla neurons near inferior olivary nucleus of medulla
Through pons and midbrain
To thalamus

33
Q

Spinotectal tract (travel)

A

Travels:
Synapse in medulla neurons near inferior olivary nucleus of medulla

Through pons

To midbrain

34
Q

Spinocerebellar and dorsal spinocerebellar tracts (travel)

A

Only two orders

Synapse neurons of upper medulla

To inferior peduncle of cerebellum

35
Q

Two major descending tracts

A

Pyramidal (more direct) - patterns of movement

Extrapyramidal (more indirect) - posture and tone of movement

36
Q

Pyramidal tract (components)

A

Two components: corticobulbar tract (brainstem) - travels bilaterally

Corticospinal tract (spinal cord) - travels contralaterally with crossing at medulla pyramids

37
Q

Extrapyramidal tract (travel & tracts)

A

Passes through specialized nuclei in brainstem forming:

Rubrobulbar and rubrospinal tracts (from red nuclei of midbrain)

Tectospinal tract (influence from midbrain nuclei)

38
Q

12 Cranial nerves

A 
C1-olfactory
CII-optic
CIII-oculomotor
CIV-trochlear
CV-trigeminal
CVI-abducens
CVII-facial
CVIII-acoustic 
CIX-glossopharyngeal
CX-vagus
CXI-accessory/spinal accessory
CXII-hypoglossal
39
Q

Cranial nerves mnemonic

A

On occasion our trusty truck acts funny, a good vehicle any how

40
Q

Non-speech cranial nerves

A

1 - olfactory

2 - optic

3 - oculomotor (gaze accommodation)

4 - trochlear (down and out eye motions)

6 - abducens (lateral eye movement; shifty eyes)

41
Q

Speech cranial nerves

A

5 - trigeminal (sensory: face, motor: jaw, tongue, chewing)

7 - facial (sensory: tongue and soft palate, motor: face and stapedius)

8 - acoustic (sensory: hearing and balance, motor: efferent inhibition on hearing)

9 - glossopharyngeal (sensory: tonsils, pharynx, soft palate, motor: pharynx and stylopharyngeus)

10 - vagus (sensory: ear, pharynx, larynx, viscera, motor: phonation and swallowing)

11 - spinal accessory (motor: pharynx, larynx, soft palate, neck, helps posture)

12 - hypoglossal (motor: extrinsic and intrinsic tongue muscles, some sensory fibers for tongue)

42
Q

Vagus nerve branches

A

Pharyngeal

Laryngeal: superior and recurrent

43
Q

Brainstem final common pathway

A

Cranial nerves and the muscle fibers they innervate

44
Q

Cerebellum location

A

Connected to brainstem at pons level by peduncles

Superior peduncle attaches to midbrain

Middle peduncle to pons

Inferior peduncle to medulla

45
Q

Flocculonodular lobe

A

Related to vestibular system for balance and gait control

Archicerebellum

46
Q

Cerebellum anterior surface

A

Related to proprioceptive system

Paleocerebellum

47
Q

Cerebellum posterior surface

A

Related to skilled movement with control over intention tremor

Neocerebellum

48
Q

Inferior cerebellar peduncle

A

Input from auditory nerve, spinal cord, and medulla

At medulla level

49
Q

Middle cerebellar peduncle

A

Input from cortex and pons

At pons level

50
Q

Superior cerebellar peduncle

A

Output from cerebellum to thalamus to cortex

At midbrain level

51
Q

Cerebellum purpose

A

Feedback and corrective system for coordination

Receives inputs from all levels of nervous system

52
Q

Inputs to cerebellum

A

Brainstem - pons, reticular formation, medulla, midbrain

Spinal - spinocerebellar tracts

53
Q

Cerebellum outputs

A

Red nucleus

Thalamus

Reticular nuclei

Vestibular nuclei

Neuroscience for Communication Disorders (10 decks)

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