Exam 1 - Intro To Nervous System Flashcards
Anatomical planes
CHMST
coronal Horizontal Median Sagittal Transverse
Coronal plane
Separates front from back
Horizontal plane
Separates upper and lower
Perpendicular to coronal and median planes
Median plane
Separates right and left
Could also have mid-sagittal
Sagittal plane
Parallels median plane
Left vs right
Transverse plane
Right angle to median plane
Cross-sectional
Anatomical directions
Anterior Posterior Superior Inferior Medial Lateral Dorsal Ventral Proximal Distal Ipsilateral Contralateral
Anterior and posterior
Front
Back
Superior and inferior
Upper (also called cranial, cephalic, rostral)
Lower
Medial and lateral
Toward midline
More distant from midline
Dorsal and ventral
Toward the back
Toward the front/belly
Proximal and distal
Close to reference point
Away from reference point
Ipsilateral and contralateral
Same side as reference point
Opposite side of reference point
Telencephalon
Top level of encephalonic structures
Cortex and subcortical structures, basal ganglia structures
Diencephalon
Second level
Thalamus and thalamic structures
Mesencephalon
Third level
Midbrain
Metencephalon
Fourth level
Pons
Mylencephalon
5th level
Medulla
Rhombencephalon
Pons, medulla, and cerebellum
Encephalonic structures noticeable @ 4 weeks gestation
Frontal lobe
Anterior most
Movement planning, executive functioning, & motor skills
Parietal lobe
Medial most
Somatosensory/musculoskeletal and touch sensations
Occipital lobe
Posterior most
Vision
Temporal lobe
Inferior most
Hearing
Longitudinal fissure/sulcus
Median fissure
Divides right and left hemispheres
Lateral sulcus
Fissure of sylvius
Separates temporal from frontal and part of parietal
Central sulcus
Fissure of rolando
From longitudinal sulcus towards temporal lobe
Separates frontal & parietal lobes
Calcarine sulcus
Deep medial surface of occipital lobe
Primary visual cortex
Parieto-occipital sulcus
Deep medial
Separates parietal and occipital lobes
Transverse sulcus
Separates cerebellum and posterior brain stem structures
Precentral gyrus
Before central sulcus
Motor strip within frontal lobe
Postcentral gyrus
After central sulcus
Sensory strip within parietal lobe
Surpamarginal gyrus
Wraps on top of lateral sulcus and slightly above and in front of angular gyrus
Upside down “U” shape
Grammatical & syntactic area
Angular gyrus
Behind lateral sulcus and supramarginal gyrus
In parietal lobe
Heschl’s gyrus
Below lateral sulcus in temporal lobe
Primary auditory cortex
Corpus collosum
Deep within longitudinal sulcus
White matter connecting left and right hemispheres of cortex
Arcuate fasciculus
White matter connecting posterior cerebral lobes to anterior cerebral lobes
In left hemisphere
Connects sensory to motor lobes for speech & language
Basal ganglia
Deep subcortical structures
Part of telencephalon, in line with diencephalon
Caudate nucleus, putamen, & globus pallidus
Motor functions, muscle tone, & cognitive functions
Thalamic structures (diencephalon)
Medial to basal ganglia
Sends sensory info to regions of posterior brain (temporal, parietal, & occipital lobes)
Cerebellum
Little brain below occipital lobe and attached to posterior of pons
Sends feedback info to cortex
Brain stem structures
Mesencephalon (mid brain)
Metencephalon (pons)
Mylencephalon (medulla)
Spinal cord divisions
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral
Coccygeal
Gray matter configuration (spine)
H-shape or butterfly shape
Ventral horns - motor nerves
Dorsal horns - sensory nerves
Dura mater
Hard mother
Outermost membrane that is thick, fiberlike, and tough.
Has sensory receptors
Arachnoid membrane
Below dura mater
Weblike matting with spaces for CSF to flow to brain & spinal cord
Pia mater
Soft mother
Thinnest membrane that is closest to brain
Conforms most closely to central nervous system
Lateral ventricles
One in each cerebral hemisphere
Each has 3 horns to supply CSF to brain lobes
Third ventricle
Diencephalonic structures
Narrow duct at diencephalon level
Fourth ventricle
Located in front of cerebellum and behind pons
Nourishes brain stem and spinal cord
Cerebrospinal fluid
Produced in choroid plexus (specialized cells) of ventricles
Circulated and reabsorbed by brain and spinal cord
Supplies nutrients to brain
Arteries off aortic arch and subclavian arches
Two vetebral
Two carotid - only one feeds the brain (internal)
Vertebral arteries
Off of subclavian arches
Supplies basilar artery and posterior cerebral artery
Basilar artery
Supplies spinal cord, brain stem, and diencephalon
Sometimes considered part of circle of Willis
Posterior cerebral artery
Feeds inferiormost parts of temporal and occipital lobes
Internal carotid artery
Goes directly into cortices
Feeds anterior and middle cerebral arteries
Anterior cerebral artery
Feeds superior and medial surfaces of cerebrum
Initial portions are part of circle of Willis
Middle cerebral artery
Feeds lateral surface of cerebrum (frontal and parietal) and superiormost parts of temporal and occipital lobes
Initial portions part of circle of Willis
Circle of Willis
Allows overflow of blood when system below circle is down; protection
Posterior communicating artery Initial part of posterior cerebral artery Initial part of middle cerebral artery Internal carotid artery Initial part of anterior cerebral artery Anterior communicating artery
Sometimes basilar artery
Posterior communicating artery
Connects posterior cerebral artery to internal carotid
Anterior communicating artery
Connects left and right anterior cerebral arteries
Vertical neuraxis
Cortices (tel) Basal ganglia - caudate, putamen, then globus pallidus (tel) Thalamic structures (diencephalon) Midbrain (mes) Pons (met) & cerebellum Medulla (myl) Spinal cord
(Descending order)
Corpus collosum
Deep within longitudinal sulcus
White matter connecting left and right hemispheres of cortex
Arcuate fasciculus
White matter connecting posterior cerebral lobes to anterior cerebral lobes
In left hemisphere
Connects sensory to motor lobes for speech & language
Basal ganglia
Deep subcortical structures
Part of telencephalon, in line with diencephalon
Caudate nucleus, putamen, & globus pallidus
Motor functions, muscle tone, & cognitive functions
Thalamic structures (diencephalon)
Medial to basal ganglia
Sends sensory info to regions of posterior brain (temporal, parietal, & occipital lobes)
Cerebellum
Little brain below occipital lobe and attached to posterior of pons
Sends feedback info to cortex
Brain stem structures
Mesencephalon (mid brain)
Metencephalon (pons)
Mylencephalon (medulla)
Spinal cord divisions
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral
Coccygeal
Gray matter configuration (spine)
H-shape or butterfly shape
Ventral horns - motor nerves
Dorsal horns - sensory nerves
Dura mater
Hard mother
Outermost membrane that is thick, fiberlike, and tough.
Has sensory receptors
Arachnoid membrane
Below dura mater
Weblike matting with spaces for CSF to flow to brain & spinal cord
Pia mater
Soft mother
Thinnest membrane that is closest to brain
Conforms most closely to central nervous system
Lateral ventricles
One in each cerebral hemisphere
Each has 3 horns to supply CSF to brain lobes
Third ventricle
Diencephalonic structures
Narrow duct at diencephalon level
Fourth ventricle
Located in front of cerebellum and behind pons
Nourishes brain stem and spinal cord
Cerebrospinal fluid
Produced in choroid plexus (specialized cells) of ventricles
Circulated & reabsorbed by brain & spinal cord
Supplies nutrients to brain
