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Immuno > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Chandragupta Maurya:

A

Indian Guy. Built immunity by eating small doses of poison. Had son with blue dot after pregnant wife died of poison from eating his food.

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2
Q

Mithridates VI

A

King of Pontus. Irrational fear of poison, built resistance by living in the wild and eating small doses, then couldn’t poison self.

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3
Q

Paul Ehrlich

A

Immunized mice with sub-lethal doses of toxin. Showed that immunity was toxin specific and could be passed from mothers to offspring. Also immune system my eliminate developing tumors.

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4
Q

Von Behring, Kitasato & Wassermann

A

Transferred horse serum from horses immunized to tetnus to human tetnus patients. Early artificial passive immunization. Horse serum sometimes kills you.

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5
Q

Emperor Kangxi

A

Chinese guy who mandated variolation

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6
Q

Lady Mary Montague

A

Brough variolation to England by variolating her children.

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7
Q

Cotton Mather

A

Brought Variolation to American by sticking people

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8
Q

Edward Jenner

A

Discovered that cowpox could immunize against smallpox

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9
Q

Chris Goodnow

A

Showed peripherial tolerance for B cell antigens in mice. Mice with BRC for self antigen mature but can’t respond to that antigen when it is presented. Anergy.

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10
Q

King Menes

A

First egyptian dynesty leader. Was a beekeeper. Died from bee sting allergy.

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11
Q

Britannicus

A

Roman prince who suffered from horse allergy. Since he couldn’t lead calvary his adopted brother Nero became popular, emperor, and then killed him.

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12
Q

King Richard III

A

Allergic to strawberries. Intentionally ate strawberries at a dinner with an enemy to blame the enemy of witchcraft.

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13
Q

John Bostok

A

English guy who described the seasonality of hay fever

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14
Q

Charles Richet and Paul Portier

A

Discovered that dogs immunized to jellyfish toxin sometimes had fatal response during repeated dosage.

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15
Q

Clemens Von Pirquet and Nicolas Arthus

A

People and rabbits treated with immunized horse serum have allergic reaction after first dosage.

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16
Q

H. Holbrook Curtis

A

Treating people with hayfever extract could reduce hayfever (if you don’t die that is)

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17
Q

Leonard Noon and John Freeman

A

Increasing dose of antigen during subcutaneous injection could desensitize patients. Do it slowly.

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18
Q

Philip Hench and Edward Kendall

A

Developed corticosterioids for inhibiting leukocyte function. Potential for immunosuppression.

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19
Q

Lewis Thomas

A

cellular immunity in transplant rejection is to protect from neoplastic disease.

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20
Q

MacFarland Burnet

A

Small tumors have antigenetic properties that allow for elimination from immune system without cancer.

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21
Q

Osis Strutman

A

Nude mice and normal mice had no difference in caner rates. Means cancer survalience in not thymus dependant.

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22
Q

Robert Schreiber

A

Mice deficient in RAG, STAT, or IFNyR (which are needed for B, T, and NK cells) have increased cancer rates.

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23
Q

Polly Matzinger

A

Proposed Danger Hypothesis for activation of specific tumor immunity.

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24
Q

Ganesh

A

Hindu God of science with transplanted head of elephant.

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25
Q

David Raftos

A

Showed that in tunicates 2nd grafts are rejected faster than initial grafts.

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26
Q

Irv Weissman

A

Colonial tunicates fuse with tunicates of same species but reject other species.

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27
Q

Sushruta

A

Indian physician who maybe did skin transplants.

28
Q

Gasparo Tagliacozzi

A

Italian physician who reconstructed noses and earlobes with skin grafts. Always failed. World’s first plastic surgeon.

29
Q

Eduard Zirm

A

Restored vision to blind patient

30
Q

Ronald and Richard Herrick

A

Successful donation of kidney to identical twin brother

31
Q

Peter Medawar

A

Showed aquired tolerance of organ donated between non-identical twin cattle.

32
Q

Milan Hasek

A

Tolerance between transplanted chicken embryos

33
Q

Travolta/Cage Face Off

A

Movie about face transplanting

34
Q

Isabella Dinoire

A

French women with 1st partial face transplant

35
Q

Dallas Wiens

A

Full facial transplant from electical accident

36
Q

Connie Culp

A

Nearly full facial transplant after ex-husband shot in face.

37
Q

Luc Montagnier & Francoise Barre-Sinoussi:

A

Isolated oncogenic retrovirus from AIDs patients.

38
Q

Robert Gallo and Jay Levy

A

Independently characterized AIDs associated virus as cause of AIDs.

39
Q

Timothy Brown

A

Only man cured of HIV. Also had leukemis and got a bone marrow transplant that was CCR5Cnegative. This cured both diseases.

40
Q

Vin Diesel in Riddick

A

Vin Disel uses poison of alien puppy to become immune to the venom.

41
Q

What are the three phases of autoimmunity?

A

Inductive, Early Mediator (inflammation), late phase of irreversible tissue damage

42
Q

What is antigen segregation?

A

A physical barrier that prevents interaction between self-antigen and lymphoid system. (in peripheral organs such as thymus and pancreas)

43
Q

What are the 3 events that lead to autoimmunity?

A

Self reactive T cells escape central tolerance (genetic). Are activated by antigens (triggered by enviroment), Peripherial tolerance fails (influenced by genetics)

44
Q

What genetic mechanism causes the disease APS-1?

A

This is a lack of the gene AIRE which is needed for central tolerance in the thymus.

45
Q

What genetic mechanism causes the disease IPEX?

A

Lack of transcription factors FOXP3 which are needed to produce Tregs. Without this you don’t shut off a peripherial response.

46
Q

What genetic mechanism causes the disease ALPS?

A

Lack of FAS and FASL genes which are needed for the granulization pathway of apoptysis

47
Q

How does MHC affect autoimmunity?

A

A low affinity for MHC decreases negative selection for central tolerance.

48
Q

What is the difference between mimicry and epitope spreading?

A

Mimicry: Something microbial/pathogenic and expresses a protein that almost looks exactly like your own. EX: Measles has a protein similar to your own body. Now that you have so many Measles you get a immune response against this, then your system recognizes your own and attacks you with the measles.
EX disease: Strep Rheumatic fever
Epitopte spreading: Tissue damage from a pathogen. Damaged pathogen exposes epitopes that aren’t usually exposed that are then attacked by the immune system in turn.
EX:Cosaxie B virus

49
Q

Why do women have more autoimmunity then men?

A

Possibly because estrogen regulates gene expession after puberty, resulting in cryptic antigens (cells are entering new parts of your body that they don’t usually see and attacking)

50
Q

What are the 2 treatment options for autoimmunity?

A

Immune supression or antibody blockade of activating cytokines or receptors.

51
Q

What is hypersensitivity?

A

Enhanced immune response to a previously encountered antigen. An allergy is unwanted hypersensitivity.

52
Q

What is atopy?

A

A genetic or enviromental predisposition to developing an allergy.

53
Q

What are Type I allergies?

A

IgE mediated. Usually subcutaneous and triggers mast cells. Includes seasonal allergies, common allergies. Treated with Epinephrine.

54
Q

What are Type II allergies?

A

IgG mediated. For blood stuff. Includes penicillin allergy.

55
Q

What are Type III allergies?

A

Complement mediated. Includes Farmer’s lung

56
Q

What are Type IV allergies?

A

T cell mediated. Also blood stuff. Delayed time due to time required for antigen processing and presentation. Includes TB test, food allergies, and poison ivy.

57
Q

What is the progression of a tumor response?

A

NK cell activation and IFNg production. DC cross presentation of tumor antigen. NK killing of tumor and adaptive system priming. Adaptive killing of tumor.

58
Q

Autologous transplant

A

Transplant from own cells/organs

59
Q

Syngenetic transplant

A

Tranplant between genetically identical people

60
Q

Congenetic transplant

A

Transplant between people who only differ at one locus (siblings)

61
Q

Allogenetic transplant

A

opposite of congenetic. Transplant between unrelated individuals of the same species.

62
Q

Xenogenic transplant

A

Transplant between members of different species.

63
Q

Orthotropic transplant

A

Transplant to the normal site (liver to liver space)

64
Q

Heterotropic transplant

A

Transplant to abnormal site (bone marrow from pelvis to arm)

65
Q

What are te steps of the HIV life cycle?

A
  1. Binding/fusion (requires CD4/CCR5 co-receptor). 2. Entry and Coating of HIV capsid into cytoplasm. 3. Reverse transcription. 4 Transcription. 5. Assembly. 6.Release.

Immuno (4 decks)

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