Exam #2

Question 1

Pete Creswell

Answer 1

identified proteins like GILT that were important to MHCII loading

Question 2

Pamela Bjorkman

Answer 2

Crystalized MHC peptide for viewing

Question 3

Chris Garcia & David Garboczi

Answer 3

Also crystalized TCR:MHC:Peptide Complex

Question 4

Philippa Marrack & John Kappler

Answer 4

Showed that fragmented pepetides was needed for T cell recognition

Question 5

Mike Bevan

Answer 5

Showed that T cell recognize peptides derived from other cells on MHC I proteins

Question 6

Paul Erhlich

Answer 6

Showed Immunity was passed through serum and from mothers. Gave mice toxins.

Question 7

Arne Tiselius & Elvin Kabat

Answer 7

Used electrophoresis to show that antibodies are positively charged gamma-globulins. Used Rabbits.

Question 8

Michael Heidelberger & Oswald Avery

Answer 8

Proved that antibodies were proteins

Question 9

Linus Pauling

Answer 9

Showed that antibodies have mostly the same amino acid composition

Question 10

Gustav Nossal & Joshua Lederberg

Answer 10

B-cell clones always produced antibodies with the same specificity

Question 11

Rodney Porter

Answer 11

Found the structure of antibodies

Question 12

James Murphy

Answer 12

Found that small lymphocytes are likely responsible for resistance

Question 13

George Snell & Peter Gorer

Answer 13

Genetically mapped H-antigens adn found these responsible for tissue rejection

Question 14

Lloyd Old and Edward BOyse

Answer 14

Developed antibodies to L3T4 for isolation of T cells

Question 15

Kendall Smith

Answer 15

Identified and cloned T cell growth factor gene to grow lots of T cells

Question 16

Mark Davis, Steve Hedrick, & Tak Mak

Answer 16

used subtractive hybridization for cloning mouse and human TCR genes

Question 17

Rolf Zinkernagel and Peter Doherty

Answer 17

Showed that T cells recognize both self and foreign proteins

Question 18

Susuma Tonegawa

Answer 18

showed somatic recombination

Question 19

What does ITAM stand for?

Answer 19

Intracellular tyrosine activation motifs. This is where BCR signaling proteins (Ig-alpha and Ig-beta) signal through

Question 20

What are the light chain parts?

Answer 20

Igk and Igy (same function)

Question 21

What is the function of a BCR constant domain?

Answer 21

Determines where it will be membrane bound (BCR) or secreted (Ab). Also determines the isotype and function.

Question 22

Which bonds keep antibodies bound to thier cognate antigen?

Answer 22

Ionic, hydrogen, hydrophobic interactions, and Van der Waals.

Question 23

What is the formla for dissasociation constant Kd of antibody strength to antigen?

Answer 23

KD=Koff/Kon

Question 24

What is the difference between affinity and Avidity?

Answer 24

Affinity is one binding interaction. Avidity is multiplied by the number of binding interactions.

Question 25

What happends to cells and antibodies that are crosslinked?

Answer 25

antibodies will precipitate. Cells will cause cell clumping

Question 26

What are the 5 antibody isotypes?

Answer 26

IgG (netralization in serum) IgE (mast cell activator on Fce receptors)
IgA (neutralization, a dimer in mucosal sites)
IgM (activates complement cascade, a dimer in naive B cells)
IgD (receptor on naive B cells)

Question 27

What are the steps of somatic recombination?

Answer 27

1. Rag binds to 12 and 23 RSS sections.
2. Rag cleaves DNA, forming a loop with RSS 23/12 that will get degraded and 2 open DNA ends side by side where 23/12 RSS were with coding DNA
3. Ku70/80 proteins bind both hairpin with RSS and open DNA ends to hold them in place.
4. In hairpin with RSS, DNA ligase IV closes ends to form loop (aka excision circle) and will be used to identify recently matured B cells. Could be a gene inversion loop. Either way it will be later degraded. ALSO on other end Artemis cleaves the Ku70/80 hairpin at a random site.
5. TdT adds non-template encoded nucleotides to ends of cleaved DNA
6. Exonuclease I removes nucleotides. (this races to TdT to get an overlapping match.
7. DNA repair enzymes fill in for the unpaired nucleotides
8. DNA ligase seals the joint.

Question 28

What are the 6 stages of B cell development?

Answer 28

HSC -> Common Lymphoid Progenitor -> Pro-B -> Pre-B -> Immature B -> Mature B

Question 29

What molecule is useful for T cell cultures in lab?

Answer 29

Interleukin 2

Question 30

What are the 4 T cell signalin proteins?

Answer 30

CD3E CD3y CD3d CD3s (this is the main one)