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Anatomy 165 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two components of Propulsion? (Define them)

A

Peristalsis: The Ripple-like wave of muscular contraction that forces material to move further along the GI tract.
Segmentation: The churning and mixing of material helping to disperse and combine it with digestive secretions.

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2
Q

What are the 6 features of the Oral Cavity?

A 
Teeth
Lips
Tongue
Cheeks
Salivary Glands
Palate
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3
Q

_____ form the lateral wall of the oral cavity and are comprised mainly of the ___________.

A
  1. Cheeks

2. Buccinator Muscles

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4
Q

The cheeks end anteriorly as the _____.

A

Lips

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5
Q

The ______, or “gums”, cover the __________.

A
  1. Gingiva

2. Alveolar processes of teeth

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6
Q

The _______ attach the lips to the gingiva.

A

Labial Frenulum

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7
Q

What is the function of the Uvula?

A

It elevates during swallowing to close off the posterior entrance to the nasopharynx.

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8
Q

What are the fauces? What two muscular folds are they bound to laterally? What is housed between the two arches?

A
  1. They represent the opening of the oral cavity into the oropharynx.
  2. Two folds:
    - Palatoglossal Arch
    - Palatopharyngeal Arch
  3. The Palatine Tonsils
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9
Q

What is the function of the tongue?

A

To compress and mix ingested materials into a bolus

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10
Q

What attaches the inferior surface of the tongue to the floor of the oral cavity?

A

The Lingual Frenulum

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11
Q

List 4 functions of saliva on ingested material :

A
  • Moisten/lubricate
  • Dissolve
  • Chemical digest
  • Antibacterial action
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12
Q

What is the composition of saliva?

A
  1. 5% Water

0. 5% Solutes

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13
Q

What are the three pairs of salivary glands? Which is the largest? What % of total saliva does EACH secrete?

A
  1. Parotid (largest) 25-30%
  2. Submandibular 60-70%
  3. Sublingual (smallest) 3-5%
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14
Q

The parotid duct pierces through the _______ muscle.

A

Buccinator

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15
Q

The parotid glands also secrete _______.

A

Amylase

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16
Q

The submandibular ducts transport saliva from each gland through a ________ in the floor of the mouth.

A

Papilla

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17
Q

Describe the 2 types of secretory cells found in salivary glands:

A

Mucous Cells: Secrete mucin which forms mucous upon hydration
Serous Cells: Secrete a watery fluid containing ions, lysozyme, and salivary amylase

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18
Q

As opposed to the other glands which secrete both mucous and serous secretions, the ______ glands secrete only ______.

A
  1. Parotid

2. Serous

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19
Q

What are the three main components of a tooth?

A
  • Crown
  • Neck
  • Root(s)
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20
Q

The roots of a tooth fit into _______. Also, ______ forms the primary mass of the tooth and is harder than bone, while the roots are covered with ______.

A
  1. Dental Alveoli
  2. Dentin
  3. Cementum
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21
Q

The external surface of dentin is covered with _____ which forms the crown, while the center of the tooth is a ______, which contains connective tissue called _____.

A
  1. Enamel
  2. Pulp Cavity
  3. Pulp
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22
Q

Blood vessels and nerves of a tooth are housed within the _____ and travel there through the ______ of the ______.

A
  1. Pulp Cavity
  2. Apical Foramen
  3. Root Canal
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23
Q

List the 3 pairs of skeletal muscle in the pharynx, what they are called, and give their role:

A
  1. They form the wall of the pharynx and participate in swallowing.
  2. Called Pharyngeal Constrictors:
    - Superior
    - Middle
    - Inferior
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24
Q

Name the blood vessels and nerves involved with the Pharynx:

A
  1. Vagus Nerve (CN X)
  2. External Carotid Artery branches
  3. Internal Jugular Veins
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25
Q

The abdominopelvic cavity is lined with ____________. List them and explain what they line:

A
  1. Moist Serous Membranes
  2. Two Membranes:
    - Parietal Peritoneum: Inside surface of the body wall
    - Visceral Peritoneum: Surface of internal organs within the cavity
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26
Q

Define Intra-peritoneal Organs: (Give two examples)

A
  1. Organs completely surrounded by visceral peritoneum

Examples: Stomach, Small Intestines (mostly)

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27
Q

Define Retroperitoneal Organs: (Give two examples)

A
  1. Organs in direct contact with the posterior abdominal and pelvic walls that are only covered on their anterolateral surfaces with visceral peritoneum.
    Examples: Pancreas, Rectum
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28
Q

What is the role of mesenteries? What is “sandwiched” between the folds?

A
  1. They are FOLDS that support and stabilize intra-peritoneal GI organs.
  2. Nerves and blood vessels that supply the organs.
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29
Q

List the 4 mesenteries:

A
  1. Greater Omentum
  2. Lesser Omentum
  3. Mesentery Proper
  4. Mesocolon
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30
Q

The greater omentum extends like an apron inferiorly from the _______ and covers _________

A
  1. Greater curvature of the stomach

2. Most of the abdominal organs

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31
Q

The lesser omentum connects the _____ and the _____ TO the _______.

A
  1. Lesser curvature of the stomach
  2. Proximal duodenum
  3. Liver
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32
Q

The mesentery proper suspends ________ from the ________.

A
  1. Most of the small intestines

2. Posterior abdominal wall

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33
Q

The mesocolon is a _______ that attaches part of the _____ to the ______.

A
  1. Peritoneal fold
  2. Large Intestine
  3. Posterior Abdominal Wall
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34
Q

What are the 4 tunics of the GI wall from DEEP to SUPERFICIAL?

A
  1. Mucosa
  2. Submucosa
  3. Muscularis
  4. Adventitia (Serosa)
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35
Q

3 Layers of the Mucosa Tunic (from deep to superficial):

A
  • Epithelium
  • Lamina Propria
  • Muscularis Mucosae
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36
Q

4 Components of the Submucosa Tunic:

A
  • Lymphatic ducts
  • Blood vessels
  • Mucin-secreting glands
  • Nerves (including the Submucosal Nerve Plexus)
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37
Q

Describe the two layers of smooth muscle of the Muscularis:

A
  1. Inner Circular Layer: Constricts the lumen and forms sphincters
  2. Outer Longitudinal Layer: Shortens the tube
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38
Q

In the Muscularis tunic, nerve fibers and associated ganglia between the two layers of muscle is called the _______.

A

Myenteric Nerve Plexus

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39
Q

The Adventitia tunic is composed of _______ that also has _____ and _____

A
  1. Areolar Connective Tissue
  2. Collagen
  3. Elastic fibers
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40
Q

What is the difference between Adventitia and Serosa Tunics?

A

Serosa is covered by visceral peritoneum as well

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41
Q

List the 3 arteries that supply the GI tract:

A
  1. Celiac Trunk
  2. Superior Mesenteric artery
  3. Inferior Mesenteric artery
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42
Q

Lacteals are present in _____ of the _______. The lacteals are ______ ducts that transport ______ to the ______, which drains into the _______.

A
  1. Villi
  2. Small intestines
  3. Lymph
  4. Lymph
  5. Cisterna chyli
  6. Thoracic duct
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43
Q

Other lymphatic vessels found in the small intestine as well as the appendix are the “______”, or __________, which are also known as ____________.

A
  1. MALT
  2. Mucosa-Associated Lymphatic Tissue
  3. Peyer’s Patches
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44
Q

The 3 autonomic plexuses of the GI tract are:

A
  1. Celiac Plexus
  2. Superior Mesenteric Plexus
  3. Inferior Mesenteric Plexus
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45
Q

The Esophagus connects ingested materials from the _____ to the ______.

A
  1. Pharynx

2. Stomach

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46
Q

The stomach is in the ______ of the abdomen and it continues the _________ of the bolus until it is processed into _____.

A
  1. Upper Left Quadrant
  2. Mechanical and chemical digestion
  3. Chyme
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47
Q

What are the 4 regions of the stomach?

A
  1. Cardia
  2. Fundus
  3. Body
  4. Pyloris
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48
Q

The inferior border of the stomach is also called the _______, while the superior border is also called the ______.

A
  1. Greater Curvature

2. Lesser Curvature

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49
Q

The interior surface of the stomach features __________ called _____.

A
  1. Gastric Folds

2. Rugae

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50
Q

How long do ingested materials spend in the small intestine before absorption is complete?

A

At least 12 hours

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51
Q

3 regions of the Small Intestine:

A
  1. Duodenum
  2. Jejunum
  3. Ileum
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52
Q

The ______ is C-shaped and is found in the _______ of the abdomen. It becomes continuous with the ______ at the _______.

A
  1. Duodenum
  2. Upper Right Quadrant
  3. Jejunum
  4. Duodenojejunal flexure
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53
Q

The _________ is the site where _____ and _____ secretions enter the duodenum.

A
  1. Major Duodenal Papilla
  2. Pancreatic
  3. Bile
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54
Q

The _____ is the primary region for chemical digestion and nutrient re-absorption.

A

Jejunum

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55
Q

The distal end of the ______ terminates at the ______, which is a _____ that controls the entry of materials into the large intestine.

A
  1. Ileum
  2. Ileocecal Valve
  3. Sphincter
56
Q

The large intestine forms a ___________ around the centrally located _______.

A
  1. Three-sided perimeter

2. Small intestine

57
Q

The large intestine functions to absorb ____ and _____ and to __________ and solidify them into _____.

A
  1. Fluids
  2. Ions
  3. Compact undigestible wastes
  4. Feces
58
Q

List the 7 Regions of the Large Intestine:

A
  • Cecum
  • Ascending Colon
  • Transverse Colon
  • Descending Colon
  • Sigmoid Colon
  • Rectum
  • Anal canal
59
Q

The cecum is located in the ________ of the abdomen and is considered to be a ______.

A
  1. Lower Right Quadrant

2. Blind Sac

60
Q

The ascending colon originates at the ____ and ascends along the ______, but makes a 90 degree turn as it approaches the _____. This bend in the colon is called the _________.

A
  1. Ileocecal Valve
  2. Right side of the abdomen
  3. Liver
  4. Right Colic Flexure (Hepatic flexure)
61
Q

The transverse colon originates at the ______ and approaches the ____ in the ______ of the abdomen. It is suspended by the _____. It also makes a 90 degree turn at the _____ and this bend is called the _______.

A
  1. Right Colic Flexure
  2. Spleen
  3. Upper Left Quadrant
  4. Transverse Mesocolon
  5. Spleen
  6. Left Colic Flexure (Splenic Flexure)
62
Q

The descending colon originates at the _______ and is found along the ________. It makes contact with the ____ and terminates into the ______.

A
  1. Left Colic Flexure
  2. Left Side of the abdomen
  3. Iliac fossa
  4. Sigmoid Colon
63
Q

The _____ is S-shaped. It turns inferomedially and is suspended by the _______, and it terminates as the ______.

A
  1. Sigmoid Colon
  2. Sigmoid Mesentery
  3. Rectum
64
Q

What is the rectum and what is its function?

A

A muscular tube that expands to store fecal matter prior to defecation.

65
Q

The rectum has three _______ called _______, which ensure that _______. The rectum terminates at the _____.

A
  1. Transverse Folds
  2. Rectal Valves
  3. Fecal material is retained during the passage of gas
  4. Anal Canal
66
Q

The internal surface of the anal canal is lined with ________, while the ______ secrete ______ to provide _____ during defecation.

A
  1. Anal columns
  2. Anal Sinuses
  3. Mucin
  4. Lubrication
67
Q

What is responsible for opening and closing the anal canal during defecation?

A

Internal and External Anal Sphincters

68
Q

The longitudinal smooth muscle of the _______ forms small incomplete bundles called _______, which bunch up the large intestine into sacs called _____. Extending off of the external surfaces of these sacs are the _______ which are _______.

A
  1. Colons
  2. Teniae Coli
  3. Haustra
  4. Omental Appendices
  5. Lobules of Fat
69
Q

List the 4 Accessory Digestive Organs:

A
  • Liver
  • Gallbladder
  • Pancreas
  • Biliary Apparatus
70
Q

List the 4 lobes of the liver:

A
  • Right Lobe
  • Left Lobe
  • Caudate Lobe
  • Quadrate Lobe
71
Q

What 5 structures are found along the inferior surface of the liver?

A
  • Inferior Vena Cava
  • Ligamentum Venosum
  • Gallbladder
  • Round Ligament
  • Porta Hepatis
72
Q

What is the function of the gallbladder?

A

To store and concentrate bile

73
Q

The _____ connects the gallbladder to the ______.

A
  1. Cystic duct

2. Common bile duct

74
Q

Compare and Contrast the Exocrine and Endocrine functions of the Pancreas:

A

Exocrine: Secrete digestive enzymes and bicarbonate
Endocrine:

75
Q

The digestive enzymes and bicarbonate secreted by the exocrine pancreas are collectively called _______, which travel into the ______ via the _____.

A
  1. Pancreatic juices
  2. Duodenum
  3. Pancreatic duct
76
Q

What are the 4 components of the urinary system?

A
  • Kidneys
  • Ureters
  • Urinary Bladder
  • Urethra
77
Q

What is the function of the kidney?

A

Filters blood and processes filtrate into tubular fluid and then urine

78
Q

What is the function of the ureter?

A

Transport urine from kidneys to urinary bladder vis perostalsis

79
Q

What is the function of the urinary bladder?

A

Reservoir for urine until urination occurs

80
Q

What is the function of the urethra?

A

Transports urine from urinary bladder to outside of body

81
Q

Where is the kidney located?

A

Retroperitoneal against the posterior abdominal wall

82
Q

Describe the relative position of the two kidneys:

A

The superior pole of the left kidney is at about the level of the T12 vertebrae, but that of the right kidney is about 2cm lower to accomodate the liver

83
Q

Where is the kidney’s hilum? What is it continuous with?

A
  1. On the concave medial border

2. The renal sinus

84
Q

Describe the 4 layers of surrounding kidney tissue:

A
  1. Fibrous Capsule: Dense irregular CT that covers that outside surface of the kidney
  2. Perinephric Fat: Provides insulation and cushioning to the kidney
  3. Renal Fascia: Anchors kidney to posterior abdominal wall
  4. Paranephric Fat: Outermost layer, between renal fascia and peritoneum
85
Q

What are the two main components of the kidney?

A

Outer: Renal Cortex
Inner: Renal Medulla

86
Q

Extensions of the renal cortex called _______ project into the _______ and subdivide it into _______. A typical kidney contains _________ of these.

A
  1. Renal Columns
  2. Renal Medulla
  3. Renal Pyramids
  4. 8-15
87
Q

The point where the base of a medullary pyramid makes contact with the cortex is called the _____________. Also, the tip of the renal pyramid is called the ________, which projects into a hollow, funnel-shaped structure called the _________. Several of these fuse to form the _______. THEN, these fuse to form the ________, the function of which is to: __________

A
  1. Cortico-medullary Junction
  2. Renal Papilla
  3. Minor Calyx
  4. Major Calyx
  5. Renal Pelvis
  6. Collect the total urine output of the kidney and transport it into the ureter
88
Q

Blood enters the kidneys through _______ which are inside the ______, and branch into ________. These then branch into ______, which branch into _______, which finally branch into _______.

A
  1. Renal arteries
  2. Renal sinus
  3. Segmental arteries
  4. Inter-LOBAR arteries
  5. Arcuate arteries
  6. Inter-LOBULAR arteries
89
Q

The kidney is innervated by a mass of ______ fibers called the _______, which enter at the ______. Pain from the kidneys is usually referred to _______.

A
  1. Autonomic
  2. Renal Plexus
  3. Hilum
  4. Dermatomes T10-T12
90
Q

What is the Nephron?

A

The functional filtration unit of the kidney

91
Q

What are the 4 main components of the nephron?

A
  • Renal Corpuscle
  • Proximal Convoluted tubule
  • Nephron Loop (of Henle)
  • Distal Convoluted Tubule
92
Q

Describe the two types of nephrons:

A
  1. Cortical Nephron: (85% of nephrons) The bulk of the nephron resides in the kidney cortex
  2. Juxtamedullary Nephron: The renal corpuscle lies NEAR the corticomedullary junction, but the nephron loops extend deep into the medulla.
93
Q

Nephrons form urine through three processes:

A
  1. Filtration
  2. Tubular Reabsorption
  3. Tubular Secretion
94
Q

Describe the two structures that form the renal corpuscle:

A
  1. Glomerulus: A thick tangle of fenestrated capillaries

2. Glomerular Capsule: An epithelial capsule surrounding the glomerulus

95
Q

The renal corpuscle has a ______, where the ______ enters and the _____ exits. It also has a _______ where the ____ exits.

A
  1. Vascular Pole
  2. Afferent Arteriole
  3. Efferent Arteriole
  4. Tubular Pole
  5. Proximal Convoluted Tubule
96
Q

Describe the 2 layers of the glomerular capsule:

A
  1. Visceral: Directly overlies and comes in contact with the glomerulus
  2. Parietal: Formed from simple squamous epithelium
97
Q

The visceral layer of the glomerular capsule is comprised of specialized cells called ______, which have long processes called _______ that ________. These processes are separated from each other by thin spaces called _______. Combined with the ______, they form the _______.

A
  1. Podocytes
  2. Pedicels
  3. Wrap around the glomerular capillaries
  4. Filtration Slits
  5. Capillary Wall
  6. Filtration Membrane
98
Q

What 3 structures make up the urinary tract?

A
  • Ureters
  • Urinary bladder
  • Urethra
99
Q

Define Ureter:

A

Fibro-muscular tubes that conduct urine from the kidneys to the bladder

100
Q

Ureters originate at the _______ as they exit the ____ of the kidney. They then enter the ______ wall of the ______.

A
  1. Renal Pelvis
  2. Hilum
  3. Postero-lateral
  4. Urinary bladder
101
Q

List the 3 layers of the Ureter Wall:

A
  1. Mucosa
  2. Muscularis
  3. Adventitia
102
Q

Describe the 4 tunics that make up the wall of the urinary bladder:

A
  1. Mucosa: Lines INTERNAL surface; Epithelium that possesses rugae that allow distension of the bladder
  2. Submucosa: Supports bladder wall
  3. Muscularis: 3 Layers of smooth muscle called Detrusor Muscle and Internal Urethral Sphincter Muscle
  4. Adventitia: Outer layer of Areolar CT
103
Q

The Urethra has both a _____ and a _______ sphincter.

A

Internal Urethral

External Urethral

104
Q

How is the male urethra different from the female urethra?

A

The male urethra serves reproductive functions as well and serves as a pathway for both urine and semen

105
Q

What are the 3 segments of the male urethra?

A
  • Prostatic Urethra
  • Membranous Urethra
  • Spongy Urethra
106
Q

The male urethra ends in an opening called the _________.

A

External Urethral Orifice

107
Q

What are the gonads for each gender?

A

Females: Ovaries
Males: Testes

108
Q

Gonads produce ________, which are ______. Males have _____ while females have ______.

A
  1. Gametes
  2. Sex Cells
  3. Oocytes
  4. Sperm
109
Q

Describe the two dead-end pouches formed from the peritoneal folds around pelvic organs in the female anatomy:

A
  • Vesicouterine Pouch: Space between the urinary bladder and the uterus
  • Rectouterine Pouch: Space between the rectum and the uterus
110
Q

List the 5 accessory sex organs of the female reproductive system:

A
  • Uterine Tubes
  • Uterus
  • Vagina
  • Clitoris
  • Mammary Glands
111
Q

List the 4 peritoneal folds (ligaments) that anchor the ovaries to the abdominal cavity:

A
  • Mesovarium
  • Broad Ligament
  • Ovarian Ligament
  • Suspensory Ligament
112
Q

Each ovary s surrounded by an epithelial layer of _________ cells called the _________. Deep to this layer is a connective tissue capsule called the _______. Then, deep to that the ovary is divided into a _______ and a _______.

A
  1. Simple Cuboidal
  2. Germinal Epithelium
  3. Tunica Albuginea
  4. Outer Cortex
  5. Inner Medulla
113
Q

The ovarian cortex contains _____ while the medulla contains ______.

A
  1. Follicles

2. Blood vessels, nerves, lymph vessels and CT

114
Q

Laterally on either side, the Uterus has a _______.

A

Uterine Tube (fallopian tube)

115
Q

List the 5 parts of the uterine tube:

A
  • Fimbria
  • Infundibulum
  • Ampulla
  • Isthmus
  • Uterine Part
116
Q

The Submucosal layer is absent in which structure?

A

The Uterine Tube

117
Q

What special features does the uterine tube possesses interiorly?

A

Ciliated columnar epithelial cells and smooth muscle to propel oocyte toward the uterus

118
Q

What are the 4 main regions of the uterus?

A
  • Fundus
  • Body
  • Isthmus
  • Cervix
119
Q

What 3 types of ligaments support the Uterus? What can happen if the support from any of these ligaments is weakened?

A
  1. Round Ligaments
  2. Transverse Cervical Ligaments
  3. Uterosacral Ligaments
  4. Can cause Uterine Prolapse
120
Q

What blood vessels supply the uterus?

A

Uterine Arteries

121
Q

Describe the 3 layers of the uterine wall:

A
  1. Endometrium: Simple columnar epithelium with an underlying lamina propria filled with uterine glands
  2. Myometrium: Thick, composed of smooth muscle
  3. Perimetrium: Outermost, composed of serosa
122
Q

What is the function of the scrotum?

A

To provide the testes with a cooler environment than the rest of the body for sperm development

123
Q

What structure in the female is the scrotum homologous to?

A

The Labia Majora

124
Q

What separates the two scrotal sacs?

A

The Raphe

125
Q

What two muscles are responsible for elevating and lowering the scrotum to maintain temperature?

A

The Dartos and Cremaster muscles

126
Q

Where does the Spermatic Cord originate? What does it consist of? (4)

A
  1. The Inguinal Canal
  2. Consists of:
    - Testicular Artery
    - Papiniform Plexus
    - Cremaster Muscle and Fascia
    - Autonomic Nerves
127
Q

What serous membrane covers the testes anteriorly and laterally?

A

The Tunica Vaginalis: Has a visceral and parietal layer

128
Q

What fibrous capsule is deep to the Visceral Tunica Vaginalis of the Testes? As this projects inferiorly it becomes the _______

A
  1. The Tunica Albuginea

2. Mediastinum Testis

129
Q

What are the 6 ducts of the male reproductive system?

A
  • Urethra
  • Vas Deferens
  • Efferent Ductules
  • Ejaculatory Duct
  • Epididymis
  • Rete Testis
130
Q

What two ducts unite to form the ejaculatory duct?

A
  1. Vas Deferens

2. Seminal Vesicle

131
Q

What 3 glands secrete fluid to mix with sperm and create seminal fluid?

A
  1. Seminal Vesicles
  2. Prostate Gland
  3. Bulbo-urethral Glands
132
Q

What is the purpose of secreting additional fluids along with sperm?

A

To neutralize the acidity of the vagina and nourish the sperm

133
Q

What do the seminal vesicles secrete?

A

Alkaline fluid containing fructose and prostaglandins

134
Q

What do the prostate glands secrete? (4)

A
  • Mucin
  • Citric Acid
  • Seminal Plasmin
  • Prostatic-Specific Antigen
135
Q

What do the bulbo-urethral glands secrete?

A

Mucin

Anatomy 165 (4 decks)

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