Exam 1 Flashcards
Chondroblasts:
Chondrocytes:
- Produce Matrix for cartilage (immature cells)
2. (mature) Cells surrounded by matrix in spaces called lacunae
Interstitial Growth:
Appositional Growth:
- From within the cartilage
2. Along the cartilage periphery
3 types of cartilage:
Hyaline: Articular surfaces and nose
Fibrocartilage: Vertebral processes, pubic symphysis
Elastic Cartilage: Pinna of the ear
4 functions of bone:
- Support/Protection
- Hemopoiesis
- Movement
- Storage of mineral and energy reserves
What is articular cartilage?
A thin layer of hyaline cartilage at articulations to reduce friction
What are the 4 types of bones
Long bones
Short bones
Irregular bones
Flat bones
The ____ of a bone is the attachment sites for ligaments and tendons.
Epiphysis
The metaphysis, between the epiphysis and diaphysis, contains the _______.
Epiphyseal growth plate
What is the medullary cavity?
Hollow, cylindrical space in diaphysis that contains yellow bone marrow.
Osteoblasts:
Osteoclasts:
- Lay down matrix for new bone
2. Nuclear cells that dissolve bone matrix and release calcium
The _____ covers external surfaces of bone and is anchored by ______ in the bone matrix.
- Periosteum
2. Perforating Fibers
Osteoprogenitor cells:
Produce more osteoblasts or stem cells
Osteocytes:
Maintain bone matrix and detect mechanical stress
Spongy bone is made up of an open lattice of narrow plates called ______
Trabeculae
Canaliculi:
Small passageways that allow osteocytes to pass through them and communicate.
Osteon:
Mature functional unit of compact bone
Epidermal Layer (3):
- Avascular
- Made up of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
- Has 5 layers
Stratum Basale (5):
- Single layer of mitotic cells
- Adjacent to the dermis
- Keratinocytes (produce keratin/waterproof skin)
- Melanocytes (produce melanin for pigment)
- Tactile cells (sensitive to touch)
Stratum Spinosum (3):
- Many layers thick
- S. Basale daughter cells differentiate into highly specialized non-dividing keratinocytes
- Contains epidermal dendritic cells (Immune defense and phagocytosis)
Stratum Granulosum (3):
- 3-5 layers of keratinocytes
- Fully keratinized cells are dead
- Forms epidermal water barrier
Stratum Lucidum (2):
- Thin, translucent, 2-3 layers thick
- Cells lack organelles, filled with eleidin-intermediate product of keratin maturation
Stratum Corneum (3):
- Most superficial layer
- 23 layers thick
- Made up of dead keratinocytes
Thick vs. Thin Skin (2):
- Thick skin contains all 5 epidermal layers
- Thin skin doesn’t contain stratum lucidum
Dermis is composed of ________
Areolar and dense irregular connective tissue
2 layers of the Dermis:
Papillary and Reticular
Papillary layer (3):
- Superficial (next to epidermis)
- Dermal papillae and epidermal ridges interlock- Increases S.A. between dermis and epidermis
- Dermal papillae contain capillaries to supply nutrients
Reticular Layer (3):
- Deeper/Thicker layer
- Large bundles of collagen, blood vessels, glands, hair follicles and nerves
- Collagen fibers connect dermis to hypodermis
3 reasons Dermis contains nerves:
- Tactile Receptors
- Controls blood flow
- Controls glandular secretions
2 reasons Dermis contains blood vessels:
- Supplies nutrients and helps regulate body temperature
- Vasodilation and Vasoconstriction
What is the significance of the Sternoclavicular Joint?
It is the only connection between the upper extremities and the axial skeleton.
What is meant by “gliding” of bone?
Articular surfaces move, but angle of bones stays the same.
Where does bone gliding occur?
Plane joints
i.e. Carpals and Tarsals
What are the 6 types of synovial joints?
Plane Hinge Pivot Condylar Ball and Socket Saddle
What are Tendon Sheaths?
Elongated bursae around tendons that restrict movement
What type of cells have an apical and basal surface?
Epithelial
Which type of tissue is avascular?
Epithelial
What is mesenchyme?
The source of all adult connective tissue
What is Simple epithelium?
A single layer of cells with all cells having an apical surface and attached to the basement membrane
What is Stratified epithelium?
Two or more layers of cells; not all cells have an apical surface nor do all cells attach to the basement membrane
What is Pseudostratified epithelium?
Cell nuclei give the appearance of a multilayered epithelium, but not all cells reach the apical surface
What makes fibrocartilage so strong?
Densely interwoven collagen fibers
What is the nail matrix?
An extension of the stratum corneum. Thickened growing part of the nail bed.
What is the nail plate composed of? (3)
A white, free edge of the nail
A pinkish nail body
A nail root that is covered by the skin
Lunula:
White semilunar proximal area of nail body caused by thickened underlying stratum basale obscuring capillaries in dermis
What is hair?
Columns of keratinocytes growing from follicles deep in dermis or hypodermis
Regions of a hair from deep to surface: (3)
– Hair bulb
– Hair root
– Hair shaft
Hair bulb:
Swelling of epithelial cells where the hair
orginates
Hair root:
Portion deep to the skin surface
Hair shaft:
Portion extending beyond the skin
surface
The ______ surrounds each hair.
Hair follicle
________ muscles attach to hair shaft and respond to emotions and cold temperatures by contracting, standing the hair up, therefore
producing “goose bumps”.
Arrector Pilli
5 Functions of Hair:
Protection Heat retention Sensory reception Visual identification Chemical signal dispersal
What are the two exocrine glands of the skin?
Suderiferous: Can be merocrine or apocrine and produce watery solution (sweat)
Sebaceous: Produce oily solution
Which glands are relatively inactive during childhood? (sex hormones at puberty cause secretions to increase significantly)
Sebaceous Glands
Endosteum: (2)
- Contains ALL (osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts)
- Covers most internal surfaces of bone
Periosteum: (5)
– Dense irregular connective tissue
– Covers external surfaces of bones (except
articular cartilage)
– Anchored by perforating fibers embedded in the bone matrix
– Acts as anchor for blood vessels and nerves – Contains osteoprogenitor cells and osteoblasts NOT osteoclasts
What is Hydroxyapetite formed of?
Calcium Phosphate and Calcium Hydroxide
What is one example of a place where flat bones are found?
The Skull
The ______ are cylindrical structures that ________.
- Osteons
2. Run parallel to the diaphysis
At center of osteon; carries blood vessels and
nerves:
Central Canal
Rings of bone around central canal:
Concentric Lamellae
Housed in lacunae between concentric lamellae:
Osteocytes
Tiny, interconnecting channels within bone that
extend between lacunae:
Canaliculi
Run perpendicular to and help connect multiple central canals (Passageways for blood vessels and nerves):
Perforating Canals
Rings of bone immediately internal to the periosteum or internal to the endosteum (Run the entire circumference of the bone):
Circumferential Lamellae
Leftover parts of osteons that have been partially resorbed:
Interstitial Lamellae
Trabeculae contain ______ lamellae
Parallel
Spongy bone lacks _______
Osteons
Intramembranous Ossification:
Bone develops from mesenchyme, produces flat bones of the skull, some facial bones, mandible, and central portion of clavicle.
Endochondral Ossification:
Bone formation begins with hyaline cartilage model (produces majority of bones in the body)
Bone growth in length is referred to as:
Interstitial Growth ( at growth plate)
Bone growth in diameter is referred to as:
Appositional growth (at periosteum)
What is the function of the hypodermis?
It is essentially a storage layer for fat that acts as a thermal regulator and adds protection.
Fibrous Joints:
Bones held together by dense regular connective tissue
Cartilaginous Joints:
Bones joined by cartilage
Synovial Joints:
Bones separated by a fluid-filled cavity
Diarthrosis:
AmphiArthrosis:
Synarthrosis:
Freely movable joint
Slightly movable joint
Immobile Joint
3 Types of Fibrous Joints:
-Gomphoses: Synarthroses formed between teeth and maxilla or mandible
-Sutures: Joints between skull bones;
synarthroses
-Syndesmoses: Joints between parallel bones in the forearm and leg (radius and ulna, tibia and fibula); amphiarthrosis
2 Types of Cartilaginous Joints:
-Synchondroses: Bones joined by hyaline cartilage (synarthrosis)
-Symphyses: Bones joined by pad of
fibrocartilage; amphiarthrosis
List the 6 components of a the general anatomy of a synovial joint:
– Articular capsule – Joint cavity – Synovial fluid – Articular cartilage – Ligaments – Nerves and blood vessels
What are the 2 layers of an articular capsule?
- Outer Fibrous layer made of dense regular connective tissue that strengthens and protects the joint
- Inner synovial membrane that secretes fluid into the cavity
2 Functions of Synovial fluid:
- Lubricates and nourishes chondrocytes and articular cartilage
- Shock absorption upon compression of the joint
What are bursae?
Sacs outside most synovial joints where ligaments, muscles, tendons, and/or bones rub;
contain synovial fluid
Moving your thumb across your palm:
Opposition
Turning the soles of your feet inward:
Inversion
What is the glenoid labrum?
A ligament around the margin of the glenoid cavity inside the joint capsule
4 BURSAE associated with Glenohumeral Joint:
Subdeltoid
Subacromial
Subcoracoid
Subscapular
Muscles associated with the Glenohumeral Joint:
S.I.T.S.
4 Ligaments associated with the Glenohumeral Joint:
Glenohumeral
Transverse Humeral
Coracohumeral
Coracoacromial
What are the two sub-joints of the elbow?
- Humeroulnar
- Humeroradial
3 ligaments associated with the elbow joint:
- Radial collateral
- Ulnar collateral
- Anular
The coxal joint is a ________ between the ______ and the ______.
- Diarthrotic ball-and-socket joint
- Head of the femur
- Acetabulum of the hip bone (os coxae)
4 ligaments associated with the coxal joint:
- Iliofemoral
- Ischiofemoral
- Pubofemoral
- Ligament of Head of Femur
The knee joint is a _______ between the ______.
- Diarthrotic Hinge Joint
2. Femur, Tibia, and Patella
5 Ligaments associated with the Knee Joint:
- Anterior Cruciate Ligament
- Posterior Cruciate Ligament
- Patellar Ligament
- Fibular Collateral Ligament
- Tibial Collateral Ligament
4 Characteristics of Muscles Tissue:
- Excitability
- Elasticity
- Extensibility
- Contractility
5 Functions of Muscle:
- Body movement
- Maintenance of posture
- Temperature regulation
- Storage and movement of materials
- Support
Difference between Deep Fascia and Superficial Fascia:
Deep separates muscles from each other while superficial separates muscles from the skin
Aponeurosis:
Flat sheet-like tendon
Difference between origin and insertion:
Origin is the less movable point of attachment, insertion is the more movable point of attachment.
Isometric versus Isotonic contraction:
Isometric: Length is constant, tension is changing
Isotonic: Tension is constant, length is changing
Concentric versus Eccentric contraction:
Concentric: Muscle is shortening
Eccentric: Muscle is lengthening
1st, 2nd, and 3rd degree burns:
1st: Epidermis only, inflamed, redness some edema
2nd: Also Dermis, some scarring, painful, blistered
3rd: Also Hypodermis, dehydration and infection are likely
What is Acne:
Plugged sebaceous gland ducts (during puberty mostly)
What is Achondroplastic Dwarfism?
Abnormal conversion of cartilage to bone. Chondrocytes in epiphyseal plate stop multiplying so long bones stop growing.
What causes Rickets?
Vitamin D deficiency in childhood that leads to poor absorption of Ca and P: No calcification of bones makes them too flexible
What is osteoporosis?
Weakened bones leading to fractures, often associated with menopause because decreasing estrogen levels means less stimulus for bone growth
What are the two types of arthritis?
Osteoarthritis: Breakdown of articular cartilage leading to bone on bone contact
Rheumatoid Arthritis:
-Synovial membrane inflammation, joint swelling
-Cartilage and bone erode
-Scar tissue forms and ossifies, bones fuse (ankylosis)
What does Dystrophin do?
Links actin filaments with ECM components such as laminin
