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Anatomy 165 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What two categories can the nervous system be divided into?

A

Structural and Functional

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2
Q

The STRUCTURAL organization of the nervous system is broken into the ______ and ______ NS, while the FUNCTIONAL organization is broken into the _____ and _____ NS.

A

Structural: Central and Peripheral
Functional: Sensory and Motor

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3
Q

The central NS includes the _____ and _____, while the peripheral NS includes the _______, _______, and ______.

A
  1. Brain and Spinal Cord

2. Cervical Nerves, Spinal Nerves, and Ganglia

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4
Q

The CNS and PNS perform three general

functions:

A
  1. Collecting information: Receptors detect
    changes in the internal and external environment; pass the information on to the CNS
  2. Processing and evaluating information: CNS determines the required response
  3. Responding to information: CNS initiates nerve impulses to effectors to react to changes in the body’s environment
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5
Q

The sensory NS is divided into the _____ and ______, while the motor NS is divided into the ____ and _____.

A
  1. Somatic Sensory and Visceral Sensory

2. Somatic Motor and Autonomic Motor

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6
Q

The sensory NS and motor NS are also called the ______ and _____ respectively.

A
  1. Afferent NS

2. Efferent NS

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7
Q

Describe the two distinct type of cells within the nervous system:

A
  1. Neurons (nerve cells): Electrically excitable cells that initiate, transmit, and receive nerve impulses
  2. Glial cells: Nonexcitable cells that support and protect the neurons
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8
Q

What is the basic structural unit of the NS?

A

The Neuron

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9
Q

What are 3 special characteristics of neurons?

A

– High metabolic rate
– Extreme longevity
– Nonmitotic

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10
Q

What are the 3 main structural regions of the neuron?

A
  1. Cell body
  2. Dendrites
  3. Axon
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11
Q

______ receive nerve impulses and carry them to the cell body

A

Dendrites

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12
Q

Neurons without an axon are called _____

A

Anaxonic

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13
Q

What is the axon hillock?

A

The region where the axon connects to the cell body

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14
Q
  1. Axon collaterals:
  2. Telodendria:
  3. Synaptic knobs:
A
  1. Side branches off the main axon
  2. Fine terminal extensions at the end of the axon and its collaterals
  3. Expanded regions at the tip of telodendria
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15
Q

What 3 ways are neurons classified STRUCTURALLY?

A
  1. Unipolar: Single, short process that branches like a T
  2. Bipolar: Two processes, one dendrite and one axon
  3. Multipolar: Many dendrites and a single axon; most common type of neuron
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16
Q

What 3 ways are neurons classified FUNCTIONALLY?

A
  1. Sensory (afferent): Transmit impulses from sensory receptors to the CNS
  2. Motor (efferent): Transmit impulses from CNS to muscles or glands
  3. Interneurons: Facilitate communication between sensory and motor neurons
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17
Q

Brain tumors are more likely to be derived

from ______ than neurons, because they are: (2)

A
  1. Glial cells

2. Mitotic and more numerous

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18
Q

What are the 4 types of glial cells found in the CNS?

A
  1. Astrocytes
  2. Ependymal cells
  3. Microglial cells
  4. Oligodendrocytes
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19
Q

The most common and least common types of glial cells are _____ and _____ respectively.

A
  1. Astrocytes

2. Microglia

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20
Q

What are the 6 functions of astrocytes?

A
  1. Helping form the blood-brain barrier (BBB)
  2. Regulating tissue fluid composition
  3. Helping regulate synaptic transmission
  4. Forming a structural network
  5. Replacing damaged neurons
  6. Assisting neuronal development
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21
Q

Astrocytes are ______ cells with ________. They are in contact with _______.

A
  1. Large
  2. Numerous Processes
  3. Neurons and Capillaries
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22
Q

Ependymal cells are _________ cells that line the ________ and the _____________.

A
  1. Ciliated cuboidal epithelial
  2. Ventricles of the brain
  3. Central canal of the spinal cord
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23
Q

Ependymal cells not only ________, but also ______.

A
  1. Produce the CSF

2. Form the choroid plexus

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24
Q

Microglia are _____ cells that _______________, specifically by ____________.

A
  1. Small
  2. Wander through the CNS and exhibit phagocytic activity
  3. Removing cellular debris from dead or dying cells
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25
Q

Oligodendrocytes are associated with _________. These cells ___________, and they ____________, which is ________.

A
  1. CNS axons ONLY
  2. Wrap themselves around axons
  3. Produce myelin
  4. An electrical insulator
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26
Q

Two types of glial cells are found in the PNS:

A
  1. Satellite cells

2. Neurolemmocytes

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27
Q

Satellite cells are _____ cells, arranged ______________.

A
  1. Flattened

2. Around neuronal cell bodies in ganglia

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28
Q

Neurolemmocytes, also called _______, are associated with __________. They produce ________, and have the same structure and function as ______.

A
  1. Schwann Cells
  2. PNS axons ONLY
  3. Myelin
  4. Oligodendrocytes
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29
Q

What is myelination and what does it do?

A

The process of wrapping a myelin sheath around an axon, it insulates the axon and allows for better conduction of action potentials

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30
Q

Damaged axons can regenerate if ________ and _______.

A
  1. The cell body is intact

2. A critical amount of neurilemma remains

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31
Q

Axon regeneration depends on the _______ and _____ of the damage.

A
  1. Extent

2. Site

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32
Q

What are the 5 steps of Wallerian Degeneration?

A
  1. Trauma Severs Axon
  2. The proximal portion seals off and swells, while the distal portion and myelin sheath disintegrate but the neurilemma survives.
  3. The neurilemma and endoneurium form a regeneration tube
  4. The axon regenerates and remyelination occurs
  5. Innervation to the effector is restored
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33
Q

What is a nerve?

A

A cable-like bundle of parallel axons

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34
Q

Describe the 3 connective tissue wrappings of each nerve?

A
  1. Endoneurium: Around each axon
  2. Perineurium: Around individual fascicles
  3. Epineurium: Around the entire nerve
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35
Q

What are synapses?

A

Specialized junctions between one axon and another neuron, muscle cell, or gland cell

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36
Q

A typical synapse consists of what 3 things?

A
  1. Presynaptic neuron
  2. Postsynaptic neuron
  3. Synaptic cleft
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37
Q

Neurons are grouped into patterns called _________

A

Neuronal Pools

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38
Q

Neuronal pools are defined based on _______, specifically in 4 ways:

A 
Defined by FUNCTION:
– Converging 
– Diverging 
– Reverberating 
– Parallel-after-discharge
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39
Q

Nervous system development begins during ________ and is derived from the _______.

A
  1. Third week of Development

2. Ectoderm

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40
Q

Thickened ectoderm is called the ________.

A

Neural Plate

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41
Q

Cells of the neural plate are called _____________.

A

Neuroectoderm

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42
Q

What are the 4 major regions of the brain?

A
  1. Cerebrum
  2. Diencephalon
  3. Brain Stem
  4. Cerebellum
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43
Q

______ is to Anterior, as ______ is to Posterior

A
  1. Rostral

2. Caudal

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44
Q

Raised bumps or ridges of the brain are called ______, while the grooves in between them are called ______.

A
  1. Gyri

2. Sulci

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45
Q

What are the 3 primary brain vesicles by the THIRD week of development?

A
  1. Prosencephalon (forebrain)
  2. Mesencephalon (midbrain)
  3. Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)
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46
Q

By the FIFTH week of development, what are the 5 brain vesicles?

A
  1. Telencephalon (From PROS)
  2. Diencephalon (From PROS)
  3. Mesencephalon
  4. Metencephalon (From RHOM)
  5. Myelencephalon (From RHOM)
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47
Q

The Telencephalon forms the _________

A

Cerebrum

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48
Q

The Diencephalon forms the ______, _____, and _______.

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus

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49
Q

The Metencephalon forms the ______ and _______.

A

Pons and Cerebellum

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50
Q

The Myelencephalon forms the _________.

A

Medulla Oblongata

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51
Q

Gray Matter (3):

A
  • Houses motor neuron and interneuron cell bodies, dendrites, telodendria, unmyelinated axons
  • Forms the cortex, which covers the surface of most of the adult brain
  • Forms discrete internal clusters called cerebral nuclei
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52
Q

White Matter (2):

A
  • Made up of myelinated axons

- Deep to the gray matter of the cortex

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53
Q

What 4 structures protect the brain?

A
  • Bony Cranium
  • Blood-brain barrier
  • CSF
  • Protective connective tissue (meninges)
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54
Q

What are the 3 Cranial Meninges (layers of protective tissue)?

A
  1. Pia Mater
  2. Arachnoid Mater
  3. Dura Mater
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55
Q

What are the 4 functions of the cranial meninges?

A

–Separate soft tissue of the brain from bones of cranium
–Enclose and protect blood vessels that supply the brain
–Contain and circulate cerebrospinal fluid
–Form some of the veins that drain blood from the brain

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56
Q

What is the function of the cranial dural septa and what are the names of the 4 of them? (and what do each of them separate)

A
  • They partition parts of the brain to provide stabilization and support
    1. Falx Cerebri (Left and Right Cerebral Hemispheres)
    2. Tentorium Cerebelli (Cerebrum and Cerebellum)
    3. Falx Cerebelli (Left and Right Cerebellar Hemispheres)
    4. Diaphragma Celae (Pituitary and Hypothalamus)
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57
Q

The dural venous sinuses run within _________. What are the 4 dural sinuses?

A
  • The margins of the dural septa
    1. Superior Sagittal sinus (Sup. Falx Cerebri)
    2. Inferior Sagittal Sinus (Inf. Falx Cerebri)
    3. Transverse Sinuses (Tentorium Cerebelli)
    4. Occipital Sinus (Falx Cerebelli)
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58
Q

________ are cavities within the brain that contain Cerebral Spinal Fluid.

A

Ventricles

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59
Q

What are the 4 ventricles of the brain?

A
  1. Lateral Ventricles (Right and Left CEREBRUM)
  2. Third ventricle (Diencephalon)
  3. Fourth Ventricle (Between Pons and Cerebellum)
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60
Q

What separates the two lateral ventricles?

A

The Septum Pellucidum

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61
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear, colorless liquid that circulates in the _______ and _________.

A
  1. Ventricles

2. Subarachnoid Space

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62
Q

What are the 3 main functions of CSF?

A
  1. Buoyancy: Brain floats in CSF
  2. Protection: CSF provides liquid cushion
  3. Environmental stability: CSF transports nutrients and removes waste from brain
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63
Q

Describe the 5 steps in the production and circulation of CSF:

A
  1. CSF is produced in the choroid plexus in the ventricles
  2. CSF flows from the 3rd ventricle in to the 4th ventricle via the cerebral aqueduct
  3. CSF then flows into the subarachnoid space by passing through the paired lateral apertures or the single median aperture, THEN into the central canal of the spinal cord
  4. As CSF flows through the subarachnoid space, it removes waste products and provides buoyancy to support the brain
  5. EXCESS CSF flows into arachnoid villi, THEN drains into the dural sinuses. The greater pressure on the CSF in the subarachnoid space ensures that the CSF moves into the sinuses without permitting venous blood to enter the subarachnoid space
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64
Q

____________ regulates what substances can enter interstitial fluid of brain

A

The Blood Brain Barrier

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65
Q

The two main structures that contribute to the BBB are ________ and _______.

A
  1. Capillary endothelial cells

2. Astrocyte perivascular feet

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66
Q

In what 3 locations of the CNS is the BBB missing or reduced?

A
  1. Choroid Plexus
  2. Hypothalamus
  3. Pineal gland
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67
Q

The ________ is the location of conscious thought processes and origin of intellectual functions. For this purpose, it contains ___________ for complex analytical and integrative functions.

A
  1. Cerebrum

2. A large number of neurons

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68
Q

Describe the 3 regions of the Cerebrum: (From outer to inner)

A
  1. Cortex (Outer Gray Matter)
  2. Inner White Matter
  3. Cerebral Nuclei (Deep Gray Matter)
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69
Q

The surface of the cerebrum is marked by _____, ______, and _______.

A
  1. Sulci
  2. Gyri
  3. Fissures (Deep Grooves)
70
Q

The paired cerebral hemispheres are divided by __________, which extends along the __________.

A
  1. A longitudinal fissure

2. Mid-sagittal plane

71
Q

The hemispheres are separate from one another, except at a few locations where _______________________.

A

Bundles of axons called tracts form white matter regions that allow for communication between them

72
Q

The __________ is the largest tract and the main tract that connects the two cerebral hemispheres.

A

Corpus Callosum

73
Q

The two hemispheres of the cerebrum appear as anatomic mirror images, but they display some functional differences, termed ___________.

A

Hemispheric Lateralization

74
Q

Each hemisphere of the cerebrum is divided into 5 distinct lobes:

A
  1. Frontal
  2. Parietal
  3. Temporal
  4. Occipital
  5. Insula
75
Q

The Frontal Lobe is involved with: (6)

A 
Concentration 
Voluntary Motor Function
Verbal communication
Decision making
Planning
Personality
76
Q

The Parietal Lobe is involved with __________.

A

General Sensory Functions

77
Q

The Temporal Lobe is involved with __________.

A

Hearing and Smell

78
Q

The Occipital Lobe is involved with __________.

A

Processing visual information and storing visual memories

79
Q

The Insula is involved with ____________, and it also contains the _________.

A
  1. Memory and interpretation of taste

2. Primary Gustatory Cortex

80
Q

What are the 3 different categories/types of functional areas within the cerebrum?

A
  1. Motor areas: Control voluntary motor functions
  2. Sensory areas: Provide conscious awareness of sensation
  3. Association areas: Integrate and store information
81
Q

The primary motor cortex controls _____. It is located within the ________, and its axons project ___________.

A
  1. Voluntary skeletal muscle activity
  2. Pre-central Gyrus
  3. Contra-laterally to the brain stem and spinal cord
82
Q

Broca’s area is also known as the _______, as it controls ___________. It is located within the ____________.

A
  1. Motor Speech Area
  2. Muscular movements necessary for vocalization
  3. Infero-lateral portion of the left frontal lobe
83
Q

The Primary somatosensory cortex receives general somatic sensory information from ______, ______, ______, and ______ receptors. It is located within the ______.

A
  1. Touch, Pressure, Pain, and Temperature

2. Post-central Gyrus

84
Q

The primary visual cortex is located within the ______.

A

Occipital Lobe

85
Q

The primary auditory cortex is located within the _______.

A

Temporal Lobe

86
Q

The primary olfactory cortex is located within the _____.

A

Temporal Lobe

87
Q

The primary gustatory cortex is located within the ______.

A

Insula

88
Q

Most myelinated axons in the central white matter are organized into ______, which are classified in what 3 categories:

A
  • TRACTS
    1. Association tracts
    2. Commissural tracts
    3. Projection tracts
89
Q

An example of a commissural tract is _________.

A

The Corpus Collosum

90
Q

The 2 kinds of association tracts are:

A

Arcuate Fibers

Longitudinal Fasciculi

91
Q

______ are paired masses of gray matter found deep within the central white matter

A

Cerebral Nuclei

92
Q

What are 4 specific types of Cerebral Nuclei?

A
  1. Caudate Nuclei
  2. Amygdaloid body
  3. Lentiform Nuclei
  4. Claustrum
93
Q

The Lentiform Nuclei are composed of what two structures?

A

The Putamen and Globus Pallidus

94
Q

The diencephalon is composed of what 3 things?

A

Epithalamus
Thalamus
Hypothalamus

95
Q

What are the 2 components of the Epithalamus?

A
  1. Pineal Gland

2. Habenular Nucleus

96
Q

The Thalamus is the ________ for sensory information that will be ___________.

A
  1. Principal and final relay point

2. Processed and projected to somatosensory cortex

97
Q

The brainstem connects the ____ and ____ to the _____.

A
  1. Prosencephalon and Cerebellum

2. Spinal cord

98
Q

The brainstem houses many __________.

A

Nuclei of the cranial nerves

99
Q

The 3 regions of the brainstem are:

A
  1. Midbrain
  2. Pons
  3. Medulla Oblongata
100
Q

The cerebral aqueduct extends through the ______ and connects the ______ and the _______.

A
  1. Midbrain

2. Third and Fourth Ventricles

101
Q

The cerebral aqueduct is surrounded by ___________.

A

Periaqueductal gray matter

102
Q

The nuclei of which two cervical nerves are housed in the midbrain?

A

Oculomotor (3)

Trochlear (4)

103
Q

Axons from the Primary Motor Cortex descend through the ______ to the _______.

A
  1. Cerebral Peduncles

2. Spinal Cord

104
Q

The _______ connect the CEREBELLUM to the midbrain.

A

Superior CEREBELLAR Peduncles

105
Q

The ______ is between the substantia nigra and the periaqueductal gray matter and is responsible for ___________.

A
  1. Tegmentum

2. Relaying information between cerebrum and cerebellum

106
Q

The substantia nigra houses clusters of neurons that produce _________, which affects brain processes that control movement, emotional response, and the ability to experience pleasure and pain.

A

The neurotransmitter dopamine

107
Q

Degeneration of cells in the substantia nigra can lead to ___________.

A

Parkinson’s disease

108
Q

Superior and inferior colliculi are ______ and ______ centers, respectively

A
  1. Visual Reflex

2. Auditory Reflex

109
Q

The middle cerebellar peduncles are _______ that connect the _____ to the ______.

A
  1. Transverse fibers
  2. Pons
  3. Cerebellum
110
Q

The Pons contains autonomic nuclei in the _______, which helps _______.

A
  1. Pontine respiratory center

2. Regulate breathing

111
Q

The Pons houses cranial motor and sensory nuclei for the _____, _____ and _____ nerves.

A
  1. Trigeminal (5)
  2. Abducens (6)
  3. Facial (7)
112
Q

The ________ nuclei receive auditory input and help localize sound

A

Superior olivary complex

113
Q

The pyramids are located in the ______, and are composed of _________ called the _________.

A
  1. Medulla Oblongata
  2. Projection tracts
  3. Corticospinal tracts
114
Q

Paired _________ connect medulla oblongata to cerebellum

A

Inferior cerebellar peduncles

115
Q

What are the 4 main groups of autonomic nuclei in the medulla oblongata organized into?

A
  1. CARDIAC center: Heart rate/strength of contraction
  2. VASOMOTOR center: Controls blood pressure by regulating contraction/relaxation of sm. musc. arterioles
  3. MEDULLARY RESPIRATORY center: Respiratory rate
  4. OTHER nuclei involved in coughing, sneezing, salivation, swallowing, gagging, and vomiting
116
Q

What are the 2 longitudinal depressions on the external surface of the spinal cord?

A
  1. Posterior Median Sulcus

2. Anterior Median Fissure

117
Q

What are the 5 parts of the spinal cord?

A
  1. Cervical
  2. Thoracic
  3. Lumbar
  4. Sacral
  5. Coccygeal
118
Q

The spinal cord is shorter than the _______, which houses it.

A

Vertebral Canal

119
Q

The tapering inferior end of the spinal cord is called the ________.

A

Conus Medullaris

120
Q

Inferior to the conus medullaris, groups of axons called the _________ project from the spinal cord.

A

Cauda Equina

121
Q

Within the cauda equina is the ________, which is a thin strand of ______ that helps anchor the _______ to the _______.

A
  1. Filum Terminale
  2. Pia Mater
  3. Conus Medullaris
  4. Coccyx
122
Q

The ________ is located in the inferior cervical part of the spinal cord and innervates the upper limbs.

A

Cervical Enlargement

123
Q

The _________ extends through the lumbar and sacral parts of the spinal cord and innervates the lower limbs.

A

Lumbosacral Enlargement

124
Q 
The spinal cord is associated with \_\_\_\_\_ pairs of spinal nerves:
\_\_\_\_ cervical nerves 
\_\_\_\_ thoracic nerves 
\_\_\_\_ lumbar nerves 
\_\_\_\_ sacral nerves 
\_\_\_\_ coccygeal nerves
A 
---->31 Pairs:
8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal
125
Q

The spinal cord is protected and encapsulated by _______, which are continuous with the ________.

A
  1. Spinal cord meninges

2. Cranial meninges

126
Q

The ______ lies between the dura mater and the periosteum of the spinal cord.

A

Epidural space

127
Q

The subarachnoid space of the spinal cord is significant because it is _______.

A

Filled with CSF

128
Q

The Pia mater has paired, lateral triangular extensions called ________, which _____________.

A
  1. Denticulate ligaments

2. Suspend and anchor the spinal cord laterally to the dura mater

129
Q

Describe the inner and outer region of the spinal cord:

A

Outer: Gray Matter, contains dendrites and cell bodies of neurons, un-myelinated axons, and glial cells
Inner: White Matter, contains myelinated axons

130
Q

What are the 4 sections that the inner gray matter of the spinal cord is divided into?

A
  1. Anterior Horns
  2. Lateral Horns
  3. Posterior Horns
  4. Gray Commissure
131
Q

What are the 4 sections that the outer white matter of the spinal cord is divided into?

A
  1. Anterior Funiculus
  2. Lateral Funiculus
  3. Posterior Funiculus
  4. White Commisure
132
Q

The anterior horns contain _________, so the nuclei housed here are _________ nuclei.

A
  1. Cell bodies of SOMATIC motor neurons

2. Somatic Motor Nuclei

133
Q

The lateral horns contain __________, so the nuclei housed here are _________ nuclei.

A
  1. Cell bodies of AUTONOMIC motor neurons

2. Autonomic Motor Nuclei

134
Q

The lateral horns are only found in the ______ parts of the

spinal cord.

A

T1–L2

135
Q

The posterior horns contain ________________, so the nuclei housed here are ________ and ______ nuclei.

A
  1. Axons of sensory neurons and cell bodies of interneurons

2. Somatic sensory and Visceral Sensory Nuclei

136
Q

The gray commissure contains ______________. Also it houses the ___________.

A
  1. Unmyelinated axons and serves as a communication route between the right and left side
  2. Central Canal
137
Q

The axons within each funiculus of the spinal cord white matter are organized into ________.

A

Tracts

138
Q

What are the 3 connective tissue wrappings of the spinal nerves?

A
  1. Endoneurium
  2. Perineurium
  3. Epineurium
139
Q

_________ are rapid, automatic, involuntary reactions of muscles or glands to a stimulus

A

Reflexes

140
Q

A rapid response requires that _______ and ________.

A
  1. Few neurons be involved

2. Synaptic delay be minimal

141
Q

A _______ is the neural wiring of a single reflex. It ALWAYS begins at ___________.

A
  1. Reflex Arc

2. A receptor in the PNS

142
Q

What are the 5 basic components of a reflex arc?

A
  1. Reception of stimulus at PNS receptor
  2. Nerve impulse travels through sensory neurons to the spinal cord
  3. Nerve impulse is processed in the integration center by interneurons
  4. Motor neuron transmits nerve impulse to effector
  5. Effector responds to nerve impulse from motor neuron
143
Q

A reflex arc may be: (2)

A

– Ipsilateral: Both the receptor and effector organs are on the same side
– Contralateral: The sensory impulses from a receptor organ cross over through the spinal cord to activate effector organs on the opposite limb

144
Q

The reflex itself may also be: (2)

A

– Monosynaptic: Sensory axons synapse directly on motor neurons, whose axons project to the effector
– Polysynaptic: More complex pathways that exhibit a number of synapses involving interneurons within the reflex arc

145
Q

The _________ is an example of a polysynaptic

reflex arc, and it has 3 components:

A

Withdrawal Reflex:
– Painful stimulus causes transmission of sensory information to the spinal cord
– Interneurons receive the sensory information and stimulate the motor neurons to direct flexor muscles to contract in response
– Simultaneously, antagonistic extensor muscles are inhibited so that the traumatized body part may be quickly withdrawn from the harmful stimulation

146
Q

The _______ is an example of a monosynaptic reflex arc, and it has 2 components:

A

Stretch Reflex:
– Stretch in a muscle is monitored by a stretch receptor called the muscle spindle
– When a stimulus results in the stretching of a muscle, the muscle reflexively contracts

147
Q

The ________ is another example of a polysynaptic reflex arc. A brief description of this reflex is ________.

A

Golgi Tendon Reflex:
-Stretch on the tendon where it meets the muscle signals interneurons to inhibit motor neurons from causing muscle contraction

148
Q

Each nervous system pathway consists of a ______ and a _______.

A
  1. Tract

2. Nucleus

149
Q

A _______ is a collection of neuron cell bodies located in the CNS.

A

Nucleus

150
Q

Ascending pathways are _______ because they carry _______ information from the ______ to the _______.

A
  1. Sensory
  2. Sensory
  3. Body
  4. Brain
151
Q

Descending pathways are ________ because they carry _____ information from the ____ to the ______.

A
  1. Motor
  2. Motor
  3. Brain
  4. Muscles or glands
152
Q

If a pathway decussates, it is considered to be _______.

A

Contralateral

153
Q

Somatotopy:

A

A point-to-point correspondence exhibited by most neural pathways
(i.e. Specific parts of the body match up at specific points in the primary somatosensory cortex in the post central gyrus)

154
Q

Sensory pathways have _____, _____, and _____ neurons while Motor pathways have _____ and _____ neurons.

A
  1. Primary, Secondary, and SOMETIMES Tertiary

2. Upper and Lower Motor

155
Q

The 2 types of sensory pathways are _______ and _______.

A

Somatosensory

Viscerosensory

156
Q

The three types of somatosensory pathways include:

A
  1. Posterior funiculus–medial lemniscus pathway (PF-ML)
  2. Anterolateral pathway
  3. Spinocerebellar pathway
157
Q

The posterior funiculus–medial lemniscal pathway projects through the ______, ______, and _______ before terminating within the _______.

A
  1. Spinal Cord, Brain Stem, and Diencephalon

2. Cerebral cortex

158
Q

The PF-ML pathway conducts SENSORY stimuli concerned with information about ______, _____, _____, and ______.

A
  1. Limb position
  2. Discriminative touch
  3. Pressure
  4. Vibration
159
Q

The two tracts of the PF-ML pathway are the ________, which houses axons of sensory neurons in the ____________. And the _________, which houses axons of sensory neurons in the _____________. In the spinal cord, these tracts are collectively called the _______, while in the brain stem they are collectively called the _______.

A
  1. Funiculus Cuneatus: Upper limbs, superior trunk, neck, and posterior region of the head
  2. Funiculus Gracilis: Lower Limbs and Inferior trunk
  3. Posterior Funiculus
  4. Medial Lemniscus
160
Q

Descending Projection Tracts are ______ pathways that originate from the ____ and _______.

A
  1. Motor
  2. Cerebral Cortex
  3. Brain Stem
161
Q

The Upper Motor Neuron is housed either within the _______ or ________.

A
  1. Cerebral Cortex

2. A Nucleus within the Brain Stem

162
Q

The Lower Motor Neuron is housed either within the _______ or ________.

A
  1. Anterior horn of the spinal cord

2. Within a Brain Stem Cranial Nerve Nucleus

163
Q

The Upper Motor Neuron either ________ or _______, whereas the Lower Motor Neuron is ALWAYS _______ because its axon ________.

A
  1. Excites or Inhibits the Lower Motor Neuron
  2. Excitatory
  3. Connects directly to skeletal muscle fibers
164
Q

Motor neuron axons form two types of somatic motor pathways:

A
  1. Direct pathway: Conscious control of skeletal muscle activity
  2. Indirect pathway: Unconscious control of skeletal muscle activity
165
Q

The direct pathway is also called the __________, because it originates in the _____________. Its axons descend through the _________, enter the _________, and ultimately form ______ descending motor tracts.

A
  1. Pyramidal pathway
  2. Pyramid cells of the Primary Motor Cortex
  3. Internal Capsule
  4. Cerebral Peduncles
  5. THREE
166
Q

The three descending motor tracts of the DIRECT pathway include:

A
  1. Corticobulbar tract
  2. Lateral corticospinal tract
  3. Anterior corticospinal tract
167
Q

The corticospinal tracts descend from the _______ and form a pair of thick anterior bulges in the _______ called the _______. Then the axons of upper motor neurons synapse on lower motor neurons in the _______.

A
  1. Cerebral cortex
  2. Medulla oblongata
  3. Pyramids
  4. Anterior Horn of the Spinal Cord
168
Q

Axons of the lower motor neurons in the LATERAL and ANTERIOR Corticospinal tracts innervate ________ and _______ respectively.

A
  1. Skeletal Muscles in the LIMBS that control skilled movements
  2. Skeletal Muscles in the Axial skeleton
169
Q

The Upper motor neurons of the LATERAL and ANTERIOR Corticospinal tracts decussate in the _____ and _____ respectively before synapsing with Lower motor neurons in the ______ and ______ of the spinal cord respectively.

A
  1. Pyramids of the Medulla Oblongata
  2. White Commissure of the Spinal Cord
    - ———————
  3. Lateral Funiculi
  4. Anterior Funiculi
170
Q

If an upper motor neuron is damaged, the result will be ________, whereas if a lower motor neuron is damaged, the result will be _____________.

A
  1. Spastic Paralysis

2. Flaccid Paralysis

Anatomy 165 (4 decks)

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