Final Exam Flashcards
Skull Fractures: Locations
calvaria, basllar, facial, incisive, mandibular
What is important to asses w/ facial fractures?
nasolacrimal duct patency
What type of catheter is used to drain the maxillary sinus?
foley catheter
Mandibular Fracture: Tx Options
cerclage, screws, plates, external fixation, combo
Parrot Mouth (Brachynathism): Tx
osteotomy + distractions
Cervical Vertebra Fracture: Tx Options
screws, plates, external fixation
Static Compressive Spinal Cord Lesions: Etiology
DJD of caudal cervical vertebra
Static Compressive Spinal Cord Lesions: Tx
less than 1yr - PACE feeding
rest, dorsal laminectomy, interbody fusion
Equine Dental Dz: Signs
wt. loss, constipation, poor performance, head shaking, lameness
Curve of Spee: Definition
natural curve of the teeth following the mandible
Teeth Floating: technique
move float cranio-caudal while pressing with the opposite hand
What tooth is the wolf tooth?
Maxillary P1
Sheer Mouth: Definition
massetor muscle atrophy
How do you make a bit seat?
trim P2 so gingiva doesn’t pinch
Dentigerous Cysts: Etiology
congenital anomaly
Dentigerous Cysts: Sign
swelling at base of ear
Dentigerous Cysts: Tx
sx removal
T/F: Foals are born w/ deciduous incisors
False
they’re born with premolars
When do deciduous incisors erupt?
6d
6wk
6mo
When do Adult incisors erupt?
- 5yr
- 5yr
- 5yr
When do adult premolars erupt?
2yr
3yr
4yr
When do deciduous molars erupt?
1yr
2yr
3yr
When do cups disappear from the incisors?
3.5yr after adult eruption
Equine: Dental Formula
I 3/3
C 1/1
P 3/3 (P1 is vestigial)
M 3/3
Sinusitis: Forms
Primary - URTI
Secondary - dental, fracture, cysts, neoplasia
Sinusitis: Signs
serosanguinous nasal discharge, chough, facial deformity
Sinusitis: Dx
rads (fluid line), endoscopy
Sinusitis: Sx Landmarks
1cm above halfway between medial canthus and cranial edge of facial crest
Sinusitis: Sx Aftercare
leave open, flush daily, abx, NSAIDs
Cribbing: Tx
change environment, cribbing strap, sx removal of - laryngeal bones, Ventral branch of CN XI, sternothyrouhyoideus m.
Viborg’s Triangle: Borders
sternomandibular muscle, lingofacial vein, cd. border of vertical ramus
Tympany: Signs
nonpainful, dyspnea, dyshagia, inhalation pneumonia
Tympany: Tx
drain - needle aspiration, indwelling catheter, sx
Empyema: Etiology
URTI, abscessation of retropharyngeal, stylohyoid fracture
Empyema: Signs
nasal discharge
Empyema: Tx
indwelling catheter, sx
Colic in Foals: Neonatal Etiology
meconium impaction, enteritis, hernia w/ ruptured tunic
Colic in Foals: 2-5d old Etiology
ruptured bladder, atresia coli
Colic in Foals: >5d old Etiology
gastric outflow obstruction, SI volvulous, intussusception, heria
Rectal Tear: Etiology
iatrogenic
Rectal Tear: Grades
1 - mucosa +/- submucosa
2 - muscularis only
3 - only serosa remains
4 - full thickness tear
Rectal Tear: Tx - Grade 1/2
abx, analgesic, laxative
Rectal Tear: Tx - Grade 3/4
sx (repair + fecal diversion), fluids, banamine, abx, buscopan (intestinal relaxation)
Fecal Diversion: Procedure
rectal sleeve w/ hand cut off glued to prolapse ring, sutured in place w/ Catgut
When is a colostomy indicated w/ rectal tears?
> 25% of rectal diameter
>50cm w/in rectum
Rectal Prolapse: Grades
1 - only mucosa exposed
2 - all layers exposed
3 - 2 + descending colon intussusepts
4 - tissue becomes necrotic
Rectal Prolapse: Tx - Grade 1/2
epidural, reduction, reduce edema, +/- purse string/perirectal iodine injection
Rectal Prolapse: Tx - Grade 3/4
remove devitalized tissue, sx reduce
Inguinal Hernias: Tx Methods
cx + repair, inguinal heriorrhaphy,
Umbilical Hernia: Conservative Tx - Indications
less than 5cm (3 fingers), less than 1yr old
Umbilical Hernia: Conservative Tx
spontaneous, daily reduction and irritate ring, hernia clamp
When does an umbilical hernia become complicated?
when the peritoneum is open
What pattern do you use to close the hernia?
vest over pants aka overlapping pattern
T/F: The umbilical vein is the most commonly infected umbilical remnant.
False
the urachus is most common, neck and neck with umbilical arteries
Infected Umbilical Remnants: Tx
sx removal
Choke: Conservative Tx
atropine, oxytocin, lidocaine, warm water pulse,
Choke: Sx Tx
esophagotomy w/ ventral fistula
Rumen Fistula: Indications
relieve free gas, nutrition studies, feed directly
How much rumen should be exposed before making the fistula?
1in
T/F: Therapeutic ruminal fistulas require a second sx to close.
false
they close on their own w/in wks
Rumenotomy: Indications
hardware dz, grain overload, impaction, indigestion, foreign body
What is important to remember when opening the rumen for a rumenotomy?
rumen is folded over the skin, so backflow doesn’t enter the abdomen
When do you lavage the rumen?
grain overload
Segmental Posthectomy: Indications
mass removal
Phallectomy: Definition
amputation of the penis + urethrostomy
Phallopexy: Indications
retract paralyzed penis
Ovariectomy: Indications
Unilateral - abscess, mass
Bilateral - eliminate estrous/nymphomania
Ovariectomy: Approaches
flank, colpotomy (transvaginal), laparoscopy, midline
Colic Management: Pain
multimodal, banamine + xylazine, butophanol (last resort), buscopan (spasmolytics)
Colic Sx: Indications
persistent pain/gas reflux, entrolith palpated, edematous SI, cardio deterioration, abdominal distention
Colic Sx: Approaches
ventral, inguinal, flank
Colic Post-op: Pain Management
banamine, lidocaine CRI
Colic Post-op: Endotoxemia Management
fluids, banamine, DTO, polymyxin B
Colic Post-op: Ileus Management
supportive, NG tube, fluids + electrolytes, prokinetics
T/F: Radiographs are an available diagnostic tool in foals.
true
What is the max dose of Banamine in foals?
1.1mg/kg BID
What GI protectant is effective in foals?
ranitidine (omeprazole only works after 30d old)
What does an IgG less than 800 in foals indicate?
partial passive transfer failure
T/F: A ruptured bladder in a foal is a surgical emergency.
False
it is a medical emergency, sx can be done once stable
