Final Exam Flashcards by Ross Taylor

T/F: The equine cervix is the least sensitive organ to hormones.

false

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Equine: Cervix Appearance

progesterone - closed and dry

estrogen - low, relaxed, moist

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T/F: The equine cervix can always be dilated.

True

because they don’t have fibrous rings

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How many folds does the equine uterus have?

12-14

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Equine Oviduct: Function

sperm storage, fertilization site, embryo transport

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When and how does the embryo descend to the uterus?

5.5d after ovulation when UTJ opens from PGE

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How large are mature equine follicles?

40+mm

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Equine: Udder confimation

2 teats

2 glands/teat (half)

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When do you start artificial lighting to induce estrus in mares?

60d prior

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What hormones can be used to reduce the transitional period?

progesterone for 10d
progestagens (alternogest) for 10d
dopamine antagonists

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Equine: Estrus Detection

rectal palpation, U/S

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When should ovulation be induced in mares?

follicle size >35mm, uterine edema

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Equine Ovulation: Induction Hormones

hCG - w/in 24-48hrs

Deslorelin - between 38-44hrs

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What are reasons a mare fails to respond to ovulation induction agents?

immature follicle, not in estrus, anovulatory follicle

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How do you differentiate a CL?

U/S shows vascularization

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Equine Luteolysis: Induction Agents

PGF2a (lutalyse)
Clorprostenol (estrumate)
return to estrus in 3-5d

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Equine Luteolysis: Induction Timing

CL must be 5d old

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Mare BSE: Components

hx, general appearance, perineal area, PE, repro exam

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Equine: Vulvar Conformation

windsucker test, 2/3 below pelvic bone

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Equine: Vaginoscopy

cervical position, detect discharge/lacerations

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T/F: The maiden mare’s cervix will lose functional integrity around 8yrs old.

true

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Equine: Cervix Pathology

fails to relax during estrus, fails to close during diestrus, adhesions

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Equine: Uterine Culture - Purpose

pre-breeding screening, endometritis

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T/F: Both cytology and culture must be positive to indicate contamination.

False

only 1 has to be positive

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What are the 2 most common bacteria found on Uterine culture?

Staph zooepidemicus, klebsiella

When do you perform a uterine biopsy?

repeated fetal deaths, fail to respond to tx

Equine: Uterine Biopsy - Grades

I - normal (80-90% foaling) IIA - mild change (50-80% foaling) IIB - moderate change (10-50% foaling) III - severe change (less than 10% foaling)

What factors influence chances of pregnancy?

management, clean mare, timing, semen

Equine Pregnancy Rate: Equation

#mares pregnant/ #mares bred

Equine Pregnancy Rate: Goals

60% /cycle | >90% /season

Equine Estrus: Signs

progressive uterine edema, cervix flexed

Equine: Insemination Timing

natural/fresh - 48-72hrs prior fresh cooled - 24-36hrs prior frozen - less than 12hr

Equine: Pregnancy Detection

``` embryo enters uterus - ~6d fixation + prostaglandin rise - 16d heartbeat - ~25d placental formation - 35-40d no longer CL dependant - 90d endometrial cup regression - 100d ```

Equine: Vesicle Development

10d - 14d | 5mm - 22mm

Equine: Vesicle Morphology - Embryo

round, anechoic @24d embryo on ventral aspect @28d embryo in middle @35d embryo on dorsal aspect

Equine: Vesicle Morphology - Fetus

round anechoic @38d fetus begins ventral migration after 45d fetus reaches ventral aspect, umbilical cord formed

When are you able to sex the fetus?

55-65d

What does endometrial cups produce?

eCG => accessory CL

T/F: Twin pregnancies in mares are favorable.

false | they are NOT favorable

Equine Twining: Reduction Methods

spontaneous, manual, transvaginal aspiration, manual trauma, snap neck, IC KCl, sx, diet

What's the difference between fetal mummificaion and maceration in equines?

mummification - death in absence of bact | maceration - death in presence of bact

When does hydrallantois present?

after 7th mo

Equine Hydrallontois: Tx

dilate cervix, puncture membrane, slow release, oxytocin q30min

Equine Prepubic Tendon Rupture: Signs

distended abdomen, "saw-horse" stance, congested udder

When is a mare's gestation considered prolonged?

>360d

Equine Gestation: Fescue Effects

dec. milk, prolonged gestation, weak foals/abortion, dystocia

Equine Gestation: Fescue Tx

remove 30-45d prior, low progesterone starting @ 300d, domperidone

When should you vaccinate mares so that they have the antibodies in the colostrum?

4-6wk prior

Equine Parturition: Signs

udder formation, presence of colostrum, relaxed cervix

Equine Milk: Electrolyte Trends

Na dec Ca inc K inc then dec

Equine Parturition: Induction Drugs

oxytocin - foals w/in 60min | steroids and prostaglandins are unpredictable

Equine Parturition: Placental Assessment

spread and rinse, confirm it's complete, umbilical length

When should the placenta in mares be expelled by?

3hrs

Equine Retained Placenta: Tx

oxytocin

Equine Perineal Lacerations: Degrees

1st: skin and MM 2nd: 1st + deeper structure 3rd: complete tear

T/F: Dystocia in the mare is always an emergency.

true

Equine Dystocia: EXIT Definition

EX-utero Intra-partum Treatment

Equine Dystocia: EXIT Procedure

intubate foal while in birth canal, ventilate w/ ambubag

Stallion BSE: Sperm Exam Components

volume concentration motility

Stallion BSE: Pre-Season Exam

culture, longevity, lameness, vx, semen evaluation

Stallion BSE: External Genitalia Exam

skin thickness, testis size number, orientation, scrotal width

T/F: You can predict the DSO of the stallion based on the size of the testes.

True

What is the proper way for the stallion to dismount?

walk the mare forward

T/F: Stallions perform better when a routine is not implemented

false | They perform better when a routine is implemented

Stallion Chemical Ejaculation: Drug

imipramine

Summer Sores: Etiology

haberonema muscae larva

Summer Sores: Signs

granulomatous rxn, yellow caseous granules

Summer Sores: Tx

ivermectin

DSO: Equation

0.532(L x W x H)

Stallion Seminal Plasma Alkaline Phosphate: Value Interpretation

>1000 true ejaculation 100-1000 partial ejaculation/blockage less than 100 ejaculation failure/blockage

Oligo-/Azospermia: Tx

massage amullae, oxytocin, inc. frequency of collection

T/F: Hormones can improve semen quality.

True

Proud Cut: Definition

castrated but some of testes left behind

Camelids: Luteal Phase Length

Which uterine horn do most camelid embryos implant?

left horn

Camelids: Gestation Length

11.5mo

Camelids: Age of Puberty

1-2yr

T/F: Camelids are induced ovulators.

true

Camelid Female Infertility: Etiologies

persistant hymen, segmental aplasia, intersex, uterine infections

What is the Epidural Membrane in Camelids?

extra fetal membrane for lubrication

Camelid: Semen Collection

intravaginal condoms/sponges, post copula aspiration, electroejaculation, AV