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Therio > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

T/F: The equine cervix is the least sensitive organ to hormones.

A

false

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2
Q

Equine: Cervix Appearance

A

progesterone - closed and dry

estrogen - low, relaxed, moist

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3
Q

T/F: The equine cervix can always be dilated.

A

True

because they don’t have fibrous rings

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4
Q

How many folds does the equine uterus have?

A

12-14

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5
Q

Equine Oviduct: Function

A

sperm storage, fertilization site, embryo transport

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6
Q

When and how does the embryo descend to the uterus?

A

5.5d after ovulation when UTJ opens from PGE

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7
Q

How large are mature equine follicles?

A

40+mm

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8
Q

Equine: Udder confimation

A

2 teats

2 glands/teat (half)

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9
Q

When do you start artificial lighting to induce estrus in mares?

A

60d prior

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10
Q

What hormones can be used to reduce the transitional period?

A

progesterone for 10d
progestagens (alternogest) for 10d
dopamine antagonists

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11
Q

Equine: Estrus Detection

A

rectal palpation, U/S

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12
Q

When should ovulation be induced in mares?

A

follicle size >35mm, uterine edema

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13
Q

Equine Ovulation: Induction Hormones

A

hCG - w/in 24-48hrs

Deslorelin - between 38-44hrs

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14
Q

What are reasons a mare fails to respond to ovulation induction agents?

A

immature follicle, not in estrus, anovulatory follicle

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15
Q

How do you differentiate a CL?

A

U/S shows vascularization

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16
Q

Equine Luteolysis: Induction Agents

A

PGF2a (lutalyse)
Clorprostenol (estrumate)
return to estrus in 3-5d

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17
Q

Equine Luteolysis: Induction Timing

A

CL must be 5d old

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18
Q

Mare BSE: Components

A

hx, general appearance, perineal area, PE, repro exam

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19
Q

Equine: Vulvar Conformation

A

windsucker test, 2/3 below pelvic bone

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20
Q

Equine: Vaginoscopy

A

cervical position, detect discharge/lacerations

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21
Q

T/F: The maiden mare’s cervix will lose functional integrity around 8yrs old.

A

true

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22
Q

Equine: Cervix Pathology

A

fails to relax during estrus, fails to close during diestrus, adhesions

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23
Q

Equine: Uterine Culture - Purpose

A

pre-breeding screening, endometritis

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24
Q

T/F: Both cytology and culture must be positive to indicate contamination.

A

False

only 1 has to be positive

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25
Q

What are the 2 most common bacteria found on Uterine culture?

A

Staph zooepidemicus, klebsiella

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26
Q

When do you perform a uterine biopsy?

A

repeated fetal deaths, fail to respond to tx

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27
Q

Equine: Uterine Biopsy - Grades

A

I - normal (80-90% foaling)
IIA - mild change (50-80% foaling)
IIB - moderate change (10-50% foaling)
III - severe change (less than 10% foaling)

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28
Q

What factors influence chances of pregnancy?

A

management, clean mare, timing, semen

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29
Q

Equine Pregnancy Rate: Equation

A

mares pregnant/ #mares bred

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30
Q

Equine Pregnancy Rate: Goals

A

60% /cycle

>90% /season

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31
Q

Equine Estrus: Signs

A

progressive uterine edema, cervix flexed

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32
Q

Equine: Insemination Timing

A

natural/fresh - 48-72hrs prior
fresh cooled - 24-36hrs prior
frozen - less than 12hr

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33
Q

Equine: Pregnancy Detection

A 
embryo enters uterus - ~6d
fixation + prostaglandin rise - 16d
heartbeat - ~25d
placental formation - 35-40d
no longer CL dependant - 90d
endometrial cup regression - 100d
34
Q

Equine: Vesicle Development

A

10d - 14d

5mm - 22mm

35
Q

Equine: Vesicle Morphology - Embryo

A

round, anechoic
@24d embryo on ventral aspect
@28d embryo in middle
@35d embryo on dorsal aspect

36
Q

Equine: Vesicle Morphology - Fetus

A

round anechoic
@38d fetus begins ventral migration
after 45d fetus reaches ventral aspect, umbilical cord formed

37
Q

When are you able to sex the fetus?

A

55-65d

38
Q

What does endometrial cups produce?

A

eCG => accessory CL

39
Q

T/F: Twin pregnancies in mares are favorable.

A

false

they are NOT favorable

40
Q

Equine Twining: Reduction Methods

A

spontaneous, manual, transvaginal aspiration, manual trauma, snap neck, IC KCl, sx, diet

41
Q

What’s the difference between fetal mummificaion and maceration in equines?

A

mummification - death in absence of bact

maceration - death in presence of bact

42
Q

When does hydrallantois present?

A

after 7th mo

43
Q

Equine Hydrallontois: Tx

A

dilate cervix, puncture membrane, slow release, oxytocin q30min

44
Q

Equine Prepubic Tendon Rupture: Signs

A

distended abdomen, “saw-horse” stance, congested udder

45
Q

When is a mare’s gestation considered prolonged?

A

> 360d

46
Q

Equine Gestation: Fescue Effects

A

dec. milk, prolonged gestation, weak foals/abortion, dystocia

47
Q

Equine Gestation: Fescue Tx

A

remove 30-45d prior, low progesterone starting @ 300d, domperidone

48
Q

When should you vaccinate mares so that they have the antibodies in the colostrum?

A

4-6wk prior

49
Q

Equine Parturition: Signs

A

udder formation, presence of colostrum, relaxed cervix

50
Q

Equine Milk: Electrolyte Trends

A

Na dec
Ca inc
K inc then dec

51
Q

Equine Parturition: Induction Drugs

A

oxytocin - foals w/in 60min

steroids and prostaglandins are unpredictable

52
Q

Equine Parturition: Placental Assessment

A

spread and rinse, confirm it’s complete, umbilical length

53
Q

When should the placenta in mares be expelled by?

A

3hrs

54
Q

Equine Retained Placenta: Tx

A

oxytocin

55
Q

Equine Perineal Lacerations: Degrees

A

1st: skin and MM
2nd: 1st + deeper structure
3rd: complete tear

56
Q

T/F: Dystocia in the mare is always an emergency.

A

true

57
Q

Equine Dystocia: EXIT Definition

A

EX-utero Intra-partum Treatment

58
Q

Equine Dystocia: EXIT Procedure

A

intubate foal while in birth canal, ventilate w/ ambubag

59
Q

Stallion BSE: Sperm Exam Components

A

volume
concentration
motility

60
Q

Stallion BSE: Pre-Season Exam

A

culture, longevity, lameness, vx, semen evaluation

61
Q

Stallion BSE: External Genitalia Exam

A

skin thickness, testis size number, orientation, scrotal width

62
Q

T/F: You can predict the DSO of the stallion based on the size of the testes.

A

True

63
Q

What is the proper way for the stallion to dismount?

A

walk the mare forward

64
Q

T/F: Stallions perform better when a routine is not implemented

A

false

They perform better when a routine is implemented

65
Q

Stallion Chemical Ejaculation: Drug

A

imipramine

66
Q

Summer Sores: Etiology

A

haberonema muscae larva

67
Q

Summer Sores: Signs

A

granulomatous rxn, yellow caseous granules

68
Q

Summer Sores: Tx

A

ivermectin

69
Q

DSO: Equation

A

0.532(L x W x H)

70
Q

Stallion Seminal Plasma Alkaline Phosphate: Value Interpretation

A

> 1000 true ejaculation
100-1000 partial ejaculation/blockage
less than 100 ejaculation failure/blockage

71
Q

Oligo-/Azospermia: Tx

A

massage amullae, oxytocin, inc. frequency of collection

72
Q

T/F: Hormones can improve semen quality.

A

True

73
Q

Proud Cut: Definition

A

castrated but some of testes left behind

74
Q

Camelids: Luteal Phase Length

A

9d

75
Q

Which uterine horn do most camelid embryos implant?

A

left horn

76
Q

Camelids: Gestation Length

A

11.5mo

77
Q

Camelids: Age of Puberty

A

1-2yr

78
Q

T/F: Camelids are induced ovulators.

A

true

79
Q

Camelid Female Infertility: Etiologies

A

persistant hymen, segmental aplasia, intersex, uterine infections

80
Q

What is the Epidural Membrane in Camelids?

A

extra fetal membrane for lubrication

81
Q

Camelid: Semen Collection

A

intravaginal condoms/sponges, post copula aspiration, electroejaculation, AV

Therio (3 decks)

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