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Therio > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the order of the uterine layer from inside out?

A

mucosa -> submucosa -> circular smooth muscle -> longitudinal smooth muscle -> serosa

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2
Q

Ruminant Uterus: Distinguishing Feature

A

small uterine body, large uterine horns w/ caruncles

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3
Q

Sow Uterus: Distinguishing Feature

A

corkscrew cervix, wavy uterine horns

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4
Q

Mare Uterus: Distinguishing Features

A

large uterine body, small uterine horns

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5
Q

Oocyst Cycle: Order

A

primordial follicles -> primary follicles -> secondary follicle -> tertiary follicle -> antral follicle -> ovulation -> corpus luteum -> corpus albicans

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6
Q

Primary Follicle: Definition

A

oocyst w/ single cuboidal cell layer

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7
Q

Secondary Follicle: Definition

A

primary follicle w/ zona pellucida

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8
Q

Tertiary Follicle: Definition

A

secondary follicle surrounded in fluid, palpable

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9
Q

Antral Follicle: Definition

A

Tertiary follicle ready for ovulation, visible, inhibits development of other follicles

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10
Q

Corpus Luteum: Definition

A

produces progesterone

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11
Q

Infidibulum: appearance

A

“catcher’s mitt” of oviduct

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12
Q

Ampulla: Appearance

A

highly folded mucosa

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13
Q

Isthmus: Appearance

A

smooth mucosa, muscular

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14
Q

T/F: The medulla in mares is the center of the ovary.

A

False.

It is around the outside of the ovary

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15
Q

What are the male accessory sex glands in order from testes to urethra?

A

ampulla, vesicular glands, prostate, bulbourethral gland

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16
Q

What species only has the prostate?

A

dog

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17
Q

What species have all the accessory sex glands?

A

horse and ruminants

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18
Q

What species is only missing the ampulla?

A

pigs

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19
Q

What species is missing only the ampulla and vesicular glands?

A

cat

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20
Q

Leydig Cells: Hormone Response

A

LH -> progesterone/testosterone

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21
Q

Setoli Cells: Hormone Response

A

FSH => testosterone -> estrodiol

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22
Q

Sperm Differentiation: Phases

A

golgi -> cap -> acrosomal -> maturation

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23
Q

Golgi Phase: Process

A

acrosomal vesicle forms

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24
Q

Cap Phase: Process

A

acrosomal vesicle spreads over nucleus

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25
Q

Acrosomal Phase: Process

A

nucleus and cytoplasm elongates

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26
Q

Maturation Phase: Process

A

speratozoon is ready

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27
Q

Spermatozoon Anatomy: Head

A

nucleus, acrosome, postnuclear body

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28
Q

Spermatozoon Anatomy: Tail

A

middle piece, principle piece, terminal piece

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29
Q

T/F: Males have a surge center in the hypothalamus.

A

False

Females have a surge center

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30
Q

What causes the male to loose the surge center?

A

testosterone crossing the BBB and becoming estrodiol

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31
Q

What factors effect puberty onset?

A

size (females), seasonality, presence of opposite sex, genetics, housing density

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32
Q

What are the 4 cardinal signs of pregnancy in cattle?

A

fetal membrane slip
amniotic vesicle
placentomes
fetus

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33
Q

Membrane Slip: Time of Palpation

A

30-90d

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34
Q

Amniotic Vesicle: Time of Palpation

A

~32-60d

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35
Q

Placentomes: Time of Palpation

A

~80-end, inc. in size with time

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36
Q

Fetus: Time of Palpation

A

70d - descent begins (due to weight)
150d - descent ends
210d - ascent begins (due to inc. size)
240d - ascent ends

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37
Q

T/F: Hormones can cross the BBB, but steroids can’t.

A

False

Steroids can cross the BBB, but hormones can’t

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38
Q

What species are polyestrus?

A

bovine, porcine, rodents

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39
Q

What species are Seasonally Polyestrus?

A

short day - sheep, goats, deer

Long day - horse

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40
Q

What species are “Monestrus”?

A

canine, wolves, bears

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41
Q

Estrus Cycle: Phases

A

follicular, luteal

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42
Q

Follicular Phase: Primary Hormone

A

estrogen

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43
Q

Luteal Phase: Primary Hormone

A

progesterone

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44
Q

Estrus Cycle: Stages

A

(follicular phase) proestrus, estrus,

(luteal phase) metestrus, diestrus

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45
Q

Proestrus: Events

A

formation of ovulatory follicles, FSH + LH -> estrogen production

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46
Q

Estrus: Events

A

sexually receptive, peak estrogen secretion, ovulation

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47
Q

Metestrus: Events

A

CL formation, progesterone secretion

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48
Q

Diestrus: Events

A

peak progesterone secretion, ends with luteolysis

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49
Q

Prepartum: Changes

A

udder edema and milk production, relaxation of pelvic lig. -> raised tail head, melting of cervical plug

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50
Q

What stimulates parturition?

A

fetal ACTH

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51
Q

Eutocia: Stages

A

I - initiation of myometial contractions
II - expulsion of the fetus
III - expulsion of the membranes

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52
Q

Parturition: Stage I - Duration

A

1-6hrs

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53
Q

Parturition: Stage I - Signs

A

restlessness, isolation, nesting, inc. HR+RR

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54
Q

Parturition: Stage II - Duration

A

30-60min

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55
Q

Parturition: Stage II - Signs

A

active straining

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56
Q

Ferguson’s Reflex: Definition

A

wedging of fetus into cervix => inc. oxytocin release => inc. uterine contraction

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57
Q

What are the 3 P’s of Eutocia?

A

presentation, postision, posture

58
Q

Eutocia Presentation: Definition

A 
relation between fetus and dam spine, and part of fetus facing out
longitudinal: spines parallel
anterior - head first
posterior - butt first
transverse - spines perpendicular
59
Q

Eutocia Position: Definition

A

anatomic relation of fetus dorsum to maternal pelvis

e.g. - dorso-sacral, dorso-pubic, dorso - ilial

60
Q

Eutocia Posture: Definiion

A

anatomic relation of fetal limbs to body

e.g. flexed, extended, retained

61
Q

Dystocia: Maternal Causes

A

primary uterine inertia, secondary uterine inertia, abnormal birth canal

62
Q

Dystocia: Fetal Causes

A

abnormal presentation, fetal monsters, fetal oversize

63
Q

Primary Uterine Inertia: Definition

A

dam doesn’t progress to stage II

64
Q

Secondary Uterine Inertia: Definition

A

exhaustion of myometrium after extended labor

65
Q

Dystocia: Other Causes

A

insufficient/excess nutrition, management, dz, trauma

66
Q

What are the barriers surrounding the oocyst after ovulation?

A

cumulus cells, zona pellucida, oocyte membrane

67
Q

T/F: The acrosome reaction is only effective if if the sperm is bound to the zona pelucida.

A

true

68
Q

When does the Cortical Reaction occur?

A

when the sperm attaches to the oocyte plasma

69
Q

What happens to the oocyte after the cortical reaction?

A

zona pelusida hardens + vitelline membrane changes -> prevents other sperm form binding

70
Q

What must happen before the embryo attaches to the uterus?

A

the embyro must develop w/in zp + “hatch” from zp, maternal recognition, extra-embryonic membrane formation

71
Q

T/F: Each cell of the blastomere is multipotent.

A

False

each cell is Totipotent, meaning it can become a complete individual

72
Q

What is the earliest visible stage of pregnancy?

A

blastocyst on U/S

73
Q

Embryo Attachment: Cow

A

18-22d

74
Q

Embryo Attachment: Mare

A

36-45d

75
Q

Embryo Attachment: Sow/Ewe

A

15-18d

76
Q

Maternal Recognition of Pregnancy: Ruminants

A

interferon tau from trophoblastic cells, inhibit oxytocin receptor => no PGF2a release

77
Q

Maternal Recognition of Pregnancy: Sow

A

E2 from blastocyst => PGF2a destruction

78
Q

Maternal Recognition of Pregnancy: Mare

A

blastocyst migration throughout lumen, PGE2 from embryo

79
Q

What extra-embryonic membrane(s) becomes the placenta?

A

allanto-chorion

80
Q

Placental Layering: Types

A

epitheliochorial, endotheliochorial, hemochorial

81
Q

Epitheliochorial: Number of Layers

A

6 (3-3)

82
Q

Epitheliochorial: Examples

A

diffuse + cotyledonary placentas

83
Q

Endotheliochorial: Number of Layers

A

5 (2-3)

84
Q

Endotheliochorial: Example

A

zonary placenta

85
Q

Hemochorial: Number of Layers

A

4 (1-3)

86
Q

Hemochorial: Example

A

discoid placenta

87
Q

T/F: The fewer placental layers the more protected the fetus is from toxins.

A

False

the more layers, the more protected.

88
Q

Placenta: Function

A

metabolic interchange, endocrine, P4 production (cow, ewe, mare)

89
Q

Dairy Cattle: Breeding Cycle

A

Parturition -> VWP (60d) -> breeding -> Dry-off (60d)

90
Q

Estrus Detection Aids: Cattle

A

Tail pressure monitors, teaser bulls, pedometry

91
Q

Beef Cattle: Breeding Cycle

A

(bull left in herd) visit on 21 day cycles

92
Q

Beef Cattle: Breeding Goals

A

~60% after first cycle
~15% after second cycle
~10% after third cycle

93
Q

What does the breeding histogram look like when there is bull failure?

A

normal beginning then drop-off

94
Q

Estrus Synchronization: Methods

A

Prostaglandin, Progestin, Luteal + Follicular synchronization

95
Q

Prostaglandin Program: Purpose

A

lyse CL => brings back into cycle (2-5d)

96
Q

When is Prostaglandin program implemented?

A

2 shots, during diestrus, 11d apart

97
Q

Progesterone Program: Purpose

A

prolong diestrus

98
Q

When is Progesterone Program implemented?

A

at the end of diestrus w/ feed (MGA) or implant (CIDR)

99
Q

Follicular Synchronization: Purpose

A

initiate ovulation

100
Q

When is Follicular Synchronization initiated?

A

whenever

101
Q

How do you tell if the front legs or back legs are forward?

A

front legs - joints bend in the same direction

Hind legs - joints bend in opposite directions

102
Q

Obstetrical Management: Mutation

A

reposition the fetus

103
Q

Obstetrical Management: Repulstion

A

push the fetus back

104
Q

Obstetrical Management: Rotation

A

twist fetus into dorso-sacral

105
Q

Obstetrical Management: Version

A

turn fetus longitudinally

106
Q

How do you place chains on the leg?

A

one loop above the hoof, one loop above the fetlock

107
Q

T/F: It is easier to pull out the fetus by pulling both legs at the same time.

A

False

Alternate between left and right to twist shoulder/waist

108
Q

Episiotomy: Definition

A

expand vulva by incising at 10/2

109
Q

Fetotomy: Requirements

A

adequate space between uterine wall and fetus, easy removal of parts

110
Q

Fetotomy: Cuts

A

decapitation, forelimb amputation, detruncation, division of pelvis

111
Q

T/F: Decapitation should be done as low on the neck as possible.

A

True

112
Q

Fetotomy: Aftercare

A

lavage uterus, antibiotics, Ca

113
Q

Fetotomy: Indications

A

dead fetus, uncorrectable malposition, undeliverable

114
Q

What is a “True Breech”?

A

when the fetus is caudal, dorso-sacral, with both hind legs retunded

115
Q

C-Section: Indications

A

unsafe vaginal delivery,, want to keep fetus

116
Q

C-Section: Approaches

A

ventral midline, standing flank, recumbent flank

117
Q

C-Section: Uterine Closure

A

inverting pattern - Utrecht (“baseball stitch”), cushing, lembert
oxytocin

118
Q

T/F: Vaginal prolapse is heritable.

A

True

119
Q

Vaginal Prolapse: Grades

A

1 - slight protrusion only when lying down
2 - slight protrusion when standing
3 - extensive protrusion
4 - extensive protrusion w/ necrosis

120
Q

Vaginal Prolapse: Tx

A

epidural, clean, dec. edema (sugar), reduction (don’t use fingertips)

121
Q

How do you prevent reoccurrence of Vaginal Prolapse?

A

Buhner, halstead, bootlace, jorvet kit

122
Q

T/F: Uterine Prolapse is hereditary.

A

False

it’s accidental

123
Q

T/F: It is ok for the cow to be walking around with a prolapsed uterus.

A

False

The cow should be immobilized

124
Q

Prolapsed Uterus: Tx

A

epidural, clean, dec. edema, reduce (vulva -> deep), antibiotics, Ca

125
Q

Prolapsed Uterus: Sequela

A

Uterine Artery Rupture, septicemia, strangulation, reperfusion

126
Q

Perineal Lacerations: Degrees

A

1st - only mucosa, spontaneously heals
2nd - entire wall, but doesn’t include the rectum, wait 6-8wk then sx
3rd - entire wall including rectum, wait 6-8wk before sx

127
Q

Uterine Involution: Risk Factors

A

retained membranes, progesterone, oxytocin, inflammation

128
Q

Metritis: Signs

A

red-brown watery uterine discharge, w/in 21 postpartum

129
Q

Metritis: Tx

A

antibiotics, anti-inflammatory, +/- uterine lavage

130
Q

Endometritis: Signs

A

purulent discharge >21 day postpartum

131
Q

Endometritis: Tx

A

antibiotics, oxytocin, supportive

132
Q

Pyometra: Signs

A

purulent exudate in uterus, unobserved estrus,

133
Q

Pyometra: Etiology

A

(endo)metritis and concurrent CL

134
Q

Pyometra: Tx

A

remove CL (PGF2a)

135
Q

Prepubertal Anestrus: Etiology

A

poor nutrition, too young, intersex states

136
Q

True Anestrus: Etiology

A

insufficient hormone stimulus

137
Q

Apparent Anestrus: Etiology

A

failure to detect estrus

138
Q

Ovarian Follicular Cysts: Signs

A

anestrus, nymphomania, irregular estrus

139
Q

Ovarian Follicular Cysts: Dx

A

signs, U/S (fluid filled sac on ovary

140
Q

Ovarian Follicular Cysts: Tx

A

self limiting, manual rupture, lyse

Therio (3 decks)

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