Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
What is the order of the uterine layer from inside out?
A
mucosa -> submucosa -> circular smooth muscle -> longitudinal smooth muscle -> serosa
2
Q
Ruminant Uterus: Distinguishing Feature
A
small uterine body, large uterine horns w/ caruncles
3
Q
Sow Uterus: Distinguishing Feature
A
corkscrew cervix, wavy uterine horns
4
Q
Mare Uterus: Distinguishing Features
A
large uterine body, small uterine horns
5
Q
Oocyst Cycle: Order
A
primordial follicles -> primary follicles -> secondary follicle -> tertiary follicle -> antral follicle -> ovulation -> corpus luteum -> corpus albicans
6
Q
Primary Follicle: Definition
A
oocyst w/ single cuboidal cell layer
7
Q
Secondary Follicle: Definition
A
primary follicle w/ zona pellucida
8
Q
Tertiary Follicle: Definition
A
secondary follicle surrounded in fluid, palpable
9
Q
Antral Follicle: Definition
A
Tertiary follicle ready for ovulation, visible, inhibits development of other follicles
10
Q
Corpus Luteum: Definition
A
produces progesterone
11
Q
Infidibulum: appearance
A
“catcher’s mitt” of oviduct
12
Q
Ampulla: Appearance
A
highly folded mucosa
13
Q
Isthmus: Appearance
A
smooth mucosa, muscular
14
Q
T/F: The medulla in mares is the center of the ovary.
A
False.
It is around the outside of the ovary
15
Q
What are the male accessory sex glands in order from testes to urethra?
A
ampulla, vesicular glands, prostate, bulbourethral gland
16
Q
What species only has the prostate?
A
dog
17
Q
What species have all the accessory sex glands?
A
horse and ruminants
18
Q
What species is only missing the ampulla?
A
pigs
19
Q
What species is missing only the ampulla and vesicular glands?
A
cat
20
Q
Leydig Cells: Hormone Response
A
LH -> progesterone/testosterone
21
Q
Setoli Cells: Hormone Response
A
FSH => testosterone -> estrodiol
22
Q
Sperm Differentiation: Phases
A
golgi -> cap -> acrosomal -> maturation
23
Q
Golgi Phase: Process
A
acrosomal vesicle forms
24
Q
Cap Phase: Process
A
acrosomal vesicle spreads over nucleus
25
Acrosomal Phase: Process
nucleus and cytoplasm elongates
26
Maturation Phase: Process
speratozoon is ready
27
Spermatozoon Anatomy: Head
nucleus, acrosome, postnuclear body
28
Spermatozoon Anatomy: Tail
middle piece, principle piece, terminal piece
29
T/F: Males have a surge center in the hypothalamus.
False
| Females have a surge center
30
What causes the male to loose the surge center?
testosterone crossing the BBB and becoming estrodiol
31
What factors effect puberty onset?
size (females), seasonality, presence of opposite sex, genetics, housing density
32
What are the 4 cardinal signs of pregnancy in cattle?
fetal membrane slip
amniotic vesicle
placentomes
fetus
33
Membrane Slip: Time of Palpation
30-90d
34
Amniotic Vesicle: Time of Palpation
~32-60d
35
Placentomes: Time of Palpation
~80-end, inc. in size with time
36
Fetus: Time of Palpation
70d - descent begins (due to weight)
150d - descent ends
210d - ascent begins (due to inc. size)
240d - ascent ends
37
T/F: Hormones can cross the BBB, but steroids can't.
False
| Steroids can cross the BBB, but hormones can't
38
What species are polyestrus?
bovine, porcine, rodents
39
What species are Seasonally Polyestrus?
short day - sheep, goats, deer
| Long day - horse
40
What species are "Monestrus"?
canine, wolves, bears
41
Estrus Cycle: Phases
follicular, luteal
42
Follicular Phase: Primary Hormone
estrogen
43
Luteal Phase: Primary Hormone
progesterone
44
Estrus Cycle: Stages
(follicular phase) proestrus, estrus,
| (luteal phase) metestrus, diestrus
45
Proestrus: Events
formation of ovulatory follicles, FSH + LH -> estrogen production
46
Estrus: Events
sexually receptive, peak estrogen secretion, ovulation
47
Metestrus: Events
CL formation, progesterone secretion
48
Diestrus: Events
peak progesterone secretion, ends with luteolysis
49
Prepartum: Changes
udder edema and milk production, relaxation of pelvic lig. -> raised tail head, melting of cervical plug
50
What stimulates parturition?
fetal ACTH
51
Eutocia: Stages
I - initiation of myometial contractions
II - expulsion of the fetus
III - expulsion of the membranes
52
Parturition: Stage I - Duration
1-6hrs
53
Parturition: Stage I - Signs
restlessness, isolation, nesting, inc. HR+RR
54
Parturition: Stage II - Duration
30-60min
55
Parturition: Stage II - Signs
active straining
56
Ferguson's Reflex: Definition
wedging of fetus into cervix => inc. oxytocin release => inc. uterine contraction
57
What are the 3 P's of Eutocia?
presentation, postision, posture
58
Eutocia Presentation: Definition
```
relation between fetus and dam spine, and part of fetus facing out
longitudinal: spines parallel
anterior - head first
posterior - butt first
transverse - spines perpendicular
```
59
Eutocia Position: Definition
anatomic relation of fetus dorsum to maternal pelvis
| e.g. - dorso-sacral, dorso-pubic, dorso - ilial
60
Eutocia Posture: Definiion
anatomic relation of fetal limbs to body
| e.g. flexed, extended, retained
61
Dystocia: Maternal Causes
primary uterine inertia, secondary uterine inertia, abnormal birth canal
62
Dystocia: Fetal Causes
abnormal presentation, fetal monsters, fetal oversize
63
Primary Uterine Inertia: Definition
dam doesn't progress to stage II
64
Secondary Uterine Inertia: Definition
exhaustion of myometrium after extended labor
65
Dystocia: Other Causes
insufficient/excess nutrition, management, dz, trauma
66
What are the barriers surrounding the oocyst after ovulation?
cumulus cells, zona pellucida, oocyte membrane
67
T/F: The acrosome reaction is only effective if if the sperm is bound to the zona pelucida.
true
68
When does the Cortical Reaction occur?
when the sperm attaches to the oocyte plasma
69
What happens to the oocyte after the cortical reaction?
zona pelusida hardens + vitelline membrane changes -> prevents other sperm form binding
70
What must happen before the embryo attaches to the uterus?
the embyro must develop w/in zp + "hatch" from zp, maternal recognition, extra-embryonic membrane formation
71
T/F: Each cell of the blastomere is multipotent.
False
| each cell is Totipotent, meaning it can become a complete individual
72
What is the earliest visible stage of pregnancy?
blastocyst on U/S
73
Embryo Attachment: Cow
18-22d
74
Embryo Attachment: Mare
36-45d
75
Embryo Attachment: Sow/Ewe
15-18d
76
Maternal Recognition of Pregnancy: Ruminants
interferon tau from trophoblastic cells, inhibit oxytocin receptor => no PGF2a release
77
Maternal Recognition of Pregnancy: Sow
E2 from blastocyst => PGF2a destruction
78
Maternal Recognition of Pregnancy: Mare
blastocyst migration throughout lumen, PGE2 from embryo
79
What extra-embryonic membrane(s) becomes the placenta?
allanto-chorion
80
Placental Layering: Types
epitheliochorial, endotheliochorial, hemochorial
81
Epitheliochorial: Number of Layers
6 (3-3)
82
Epitheliochorial: Examples
diffuse + cotyledonary placentas
83
Endotheliochorial: Number of Layers
5 (2-3)
84
Endotheliochorial: Example
zonary placenta
85
Hemochorial: Number of Layers
4 (1-3)
86
Hemochorial: Example
discoid placenta
87
T/F: The fewer placental layers the more protected the fetus is from toxins.
False
| the more layers, the more protected.
88
Placenta: Function
metabolic interchange, endocrine, P4 production (cow, ewe, mare)
89
Dairy Cattle: Breeding Cycle
Parturition -> VWP (60d) -> breeding -> Dry-off (60d)
90
Estrus Detection Aids: Cattle
Tail pressure monitors, teaser bulls, pedometry
91
Beef Cattle: Breeding Cycle
(bull left in herd) visit on 21 day cycles
92
Beef Cattle: Breeding Goals
~60% after first cycle
~15% after second cycle
~10% after third cycle
93
What does the breeding histogram look like when there is bull failure?
normal beginning then drop-off
94
Estrus Synchronization: Methods
Prostaglandin, Progestin, Luteal + Follicular synchronization
95
Prostaglandin Program: Purpose
lyse CL => brings back into cycle (2-5d)
96
When is Prostaglandin program implemented?
2 shots, during diestrus, 11d apart
97
Progesterone Program: Purpose
prolong diestrus
98
When is Progesterone Program implemented?
at the end of diestrus w/ feed (MGA) or implant (CIDR)
99
Follicular Synchronization: Purpose
initiate ovulation
100
When is Follicular Synchronization initiated?
whenever
101
How do you tell if the front legs or back legs are forward?
front legs - joints bend in the same direction
| Hind legs - joints bend in opposite directions
102
Obstetrical Management: Mutation
reposition the fetus
103
Obstetrical Management: Repulstion
push the fetus back
104
Obstetrical Management: Rotation
twist fetus into dorso-sacral
105
Obstetrical Management: Version
turn fetus longitudinally
106
How do you place chains on the leg?
one loop above the hoof, one loop above the fetlock
107
T/F: It is easier to pull out the fetus by pulling both legs at the same time.
False
| Alternate between left and right to twist shoulder/waist
108
Episiotomy: Definition
expand vulva by incising at 10/2
109
Fetotomy: Requirements
adequate space between uterine wall and fetus, easy removal of parts
110
Fetotomy: Cuts
decapitation, forelimb amputation, detruncation, division of pelvis
111
T/F: Decapitation should be done as low on the neck as possible.
True
112
Fetotomy: Aftercare
lavage uterus, antibiotics, Ca
113
Fetotomy: Indications
dead fetus, uncorrectable malposition, undeliverable
114
What is a "True Breech"?
when the fetus is caudal, dorso-sacral, with both hind legs retunded
115
C-Section: Indications
unsafe vaginal delivery,, want to keep fetus
116
C-Section: Approaches
ventral midline, standing flank, recumbent flank
117
C-Section: Uterine Closure
inverting pattern - Utrecht ("baseball stitch"), cushing, lembert
oxytocin
118
T/F: Vaginal prolapse is heritable.
True
119
Vaginal Prolapse: Grades
1 - slight protrusion only when lying down
2 - slight protrusion when standing
3 - extensive protrusion
4 - extensive protrusion w/ necrosis
120
Vaginal Prolapse: Tx
epidural, clean, dec. edema (sugar), reduction (don't use fingertips)
121
How do you prevent reoccurrence of Vaginal Prolapse?
Buhner, halstead, bootlace, jorvet kit
122
T/F: Uterine Prolapse is hereditary.
False
| it's accidental
123
T/F: It is ok for the cow to be walking around with a prolapsed uterus.
False
| The cow should be immobilized
124
Prolapsed Uterus: Tx
epidural, clean, dec. edema, reduce (vulva -> deep), antibiotics, Ca
125
Prolapsed Uterus: Sequela
Uterine Artery Rupture, septicemia, strangulation, reperfusion
126
Perineal Lacerations: Degrees
1st - only mucosa, spontaneously heals
2nd - entire wall, but doesn't include the rectum, wait 6-8wk then sx
3rd - entire wall including rectum, wait 6-8wk before sx
127
Uterine Involution: Risk Factors
retained membranes, progesterone, oxytocin, inflammation
128
Metritis: Signs
red-brown watery uterine discharge, w/in 21 postpartum
129
Metritis: Tx
antibiotics, anti-inflammatory, +/- uterine lavage
130
Endometritis: Signs
purulent discharge >21 day postpartum
131
Endometritis: Tx
antibiotics, oxytocin, supportive
132
Pyometra: Signs
purulent exudate in uterus, unobserved estrus,
133
Pyometra: Etiology
(endo)metritis and concurrent CL
134
Pyometra: Tx
remove CL (PGF2a)
135
Prepubertal Anestrus: Etiology
poor nutrition, too young, intersex states
136
True Anestrus: Etiology
insufficient hormone stimulus
137
Apparent Anestrus: Etiology
failure to detect estrus
138
Ovarian Follicular Cysts: Signs
anestrus, nymphomania, irregular estrus
139
Ovarian Follicular Cysts: Dx
signs, U/S (fluid filled sac on ovary
140
Ovarian Follicular Cysts: Tx
self limiting, manual rupture, lyse
