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nutrition > final exam > Flashcards

final exam Flashcards

1
Q

which of the following is not considered a macronutrient

A

vitamins

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2
Q

a processed food is defined as

A

any food changed from natural state

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3
Q

a substance found in plants which cannot be made by the body and is not necessary to sustain life, but has healthful benefits is

A

phytochemical

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4
Q

which of the following statements about the typical american diet is true

A

intake of whole grains is low and more energy is consumed than expended

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5
Q

one important principle of a healthy diet is to eat a variety of foods. in this context “variety” refers to

A

choosing variety of foods from w/in food groups as well as among groups

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6
Q

which of the following yields energy but is not considered a nutrient

A

alcohol

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7
Q

the energy provided by foods is measured in

A

kilocalories

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8
Q

which of the following conditions does not represent a state of malnutrition

A

weight loss as result of increasing physical activity

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9
Q

a measure of the nutrient content of a food compared to its energy content is referred to as

A

nutrient density

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10
Q

the discipline which explores the relationship between genetic variation and nutrition is called

A

nutrigenomics

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11
Q

the recommended dietary allowances are estimated to meet the nutrient needs of what percentage of a healthy population

A

97-98%

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12
Q

how is the order in which ingredients are listed on a food label determined

A

by contribution to total weight

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13
Q

which is true regarding tolerable upper intake levels

A

not recommended level of consumption

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14
Q

empty calories are

A

from added sugars and or solid fats

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15
Q

a healthy eating pattern emphasizes all of the following except

A

eating 3 servings

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16
Q

the my plate plan separates foods into groups to help americans apply the recommendations of the dietary guidelines to their individual diets. these groups are

A

fruits, veggies, grains, protein foods, dairy

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17
Q

how would donuts be categorized in the my plate food plan

A

grains and empty cals

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18
Q

the recommendation of moderation in healthy diets

A

means limiting portion sizes and choosing nutrient dense foods

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19
Q

the variables used to calculate estimated energy requirements include

A

age, gender, weight, height, and physical acitivty

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20
Q

which is typically not found on a nutrition facts label

A

cals per serving compared to comparable products

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21
Q

the amount of nutrient estimated to meet the needs of 50% of people in the same gender and life stage group is the

A

EAR

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22
Q

the movement of food through the digestive tract is regulated by

A

endocrine and nervous system

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23
Q

the digestive tract begins at the __ and ends at the __

A

mouth & anus

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24
Q

the most important roles of the digestive system include digestion and

A

absorption

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25
Q

which structure prevents swallowed food from entering the trachea

A

epiglottis

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26
Q

the function of sphincters in the digestive tract is

A

regulate flow of food

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27
Q

the primary site of nutrient absorption is the

A

small intestine

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28
Q

__ are protein molecules that accelerate the rate of chemical reactions

A

enzymes

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29
Q

after water soluble nutrients are absorbed in the intestine, they are carried to the __ via the __

A

liver via hepatic portal vein

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30
Q

probiotics are defined as

A

beneficial bacteria added to foods

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31
Q

as chyme moves out of the stomach, it passes through the

A

gastroesophageal sphincter

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32
Q

the urinary and respiratory systems help the body to remove

A

metabolic waste products

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33
Q

chemical breakdown of glucose to produce energy is an example of

A

catabolism

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34
Q

lactose intolerance is caused by

A

inadequate production of enzyme lactase

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35
Q

which of the following statements about type 1 diabetes is correct

A

immune system destroys pancreatic cells that provide insulin

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36
Q

which of the following sequences represents a monosaccharide followed by a disaccharide followed by a polysaccharide

A

fructose, sucrose, starch

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37
Q

which of the following foods are the best sources of complex carbs

A

cereals and grains

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38
Q

the AMDR for carb intake for a healthy diet has been set at __ of the total energy required

A

30-45%

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39
Q

dietary fiber can help reduce blood cholesterol levels by

A

all of these are correct

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40
Q

aspartame

A

all of these are correct

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41
Q

the organ which supplies enzymes required for starch digestion include the

A

pancreas

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42
Q

aerobic metabolism occurs in

A

none of these choices are correct

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43
Q

an oligosaccharide is a

A

carb containing 3-10 sugar units

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44
Q

most fatty acids in food and in the body are found to a molecule called

A

glycerol

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45
Q

fatty acids are categorized based on the carbon chain length as well as

A

types and locations of bonds between carbons

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46
Q

the end of a fatty acid chain containing a methyl group is also referred to as the __ end

A

omega

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47
Q

__ fatty acids are not synthesized by the body

A

essential

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48
Q

a fatty acid with only one single bonds between carbon atoms is called a __ fatty acid

A

saturated

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49
Q

dietary sources of cholesterol include all of the following except

A

peanut butter

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50
Q

an omega 6 fatty acid is an example of

A

unsaturated fatty acid

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51
Q

when energy is ingested in excess of needs, the excess

A

us converted into triglycerides and stored in adipose tissue

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52
Q

reverse cholesterol transport is accomplished by

A

HDLs

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53
Q

which of the following health problems can increase a persons risk of developing heart disease

A

all of these increase risk

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54
Q

trans fatty acids are most abundant in foods that contain

A

partially hydrogenated oils

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55
Q

primary source of protein for the most of the worlds population is

A

grains and veggies

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56
Q

which of the following functions is performed by proteins in the body

A

all of these functions are performed by proteins

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57
Q

the AMDR for protein intake is __ % of energy intake

A

10-35

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58
Q

the basic building blocks of proteins are

A

amino acids

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59
Q

individuals with the genetic disorder phenylketonuria should limit their intake of what

A

aspartame

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60
Q

obtaining protein from plant foods may be advantageous because plant foods

A

all of the above

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61
Q

vegetarians have a lower risk of

A

all of these are occurrent

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62
Q

food allergies involve an interaction between a dietary protein and

A

dietary protein and immune system

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63
Q

a limting amino acid

A

is present in short supply relative to body needs

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64
Q

a pattern of food intake that eliminates all animal products is called

A

vegan vegetarian

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65
Q

which stamen about obesity is true

A

BMI > 30

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66
Q

what is the total energy content of a serving of granola that contains 7 grams of fat, 40 grams of carbs, and 4 grams of protein

A

239 kcals

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67
Q

after eating a large dinner, we feel full and satisfied. the term to describe this feeling is

A

satiety

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68
Q

the energy expended to dest and store nutrients is called

A

thermic effect of food

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69
Q

the energy content of a good is determined

A

by bomb calorimetry

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70
Q

to provide glucose to the body between meals

A

glycogen is broken down

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71
Q

basal metabolism in a typical person accounts for approx. what percentage of total energy expenditure

A

60-75

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72
Q

in order to calculate a persons body mass index, what info about the person must be known

A

height and weight

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73
Q

as foods are digested, the energy stored in the chemical bonds of carbs, proteins, and fats are converted to

A

ATP

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74
Q

which nutrient, when consumed in excess of energy needs, is/are preferentially used to produce body adipose tissue

A

fat

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75
Q

which B vitamin decrease the risk of neural rube debts in developing babies

A

folic acid

76
Q

a primary function of thiamin is to

A

facilitate production of energy from glucose

77
Q

many B vitamins function as __ which bind to enzymes to promote their activity

A

coenzymes

78
Q

which statement concerning vitamins is INCORRECT

A

if a vitamin is not provided by diet, the body will synthesize it

79
Q

which term describes how well a vitamin is absorbed and used by the body

A

bioavailability

80
Q

the __ is the site of most vitamin absorption into the body

A

small intestine

81
Q

vitamins may be lost when food is processed. when these vitamins are added back to the processed food at the same or higher level, the food is said to

A

enriched

82
Q

the process of adding nutrients to foods is called

A

fortification

83
Q

a common adverse effect of niacin toxicity is

A

flushing of skin

84
Q

which vitamin is referred to as sunshine vitamin

A

D

85
Q

a vitamin D deficiency disease in adults which is characterized by weak or soft bones is called ]

A

rickets

86
Q

The primary function of vitamin E is:

A

act as antioxidant

87
Q

reduced consumption of fruits and vegetables, tends to decrease intake of all of the following fat-soluble vitamins EXCEPT vitamin _____.

A

D

88
Q

vitamin k is required to produce prothombrin which is needed for

A

blood clotting

89
Q

beta-carotene is least plentiful in which food

A

mustard greens

90
Q

a condition in which carotenoids accumulate in adipose tissue causing skin discoloration is

A

hypercarotenemia

91
Q

excessive intake of vitamin A from supplements could cause all of the following except

A

acne

92
Q

when consumption of __ is insufficient, vitamin A absorption is decreased

A

fat

93
Q

fat soluble vitamins are transported from the intestine within

A

chylomicrons

94
Q

the UL for sodium intake is __ mg/day

A

2300

95
Q

which of the following individuals is at risk for dehydration

A

all are potentially at risk for dehydration

96
Q

water found inside cells of the body is called

A

intracellular fluid

97
Q

most of the salt consumed by americans is

A

added to food during processing & manufacturing

98
Q

of the following, the tissue with the lowest water content is

A

fat

99
Q

most body water comes from

A

fluids we drink

100
Q

shrinking of strawberry water loss after being sprinkled with sugar is an example of

A

osmosis

101
Q

approx what percentage of adult human body is water

A

60%

102
Q

the loss of body fluid in ways not obvious or noticeable to us is called

A

insensible losses

103
Q

kevin lost 3 pounds during his workout, he should consume a min. of __ liters of liquid to replace lost fluid

A

1.5

104
Q

phosphorus is essential foe energy production since it is part of

A

ATP

105
Q

significant loss of bone mass and increased risk of fractures associated with aging is termed

A

osteoporosis

106
Q

the most abundant mineral in the body is

A

calcium

107
Q

which statement describes the relationship of bone calcium to blood calcium

A

if dietary calcium is low, bone calcium is sacrificed to maintain blood calcium

108
Q

which statement about mineral supplements is false

A

they should always be avoided

109
Q

whether an element is classified as a major or as a race mineral is determined by

A

amounts needed daily by body

110
Q

following minerals all compete with each other for absorption except

A

sodium

111
Q

magnesium major functions in the body include all of the following except

A

blood clotting

112
Q

in the body, sulfur plays an important part in the structure of

A

some amino acids and vitamins

113
Q

the hard compact layer found on the surface of bones is called __ bone

A

cortical

114
Q

which of the following is not a good source of heme iron

A

spinach

115
Q

lack of which trace element is the most common nutritional deficiency worldwide

A

iron

116
Q

which is not a plentiful source of since

A

saltine crackers

117
Q

all of the following are adequate sources of noontime iron except

A

apples

118
Q

iron is a component of the protein __ that binds and transports oxygen in the blood stream

A

hemoglobin

119
Q

copper deficiency is most likely to occur in

A

pre-term infants

120
Q

the best dietary sources of manganese are

A

nuts and whole grains

121
Q

which of the following is an excellent source of selenium

A

salmon

122
Q

which of the following is the poorest source of iodine

A

apricots

123
Q

of the following the best source of chromium is

A

whole grain

124
Q

a compulsion to eat non-food items such as laundry starch, clay, or ice is called

A

pica

125
Q

the proportion of lean body tissue can be best increased by

A

lifting weights regularly

126
Q

which of the following is the worst advice to give someone regarding long term maintenance of activity program

A

exercise as hard as you can at least 6 days a week

127
Q

endurance is greatest when the diet contains a higher proportion of cals from

A

carbs

128
Q

for exercise lasting less than one hour, the preferred drink is

A

water

129
Q

during hot weather, athletes should consume fluids __ exercise

A

before, during, after

130
Q

lifting heavy weights stresses muscles over time causing an adaption called

A

hypertrophy

131
Q

when a person begins exercising, the first metabolic fuel used is

A

ATP and creatine phosphate

132
Q

the health benefits of exercise include all of the following except

A

decreased insulin sensitivity of tissues

133
Q

whether an activity is preferentially fueled by aerobic or anaerobic metabolism primarily depends on

A

intensity and duration

134
Q

an athlete exercising at a moderate level for more than 2 consecutive hours will benefit most from consuming

A

sports beverage

135
Q

the recommended weight gain during pregnancy for a healthy, normals weight woman is __ pounds

A

25-35

136
Q

pica is defined as

A

abnormal cravings for and ingestion of unusual food and nonfood substance

137
Q

a teratogen is defined as

A

substance that can cause birth defects

138
Q

an infant weighing 7 pounds at birth should weigh __ by 4 months of age

A

14 pounds

139
Q

weight gain recommendations during pregnancy are based on

A

weight at time of pregnancy

140
Q

which of the following women should gain the most weight during pregnancy

A

woman w. pre-pregnancy BMI of 17

141
Q

the hormone responsible for the let down reflex is

A

oxytocin

142
Q

infants born at 35 weeks of gestation are classified as

A

premature

143
Q

failure to thrive refers to

A

inability of childs growth to keep up w/ normal growth curves

144
Q

one function of the __ is to transfer nutrient and oxygen from maternal blood to the baby through a network of blood vessels

A

placenta

145
Q

which of the following is NOT a function of the placenta

A

provides site where fertilization occurs

146
Q

a food jag is

A

period when child will only eat one food and nothing else

147
Q

which statement about eating environment is correct

A

caregivers should sit w/ children and eat what they eat

148
Q

from a nutritional perspective, as the typical american child gets older, the quality of the idea

A

worsens as they eat less fruit and veggies

149
Q

consuming adequate __ can help to decrease dental caries

A

flouride

150
Q

which statement about heart disease risk in children is true

A

elevated cholesterol during childhood is associated w/ higher death rates from heart disease in adulthood

151
Q

issues faced by obese children include all of the following except

A

shorter terminal health

152
Q

an “elimination diet” can be used to detect

A

cause of food allergy

153
Q

which statement about lactose intolerance is correct

A

classified as food intolerance

154
Q

which food is most appropriate for a 5month old infant

A

iron fortified infant rice cereal

155
Q

which statement about childhood eating patterns is false

A

since children are sensitive to strong flavors, it is better to wait until 8 or 9 to try and establish good eating habits

156
Q

the period during which an individual undergoes physical changes that result in sexual maturity is

A

puberty

157
Q

the max age to which a human can live is defined as

A

life span

158
Q

programmed cell death theories that

A

genes determine the life span of cells, aging occurs as cells die

159
Q

the wear and tare hypothesis proposes that aging

A

is result of an accumulation of cellular damage

160
Q

postponing onset of chronic or debilitating disease in an older population is termed

A

compression of morality

161
Q

__ describes a condition that occurs when a person is having difficulty acquiring enough food to meet his/her needs

A

food insecurity

162
Q

sarcopenia is defined as

A

decrease of muscle mass that occurs w/ age

163
Q

diets high in __ may slow or prevent development of macular degeneration and cataracts

A

antioxidants

164
Q

the nutrient needs of the elderly remain essentially the same although their energy needs decrease. because of this, the best advice for them is to

A

consume more more nutrient dense diet

165
Q

during aging insulin

A

secretion decrease and may be less effective at cellular level

166
Q

the least significant factor contribution to rate of agin is

A

gender

167
Q

in older adults, energy expenditure is less because BMR decreases __ % every decade or life after age 20

A

2-3%

168
Q

pasteurization of milk or eggs involves the use of

A

heat

169
Q

wiping a soiled counter with a cloth, then wiping a cutting board with the same cloth is an example of

A

cross contamination

170
Q

which of the following will help prevent food borne illnesses

A

all of these

171
Q

raw hamburger patties are taken to the grill on a platter. after they are cooked, the patties are returned to the same, unwashed platter and served. this is an example of

A

cross contamination

172
Q

the GRAS list was part of the 1958 food additives amendment. GRAS stands for

A

generally recognized as safe

173
Q

a method that places sterilized food in a sterilized package using a sterile process is called

A

aseptic processing

174
Q

HACCP stands for

A

hazard analysis critical control point

175
Q

the HACCP system uses critical control points which are

A

steps in food production processes where contamination can occur or be prevented

176
Q

which food presents the greatest risk of food-borne illnesses

A

turkey thawed at room temp

177
Q

infant mortality rate refers to

A

of deaths during 1st year of life per 1000 live births

178
Q

the nutrition transition is accompanied by

A

increase in the incidence of heart disease and diabetes

179
Q

the cycle of malnutrition can be broken by

A

any of these

180
Q

the single greatest cause of food insecurity is

A

poverty

181
Q

modern large scale farming can do all of the following except

A

use very little energy

182
Q

decreased growth in height in children is refereed to as

A

stunting

183
Q

areas of the US that lack access to affordable foods which constitute a healthy diet are called

A

food deserts

184
Q

approx. what portion of households in the US experience food insecurity at some point during the year

A

14.5 %

185
Q

currently, which bears the least responsibility for world wide food shortages

A

inability of world wide food producers to keep up with consumption

186
Q

processed foods and convenience foods tendo to __ compared to freshly prepared foods

A

all of these are correct

187
Q

Consuming nutrient-dense foods helps to ensure a proper diet. One effective strategy is:

A

all of these are effective strategies

nutrition (6 decks)

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