final exam Flashcards
which of the following is not considered a macronutrient
vitamins
a processed food is defined as
any food changed from natural state
a substance found in plants which cannot be made by the body and is not necessary to sustain life, but has healthful benefits is
phytochemical
which of the following statements about the typical american diet is true
intake of whole grains is low and more energy is consumed than expended
one important principle of a healthy diet is to eat a variety of foods. in this context “variety” refers to
choosing variety of foods from w/in food groups as well as among groups
which of the following yields energy but is not considered a nutrient
alcohol
the energy provided by foods is measured in
kilocalories
which of the following conditions does not represent a state of malnutrition
weight loss as result of increasing physical activity
a measure of the nutrient content of a food compared to its energy content is referred to as
nutrient density
the discipline which explores the relationship between genetic variation and nutrition is called
nutrigenomics
the recommended dietary allowances are estimated to meet the nutrient needs of what percentage of a healthy population
97-98%
how is the order in which ingredients are listed on a food label determined
by contribution to total weight
which is true regarding tolerable upper intake levels
not recommended level of consumption
empty calories are
from added sugars and or solid fats
a healthy eating pattern emphasizes all of the following except
eating 3 servings
the my plate plan separates foods into groups to help americans apply the recommendations of the dietary guidelines to their individual diets. these groups are
fruits, veggies, grains, protein foods, dairy
how would donuts be categorized in the my plate food plan
grains and empty cals
the recommendation of moderation in healthy diets
means limiting portion sizes and choosing nutrient dense foods
the variables used to calculate estimated energy requirements include
age, gender, weight, height, and physical acitivty
which is typically not found on a nutrition facts label
cals per serving compared to comparable products
the amount of nutrient estimated to meet the needs of 50% of people in the same gender and life stage group is the
EAR
the movement of food through the digestive tract is regulated by
endocrine and nervous system
the digestive tract begins at the __ and ends at the __
mouth & anus
the most important roles of the digestive system include digestion and
absorption
which structure prevents swallowed food from entering the trachea
epiglottis
the function of sphincters in the digestive tract is
regulate flow of food
the primary site of nutrient absorption is the
small intestine
__ are protein molecules that accelerate the rate of chemical reactions
enzymes
after water soluble nutrients are absorbed in the intestine, they are carried to the __ via the __
liver via hepatic portal vein
probiotics are defined as
beneficial bacteria added to foods
as chyme moves out of the stomach, it passes through the
gastroesophageal sphincter
the urinary and respiratory systems help the body to remove
metabolic waste products
chemical breakdown of glucose to produce energy is an example of
catabolism
lactose intolerance is caused by
inadequate production of enzyme lactase
which of the following statements about type 1 diabetes is correct
immune system destroys pancreatic cells that provide insulin
which of the following sequences represents a monosaccharide followed by a disaccharide followed by a polysaccharide
fructose, sucrose, starch
which of the following foods are the best sources of complex carbs
cereals and grains
the AMDR for carb intake for a healthy diet has been set at __ of the total energy required
30-45%
dietary fiber can help reduce blood cholesterol levels by
all of these are correct
aspartame
all of these are correct
the organ which supplies enzymes required for starch digestion include the
pancreas
aerobic metabolism occurs in
none of these choices are correct
an oligosaccharide is a
carb containing 3-10 sugar units
most fatty acids in food and in the body are found to a molecule called
glycerol
fatty acids are categorized based on the carbon chain length as well as
types and locations of bonds between carbons
the end of a fatty acid chain containing a methyl group is also referred to as the __ end
omega
__ fatty acids are not synthesized by the body
essential
a fatty acid with only one single bonds between carbon atoms is called a __ fatty acid
saturated
dietary sources of cholesterol include all of the following except
peanut butter
an omega 6 fatty acid is an example of
unsaturated fatty acid
when energy is ingested in excess of needs, the excess
us converted into triglycerides and stored in adipose tissue
reverse cholesterol transport is accomplished by
HDLs
which of the following health problems can increase a persons risk of developing heart disease
all of these increase risk
trans fatty acids are most abundant in foods that contain
partially hydrogenated oils
primary source of protein for the most of the worlds population is
grains and veggies
which of the following functions is performed by proteins in the body
all of these functions are performed by proteins
the AMDR for protein intake is __ % of energy intake
10-35
the basic building blocks of proteins are
amino acids
individuals with the genetic disorder phenylketonuria should limit their intake of what
aspartame
obtaining protein from plant foods may be advantageous because plant foods
all of the above
vegetarians have a lower risk of
all of these are occurrent
food allergies involve an interaction between a dietary protein and
dietary protein and immune system
a limting amino acid
is present in short supply relative to body needs
a pattern of food intake that eliminates all animal products is called
vegan vegetarian
which stamen about obesity is true
BMI > 30
what is the total energy content of a serving of granola that contains 7 grams of fat, 40 grams of carbs, and 4 grams of protein
239 kcals
after eating a large dinner, we feel full and satisfied. the term to describe this feeling is
satiety
the energy expended to dest and store nutrients is called
thermic effect of food
the energy content of a good is determined
by bomb calorimetry
to provide glucose to the body between meals
glycogen is broken down
basal metabolism in a typical person accounts for approx. what percentage of total energy expenditure
60-75
in order to calculate a persons body mass index, what info about the person must be known
height and weight
as foods are digested, the energy stored in the chemical bonds of carbs, proteins, and fats are converted to
ATP
which nutrient, when consumed in excess of energy needs, is/are preferentially used to produce body adipose tissue
fat
which B vitamin decrease the risk of neural rube debts in developing babies
folic acid
a primary function of thiamin is to
facilitate production of energy from glucose
many B vitamins function as __ which bind to enzymes to promote their activity
coenzymes
which statement concerning vitamins is INCORRECT
if a vitamin is not provided by diet, the body will synthesize it
which term describes how well a vitamin is absorbed and used by the body
bioavailability
the __ is the site of most vitamin absorption into the body
small intestine
vitamins may be lost when food is processed. when these vitamins are added back to the processed food at the same or higher level, the food is said to
enriched
the process of adding nutrients to foods is called
fortification
a common adverse effect of niacin toxicity is
flushing of skin
which vitamin is referred to as sunshine vitamin
D
a vitamin D deficiency disease in adults which is characterized by weak or soft bones is called ]
rickets
The primary function of vitamin E is:
act as antioxidant
reduced consumption of fruits and vegetables, tends to decrease intake of all of the following fat-soluble vitamins EXCEPT vitamin _____.
D
vitamin k is required to produce prothombrin which is needed for
blood clotting
beta-carotene is least plentiful in which food
mustard greens
a condition in which carotenoids accumulate in adipose tissue causing skin discoloration is
hypercarotenemia
excessive intake of vitamin A from supplements could cause all of the following except
acne
when consumption of __ is insufficient, vitamin A absorption is decreased
fat
fat soluble vitamins are transported from the intestine within
chylomicrons
the UL for sodium intake is __ mg/day
2300
which of the following individuals is at risk for dehydration
all are potentially at risk for dehydration
water found inside cells of the body is called
intracellular fluid
most of the salt consumed by americans is
added to food during processing & manufacturing
of the following, the tissue with the lowest water content is
fat
most body water comes from
fluids we drink
shrinking of strawberry water loss after being sprinkled with sugar is an example of
osmosis
approx what percentage of adult human body is water
60%
the loss of body fluid in ways not obvious or noticeable to us is called
insensible losses
kevin lost 3 pounds during his workout, he should consume a min. of __ liters of liquid to replace lost fluid
1.5
phosphorus is essential foe energy production since it is part of
ATP
significant loss of bone mass and increased risk of fractures associated with aging is termed
osteoporosis
the most abundant mineral in the body is
calcium
which statement describes the relationship of bone calcium to blood calcium
if dietary calcium is low, bone calcium is sacrificed to maintain blood calcium
which statement about mineral supplements is false
they should always be avoided
whether an element is classified as a major or as a race mineral is determined by
amounts needed daily by body
following minerals all compete with each other for absorption except
sodium
magnesium major functions in the body include all of the following except
blood clotting
in the body, sulfur plays an important part in the structure of
some amino acids and vitamins
the hard compact layer found on the surface of bones is called __ bone
cortical
which of the following is not a good source of heme iron
spinach
lack of which trace element is the most common nutritional deficiency worldwide
iron
which is not a plentiful source of since
saltine crackers
all of the following are adequate sources of noontime iron except
apples
iron is a component of the protein __ that binds and transports oxygen in the blood stream
hemoglobin
copper deficiency is most likely to occur in
pre-term infants
the best dietary sources of manganese are
nuts and whole grains
which of the following is an excellent source of selenium
salmon
which of the following is the poorest source of iodine
apricots
of the following the best source of chromium is
whole grain
a compulsion to eat non-food items such as laundry starch, clay, or ice is called
pica
the proportion of lean body tissue can be best increased by
lifting weights regularly
which of the following is the worst advice to give someone regarding long term maintenance of activity program
exercise as hard as you can at least 6 days a week
endurance is greatest when the diet contains a higher proportion of cals from
carbs
for exercise lasting less than one hour, the preferred drink is
water
during hot weather, athletes should consume fluids __ exercise
before, during, after
lifting heavy weights stresses muscles over time causing an adaption called
hypertrophy
when a person begins exercising, the first metabolic fuel used is
ATP and creatine phosphate
the health benefits of exercise include all of the following except
decreased insulin sensitivity of tissues
whether an activity is preferentially fueled by aerobic or anaerobic metabolism primarily depends on
intensity and duration
an athlete exercising at a moderate level for more than 2 consecutive hours will benefit most from consuming
sports beverage
the recommended weight gain during pregnancy for a healthy, normals weight woman is __ pounds
25-35
pica is defined as
abnormal cravings for and ingestion of unusual food and nonfood substance
a teratogen is defined as
substance that can cause birth defects
an infant weighing 7 pounds at birth should weigh __ by 4 months of age
14 pounds
weight gain recommendations during pregnancy are based on
weight at time of pregnancy
which of the following women should gain the most weight during pregnancy
woman w. pre-pregnancy BMI of 17
the hormone responsible for the let down reflex is
oxytocin
infants born at 35 weeks of gestation are classified as
premature
failure to thrive refers to
inability of childs growth to keep up w/ normal growth curves
one function of the __ is to transfer nutrient and oxygen from maternal blood to the baby through a network of blood vessels
placenta
which of the following is NOT a function of the placenta
provides site where fertilization occurs
a food jag is
period when child will only eat one food and nothing else
which statement about eating environment is correct
caregivers should sit w/ children and eat what they eat
from a nutritional perspective, as the typical american child gets older, the quality of the idea
worsens as they eat less fruit and veggies
consuming adequate __ can help to decrease dental caries
flouride
which statement about heart disease risk in children is true
elevated cholesterol during childhood is associated w/ higher death rates from heart disease in adulthood
issues faced by obese children include all of the following except
shorter terminal health
an “elimination diet” can be used to detect
cause of food allergy
which statement about lactose intolerance is correct
classified as food intolerance
which food is most appropriate for a 5month old infant
iron fortified infant rice cereal
which statement about childhood eating patterns is false
since children are sensitive to strong flavors, it is better to wait until 8 or 9 to try and establish good eating habits
the period during which an individual undergoes physical changes that result in sexual maturity is
puberty
the max age to which a human can live is defined as
life span
programmed cell death theories that
genes determine the life span of cells, aging occurs as cells die
the wear and tare hypothesis proposes that aging
is result of an accumulation of cellular damage
postponing onset of chronic or debilitating disease in an older population is termed
compression of morality
__ describes a condition that occurs when a person is having difficulty acquiring enough food to meet his/her needs
food insecurity
sarcopenia is defined as
decrease of muscle mass that occurs w/ age
diets high in __ may slow or prevent development of macular degeneration and cataracts
antioxidants
the nutrient needs of the elderly remain essentially the same although their energy needs decrease. because of this, the best advice for them is to
consume more more nutrient dense diet
during aging insulin
secretion decrease and may be less effective at cellular level
the least significant factor contribution to rate of agin is
gender
in older adults, energy expenditure is less because BMR decreases __ % every decade or life after age 20
2-3%
pasteurization of milk or eggs involves the use of
heat
wiping a soiled counter with a cloth, then wiping a cutting board with the same cloth is an example of
cross contamination
which of the following will help prevent food borne illnesses
all of these
raw hamburger patties are taken to the grill on a platter. after they are cooked, the patties are returned to the same, unwashed platter and served. this is an example of
cross contamination
the GRAS list was part of the 1958 food additives amendment. GRAS stands for
generally recognized as safe
a method that places sterilized food in a sterilized package using a sterile process is called
aseptic processing
HACCP stands for
hazard analysis critical control point
the HACCP system uses critical control points which are
steps in food production processes where contamination can occur or be prevented
which food presents the greatest risk of food-borne illnesses
turkey thawed at room temp
infant mortality rate refers to
of deaths during 1st year of life per 1000 live births
the nutrition transition is accompanied by
increase in the incidence of heart disease and diabetes
the cycle of malnutrition can be broken by
any of these
the single greatest cause of food insecurity is
poverty
modern large scale farming can do all of the following except
use very little energy
decreased growth in height in children is refereed to as
stunting
areas of the US that lack access to affordable foods which constitute a healthy diet are called
food deserts
approx. what portion of households in the US experience food insecurity at some point during the year
14.5 %
currently, which bears the least responsibility for world wide food shortages
inability of world wide food producers to keep up with consumption
processed foods and convenience foods tendo to __ compared to freshly prepared foods
all of these are correct
Consuming nutrient-dense foods helps to ensure a proper diet. One effective strategy is:
all of these are effective strategies
