Final Exam! Flashcards by Steven Smith

1st step : Genetic variation occurs within populations (through migrations etc)2nd step : Natural selection & other forces of evolution act upon the genetic variation

Two Steps to Evolution

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Played some genetic role in our evolution. Can be our direct ancestor or cousin

Hominids

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Plio-pleistocene are fossil formsFrom around 6/5 m.y.a to 1 m.y.a

Pleistocene Hominids

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A fossil is classified as a hominid if it shows?

Bipedality

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We differ from apes in the size of our

BrainApes = 400 - 500 c.c.Humans 1,350 - 1,400 c.c.

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Number of Species2. DNA3. Brain Size4. Sociability5. Language and Facial Expressions6. Diet7. Sex8. Walking Upright9. Eyes10. Tool use

Ape & Human Comparison

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Two forms of Australopithecine fossils

Gracile forms = GracefulRobust = Bigger forms

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Lucy is from how many m.y.a. ?

3.5 m.y.a.

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female Australopithecus afarensis

Lucy

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is a form of terrestrial locomotion where an organism moves by means of its two rear limbs or legs. An animal or machine that usually moves in a bipedal manner is known as a biped

Bipedalism

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Core

Large semi-hard rock used to create tools

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Hammerstone

Large very hard rock used to manipulate the core

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flake

slice of rock taken from the core after the hammerstone strikes the it

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Biface

A type of prehistoric stone tool flaked on both faces or sides

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An absolute dating technique based on the principle of the decay of the radioactive isotope of carbon, used to date archaeological materials within the past 40,000 years

Radiocarbon dating

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Homo Habilis

Handy Man East Africa 2.2 m.y.a. - 1.6 m.y.a.

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Homo Habilis Brain Size?

600 - 800 c.c.

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The Olduwan tools were made by who because of their brain size

Homo Habilis

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1.6 m.y.a. to 300,000 years ago

Homo erectus

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possessed modern human-like body proportions with relatively elongated legs and shorter arms compared to the size of the torso. These features are considered adaptations to a life lived on the ground, indicating the loss of earlier tree-climbing adaptations, with the ability to walk and possibly run long distances. Compared with earlier fossil humans, note the expanded braincase relative to the size of the face.

Homo erectus

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100,000 - 30,000

Homo Sapiens Neanderthalensis

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are our closest extinct human relative. Some defining features of their skulls include the large middle part of the face, angled cheek bones, and a huge nose for humidifying and warming cold, dry air. Their bodies were shorter and stockier than ours, another adaptation to living in cold environments. But their brains were just as large as ours and often larger - proportional to their brawnier bodies.

Homo Sapiens Neanderthalensis

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The Oldowan is the oldest-known stone tool industry. Dating as far back as 2.5 million years ago, these tools are a major milestone in human evolutionary history: the earliest evidence of cultural behavior. Homo habilis, an ancestor of Homo sapiens, manufactured Oldowan tools.

olduwan pebble choppers

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Reports of handaxe discoveries span an area extending from southern Africa to northern Europe and from western Europe to the Indian sub-continent.Acheulean stone tools are the products of Homo erectus, a closer ancestor to modern humans. Not only are the Acheulean tools found over the largest area, but it is also the longest-running industry, lasting for over a million years. The earliest known Acheulean artifacts from Africa have been dated to 1.6 million years ago.

acheulian hand axe

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Collectively known as Atpureca region

Gran Dolina and Sima de los Huesos

250,000 years old, pit of bones (cave bears and archaic humans)

Sima de los Huesos

New DNA

Some euro peasants = NeanderthalSome SE Asians = Denisovans

A third new genetic ancient population

Denisovans

The explosion of Cultural Evolution

1. Migrations2. Tool kits3. Population increase and Evidence of Resource Specialization4. Symbolic Complexity Increases Dramatically

MTPS

1. Migrations2. Tool kits3. Population increase and Evidence of Resource Specialization4. Symbolic Complexity Increases Dramatically

MTPS

The study of the human past, combining the themes of time and change.

Archaeology

A company owned by archaeologist that contract with the government

Contact archaeology (CRM)

Cultural, linguistics, archaeology, biological (physical), applied

Fields of anthropology

CLABA

Cultural, linguistics, archaeology, biological (physical), applied

The systematic description of a culture based on first-hand observation (or participant observation) Live with other people

Ethnography

Study of culture from a comparative or historical view point using ethnographic accountsStudy people from all over the world

Ethnology

Studies (past) cultures through material remains(Without records)

Prehistoric

Studies cultures of the recent past by means of a combination of written records in archaeology excavations(With records)

Historic

the science that deals with the origins, physical and cultural development, biological characteristics, and social customs and beliefs of humankind.

Anthropology

As travel became easier, an interest began in collecting curiosities from around the world, and this included

Antiquarian Period

Scholars eventually became intrigued with more intimate knowledge about the people who created the world archaeology

Enlightenment Period

Two of the fathers of scientific archaeology from England both pioneered meticulous field methods

Pitt-rivers and William Flinders

The emphasis during this period was on description, which was a necessary base, organizing the materials they have recovered, especially in creating timelines and by regions

Enlightenment period

Radiocarbon dating

1950

Lewis Binford

The founder of explanatory (processal) archaeology

Lewis Binford Incorporated basic scientific theory structure into archaeology

Incorporation of the scientific methodHypothesis creation and testingSeeking explanations, the how and why of the pastAnd to answer these new questions, we had to develop new techniques and technology

Archaeology has three traditional goals by which we understand the past

1. Cultural history2. Cultural reconstruction3. cultural process

1. Cultural history

Examines questions concerning when and where events took place in the past and who in the broadest sense was involvedEstablishes sequence of cultures in regions through time

2. Cultural reconstruction

Examines functional questions of what happened in the pastReconstructs past lifeways

3. cultural process

Examines questions concerning why events happened in the past and as they did (the how and why questions) Depends on solid cultural history (diachronic) and reconstruction (synchronic) data to proceed

Any object or item created or modified by human action

Artifact

And immovable structure or layer, pit, or post in the ground having archaeological significance

Feature

A geographically defined area containing a series of interrelated human communities sharing a single cultural-ecological system.

region

The association and relationships between archaeological objects that are in the same place

Context

The exposure and recording of buried materials from the past

Excavation

A systematic search of the landscape for artifacts and sights on the ground through aerial photography, field walking, soil analysis, and geophysical prospecting

Survey

Walking with a row of people down a field scanning the surrounding area for interesting objects

Surface survey

An absolute dating technique based on the principle of the decay of the radioactive isotope of carbon, used to date archaeological materials within the past 40,000 years

Radiocarbon dating

The body of material and information that survives for archaeologist to study

Archaeological record

is a spatial cluster of artifacts, ecofacts and features located together. Representing a place where people conducting activities

Site

For most of us this is in the archaeology of us unlike old world archaeology. At first it was even question whether this was the archaeology of Native Americans. And since it was the archaeology of the concord there was little incentive to prevent destruction of the USA's archaeology

Uniqueness of American archaeology

Theoretical innovation and larger field of anthropology influences archaeology. Technology advances in USA as well

Uniqueness of American archaeology

Descriptive

Classificatory period

Explanatory

Processual Period

portable and cave art only really first appear with modern humans

Art

Date 28-25,000 BP, hunting rituals? Life renewal rituals?

Cave art

Southwestern France

Lascaux Cave

Southwestern France

The painted Gallery

Lascaux Cave

The painted Gallery

Tributary of the rhone river in the South of France

Chavet Cave

Tributary of the rhone river in the South of France

The study of plant remains from archaeological sites

Paleoethnobotany

The study of plant remains from archaeological sites

Beringia

Last exposed 30,000 to 12,000 B.p.

People of the new world came

And overland route to Siberia and into Alaska

An archaeological culture during the Paleoindian time. And North America, defined by distinctive type of point

Clovis

An archaeological culture during the Paleoindian time. And North America, defined by distinctive type of point

Meadowcroft Rockshelter

Location, border of Ohio and PA just south of Pittsburgh. Excavated in 1970s. Deep deposits with numerous stratified occupations.

Mount Verde Chile

Occupation includes wooden foundations, hearths, magnified fragments. Radiocarbon dates, 14,800-13,500 B.P.

Possible routes to the New World

In the inland and probably a coastal route, along the Arctic coastline and down along the western coast

Kennenniwick Man

Mail of late middle age (40-55 years), and Tall (172 176 cm), slender build

Big fierce animals

Megafauna

Origins of agriculture

Old world (near East) 10,000 B. P., New world (Mexico) 9000 B. P.

Kinds of Agriculture

- Wheat and barley in the near east, - rice and south east Asia, - Millet in Africa, - maize beans squash and Central America, - potatoes in Peru, - sunflower goosefoot me grass little barley in the Midwest

Genetic changes in plants

Sturdier non-brittle stems, flowering and seeds of maturing at the same time, larger seeds, quick germination

The culture to make the first critical steps towards plant the domestication is called

Natufian, Near East (Levant) 12,000-10,000 b.p.

So why them-in that time and space?

- Vertical economy of slopes valleys (many resources in close space) - Key species with just the right life history characteristics - climate shift to increase rainfall followed by shift to drier conditions - began to focus on strands of wild grains, Mountain goats, and mountain sheep - sheep and goats also attracted to plant patches - less nomadic-more permanent settlements, impacts environment fertility.

Five primary characteristics of states develop

1. cities-dense, nucleated demographic concentrations. 2. full-time labor specialization. 3. state organization, based on territorial residence rather than kin connections. 4. class stratification-the presence of a privilege rolling Stratham. 5. the concentration of surplus

CFSCT

A ______ is a form of hierarchical political organization in non-industrial societies usually based on kinship, and in which formal leadership is monopolized by the legitimate senior members of select families or 'houses'

chiefdom

Is a form of social and political organization that has a formal central government and a division of society into classes. Generally has 3 or more administrative levels.

State

Characteristics of early states

Controlled specific region, more productive farming, dense populations in a few urban environments. Stratified into social classes.

Pre-pottery Neolithic (A & B)

8000 to 7000 B.C.E., 10,000 to 9000 B.P.

Impact of agriculture And settled life on population/fertility

Fertility increases, changing diet, starchy crops, domesticated animal meat/fat/milk. Family size is increased, birth spacing decreases, earlier weaning (grains), more children-more help on the farm

Ubaid

6,000-4,000 BC 8-6,000 years ago

First use of metal was the

Ubiad

The Uruk Period

4,000-3,000 b.c. 6,000-5,000 years ago

Date of Egypt's origins

10,000-8000 years ago

The nature of Egypt civilization

Nomadic hunters and forgers roam the oasis and desert areas in the uplands. Nile river.

Burry Dead along the

Nile

Grew _____ by the Nile

Wheat/barley, hearding shhep and goats.