Ch. 2, 3 & 4

Question 1

Geological time period : Circa 5 m.y.a - 10 m.y.a

1st ancestors emerged

Answer 1

The pleistocene

Question 2

Series of glaciations and interglactions

Answer 2

Ice glaciers

interglactions are times between ice ages

Question 3

1st step : Genetic variation occurs within populations (through migrations etc)

2nd step : Natural selection & other forces of evolution act upon the genetic variation

Answer 3

Two Steps to Evolution

Question 4

Played some genetic role in our evolution.

Can be our direct ancestor or cousin

Answer 4

Hominids

Question 5

Plio-pleistocene are fossil forms

From around 6/5 m.y.a to 1 m.y.a

Answer 5

Pleistocene Hominids

Question 6

A fossil is classified as a hominid if it shows?

Answer 6

Bipedality

Question 7

We differ from apes in the size of our

Answer 7

Brain
Apes = 400 - 500 c.c.

Humans 1,350 - 1,400 c.c.

Question 8

1. Number of Species
2. DNA
3. Brain Size
4. Sociability
5. Language and Facial Expressions
6. Diet
7. Sex
8. Walking Upright
9. Eyes
10. Tool use

Answer 8

Ape & Human Comparison

Question 9

Two forms of Australopithecine fossils

Answer 9

Gracile forms = Graceful

Robust = Bigger forms

Question 10

Lucy is from how many m.y.a. ?

Answer 10

3.5 m.y.a.

Question 11

female Australopithecus afarensis

Answer 11

Lucy

Question 12

is a form of terrestrial locomotion where an organism moves by means of its two rear limbs or legs. An animal or machine that usually moves in a bipedal manner is known as a biped

Answer 12

Bipedalism

Question 13

Core

Answer 13

Large semi-hard rock used to create tools

Question 14

Hammerstone

Answer 14

Large very hard rock used to manipulate the core

Question 15

flake

Answer 15

slice of rock taken from the core after the hammerstone strikes the it

Question 16

Biface

Answer 16

A type of prehistoric stone tool flaked on both faces or sides

Question 17

An absolute dating technique based on the principle of the decay of the radioactive isotope of carbon, used to date archaeological materials within the past 40,000 years

Answer 17

Radiocarbon dating

Question 18

And absolute dating technique based on the principle of the K of the radioactive isotope of potassium, used to date materials ranging in age from 500,000 years old to the age of the oldest rocks in the universe. Also called ________________

Answer 18

potassium argon dating

Question 19

Homo Habilis

Answer 19

Handy Man

East Africa 2.2 m.y.a. - 1.6 m.y.a.

Question 20

Homo Habilis Brain Size?

Answer 20

600 - 800 c.c.

Question 21

The Olduwan tools were made by who because of their brain size

Answer 21

Homo Habilis

Question 22

1.6 m.y.a. to 300,000 years ago

Answer 22

Homo erectus

Question 23

possessed modern human-like body proportions with relatively elongated legs and shorter arms compared to the size of the torso. These features are considered adaptations to a life lived on the ground, indicating the loss of earlier tree-climbing adaptations, with the ability to walk and possibly run long distances. Compared with earlier fossil humans, note the expanded braincase relative to the size of the face.

Answer 23

Homo erectus

Question 24

100,000 - 30,000

Answer 24

Homo Sapiens Neanderthalensis

Question 25

are our closest extinct human relative. Some defining features of their skulls include the large middle part of the face, angled cheek bones, and a huge nose for humidifying and warming cold, dry air. Their bodies were shorter and stockier than ours, another adaptation to living in cold environments. But their brains were just as large as ours and often larger - proportional to their brawnier bodies.

Answer 25

Homo Sapiens Neanderthalensis

Question 26

is in a region of southern china noted for its hilly valleys with numerous cave systems 700,000 - 200,000 years ago

Answer 26

Zhoukoudian

Question 27

(i) they are confined to Polar Regions like Antarctica and Greenland. (ii) They are thick ice sheets. (iii) They are extensive and cover a large area and may extend up to 5000 km. (iv) Their movement is extremely slow. (v) They move due to pressure. (vi) They break off at the edge of the continents and these big blocks float as icebergs in the sea.

Answer 27

Continental Glacier

Question 28

(i) Mountain Glaciers are confined to high altitudes, i.e., the Mountains. (ii) They are not as extensive as the continental glacier. (iii) They are like tongues of ice moving down the valley. (iv) They are shorter in length (not exceeding 100 km.). (v) Their movement, though slow, is slightly faster than the continental gla­cier. Their movement is faster at the centre than at the sides (due to friction at the sides). (vi) They move due to gravity and pressure. (vii) When they melt at lower altitudes they give rise to perennial rivers, e.g., the Ganga and the Yamuna.

Answer 28

Mountain Glaciers

Question 29

We all have the same number and type of teeth but they are shaped differently

Answer 29

pleistocene hominids characteristics

Question 30

The Oldowan is the oldest-known stone tool industry. Dating as far back as 2.5 million years ago, these tools are a major milestone in human evolutionary history: the earliest evidence of cultural behavior. Homo habilis, an ancestor of Homo sapiens, manufactured Oldowan tools.

Answer 30

olduwan pebble choppers

Question 31

Reports of handaxe discoveries span an area extending from southern Africa to northern Europe and from western Europe to the Indian sub-continent. Acheulean stone tools are the products of Homo erectus, a closer ancestor to modern humans. Not only are the Acheulean tools found over the largest area, but it is also the longest-running industry, lasting for over a million years. The earliest known Acheulean artifacts from Africa have been dated to 1.6 million years ago.

Answer 31

acheulian hand axe

Question 32

__________ is a name given by archaeologists to a style of predominantly flint tools (or industry) associated primarily with Neanderthals (Homo neanderthalensis) and dating to the Middle Paleolithic, the middle part of the Old Stone Age.

Answer 32

Mousterian

Question 33

is a name given to the continuous geographic trench, approximately 6,000 kilometres (3,700 mi) in length, that runs from Lebanon's Beqaa Valley in Asia to Mozambique in South Eastern Africa.

Answer 33

The Great Rift Valley

Question 34

Ausrtalopithencines are found earliest in east Africa in the _______ ______ _______

Answer 34

The Great Rift Valley

Question 35

Tools made by just going with unplanned blueprints

Answer 35

opportunistic tools

Question 36

The species exhibits a combination of human and chimpanzee like features. Since the initial discovery, labels have been found us just that this earliest ancestor likely walked on two legs.

Answer 36

Ardipithecus

Question 37

discovered in the 1990s

Answer 37

Ardipithecus`

Question 38

The brain size was 880 c.c.

Answer 38

Turkana Boy or Nariokotome Boy

Question 39

The boy was 5'3"

Answer 39

Turkana Boy or Nariokotome Boy

Question 40

Excavations began in 1983, first hominids found in 1991

Answer 40

Damanisi Stie, Georgia

Question 41

Six hominids were found

Answer 41

Damanisi Stie, Georgia

Question 42

Spain

Answer 42

Gran Dolina

Question 43

Ancient cave opening exposed when railroad bed cut through area

Answer 43

Gran Dolina

Question 44

Collectively known as Atpureca region

Answer 44

Gran Dolina and Sima de los Huesos

Question 45

Over 25 different animal species (horses, bison, rhinoceros...)

Answer 45

Gran Dolina

Question 46

250,000 years old, pit of bones (cave bears and archaic humans)

Answer 46

Sima de los Huesos

Question 47

New DNA

Answer 47

Some euro peasants = Neanderthal | Some SE Asians = Denisovans

Question 48

A third new genetic ancient population

Answer 48

Denisovans

Question 49

The explosion of Cultural Evolution

Answer 49

1. Migrations 2. Tool kits 3. Population increase and Evidence of Resource Specialization 4. Symbolic Complexity Increases Dramatically

Question 50

M T P S

Answer 50

1. Migrations 2. Tool kits 3. Population increase and Evidence of Resource Specialization 4. Symbolic Complexity Increases Dramatically

Question 51

1. Migrations 2. Tool kits 3. Population increase and Evidence of Resource Specialization 4. Symbolic Complexity Increases Dramatically

Answer 51

M T P S

Question 52

is the setting of a complex of caves in southwestern France famous for its Paleolithic cave paintings. The original caves are located near the village of Montignac, in the department of Dordogne. They contain some of the best-known Upper Paleolithic art. These paintings are estimated to be 17,300 years old.[3] They primarily consist of images of large animals, most of which are known from fossil evidence to have lived in the area at the time.

Answer 52

Lascaux Cave

Question 53

Lascaux Cave

Answer 53

is the setting of a complex of caves in southwestern France famous for its Paleolithic cave paintings. The original caves are located near the village of Montignac, in the department of Dordogne. They contain some of the best-known Upper Paleolithic art. These paintings are estimated to be 17,300 years old.[3] They primarily consist of images of large animals, most of which are known from fossil evidence to have lived in the area at the time.

Question 54

Relating to or being an early form or subspecies of Homo sapiens, anatomically distinct from modern humans. Neanderthals in Europe and Solo man in Asia are usually classed as archaic humans.

Answer 54

archaic homo sapiens

Question 55

____________ contends that after Homo erectus left Africa and dispersed into other portions of the Old World, regional populations slowly evolved into modern humans. This model contains the following components:

Answer 55

The Multiregional Continuity Mode

Question 56

____________ asserts that modern humans evolved relatively recently in Africa, migrated into Eurasia and replaced all populations which had descended from Homo erectus

Answer 56

Out of Africa Model

Question 57

Lowering of sea level-exposure of shallow continental shelves along coastlines. Barriers to movement, or creating new land to allow migration (implications for sight detection)

Answer 57

Effects of glaciation