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Prehistoric archaeology > Ch. 2, 3 & 4 > Flashcards

Ch. 2, 3 & 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Geological time period : Circa 5 m.y.a - 10 m.y.a

1st ancestors emerged

A

The pleistocene

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2
Q

Series of glaciations and interglactions

A

Ice glaciers

interglactions are times between ice ages

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3
Q

1st step : Genetic variation occurs within populations (through migrations etc)

2nd step : Natural selection & other forces of evolution act upon the genetic variation

A

Two Steps to Evolution

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4
Q

Played some genetic role in our evolution.

Can be our direct ancestor or cousin

A

Hominids

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5
Q

Plio-pleistocene are fossil forms

From around 6/5 m.y.a to 1 m.y.a

A

Pleistocene Hominids

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6
Q

A fossil is classified as a hominid if it shows?

A

Bipedality

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7
Q

We differ from apes in the size of our

A

Brain
Apes = 400 - 500 c.c.

Humans 1,350 - 1,400 c.c.

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8
Q
  1. Number of Species
  2. DNA
  3. Brain Size
  4. Sociability
  5. Language and Facial Expressions
  6. Diet
  7. Sex
  8. Walking Upright
  9. Eyes
  10. Tool use
A

Ape & Human Comparison

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9
Q

Two forms of Australopithecine fossils

A

Gracile forms = Graceful

Robust = Bigger forms

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10
Q

Lucy is from how many m.y.a. ?

A

3.5 m.y.a.

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11
Q

female Australopithecus afarensis

A

Lucy

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12
Q

is a form of terrestrial locomotion where an organism moves by means of its two rear limbs or legs. An animal or machine that usually moves in a bipedal manner is known as a biped

A

Bipedalism

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13
Q

Core

A

Large semi-hard rock used to create tools

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14
Q

Hammerstone

A

Large very hard rock used to manipulate the core

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15
Q

flake

A

slice of rock taken from the core after the hammerstone strikes the it

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16
Q

Biface

A

A type of prehistoric stone tool flaked on both faces or sides

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17
Q

An absolute dating technique based on the principle of the decay of the radioactive isotope of carbon, used to date archaeological materials within the past 40,000 years

A

Radiocarbon dating

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18
Q

And absolute dating technique based on the principle of the K of the radioactive isotope of potassium, used to date materials ranging in age from 500,000 years old to the age of the oldest rocks in the universe. Also called ________________

A

potassium argon dating

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19
Q

Homo Habilis

A

Handy Man

East Africa 2.2 m.y.a. - 1.6 m.y.a.

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20
Q

Homo Habilis Brain Size?

A

600 - 800 c.c.

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21
Q

The Olduwan tools were made by who because of their brain size

A

Homo Habilis

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22
Q

1.6 m.y.a. to 300,000 years ago

A

Homo erectus

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23
Q

possessed modern human-like body proportions with relatively elongated legs and shorter arms compared to the size of the torso. These features are considered adaptations to a life lived on the ground, indicating the loss of earlier tree-climbing adaptations, with the ability to walk and possibly run long distances. Compared with earlier fossil humans, note the expanded braincase relative to the size of the face.

A

Homo erectus

24
Q

100,000 - 30,000

A

Homo Sapiens Neanderthalensis

25
Q

are our closest extinct human relative. Some defining features of their skulls include the large middle part of the face, angled cheek bones, and a huge nose for humidifying and warming cold, dry air. Their bodies were shorter and stockier than ours, another adaptation to living in cold environments. But their brains were just as large as ours and often larger - proportional to their brawnier bodies.

A

Homo Sapiens Neanderthalensis

26
Q

is in a region of southern china noted for its hilly valleys with numerous cave systems

700,000 - 200,000 years ago

A

Zhoukoudian

27
Q

(i) they are confined to Polar Regions like Antarctica and Greenland.
(ii) They are thick ice sheets.
(iii) They are extensive and cover a large area and may extend up to 5000 km.
(iv) Their movement is extremely slow.
(v) They move due to pressure.
(vi) They break off at the edge of the continents and these big blocks float as icebergs in the sea.

A

Continental Glacier

28
Q

(i) Mountain Glaciers are confined to high altitudes, i.e., the Mountains.
(ii) They are not as extensive as the continental glacier.
(iii) They are like tongues of ice moving down the valley.
(iv) They are shorter in length (not exceeding 100 km.).
(v) Their movement, though slow, is slightly faster than the continental gla­cier. Their movement is faster at the centre than at the sides (due to friction at the sides).
(vi) They move due to gravity and pressure.
(vii) When they melt at lower altitudes they give rise to perennial rivers, e.g., the Ganga and the Yamuna.

A

Mountain Glaciers

29
Q

We all have the same number and type of teeth but they are shaped differently

A

pleistocene hominids characteristics

30
Q

The Oldowan is the oldest-known stone tool industry. Dating as far back as 2.5 million years ago, these tools are a major milestone in human evolutionary history: the earliest evidence of cultural behavior. Homo habilis, an ancestor of Homo sapiens, manufactured Oldowan tools.

A

olduwan pebble choppers

31
Q

Reports of handaxe discoveries span an area extending from southern Africa to northern Europe and from western Europe to the Indian sub-continent.
Acheulean stone tools are the products of Homo erectus, a closer ancestor to modern humans. Not only are the Acheulean tools found over the largest area, but it is also the longest-running industry, lasting for over a million years. The earliest known Acheulean artifacts from Africa have been dated to 1.6 million years ago.

A

acheulian hand axe

32
Q

__________ is a name given by archaeologists to a style of predominantly flint tools (or industry) associated primarily with Neanderthals (Homo neanderthalensis) and dating to the Middle Paleolithic, the middle part of the Old Stone Age.

A

Mousterian

33
Q

is a name given to the continuous geographic trench, approximately 6,000 kilometres (3,700 mi) in length, that runs from Lebanon’s Beqaa Valley in Asia to Mozambique in South Eastern Africa.

A

The Great Rift Valley

34
Q

Ausrtalopithencines are found earliest in east Africa in the _______ ______ _______

A

The Great Rift Valley

35
Q

Tools made by just going with unplanned blueprints

A

opportunistic tools

36
Q

The species exhibits a combination of human and chimpanzee like features. Since the initial discovery, labels have been found us just that this earliest ancestor likely walked on two legs.

A

Ardipithecus

37
Q

discovered in the 1990s

A

Ardipithecus`

38
Q

The brain size was 880 c.c.

A

Turkana Boy or Nariokotome Boy

39
Q

The boy was 5’3”

A

Turkana Boy or Nariokotome Boy

40
Q

Excavations began in 1983, first hominids found in 1991

A

Damanisi Stie, Georgia

41
Q

Six hominids were found

A

Damanisi Stie, Georgia

42
Q

Spain

A

Gran Dolina

43
Q

Ancient cave opening exposed when railroad bed cut through area

A

Gran Dolina

44
Q

Collectively known as Atpureca region

A

Gran Dolina and Sima de los Huesos

45
Q

Over 25 different animal species (horses, bison, rhinoceros…)

A

Gran Dolina

46
Q

250,000 years old, pit of bones (cave bears and archaic humans)

A

Sima de los Huesos

47
Q

New DNA

A

Some euro peasants = Neanderthal

Some SE Asians = Denisovans

48
Q

A third new genetic ancient population

A

Denisovans

49
Q

The explosion of Cultural Evolution

A
  1. Migrations
  2. Tool kits
  3. Population increase and Evidence of Resource Specialization
  4. Symbolic Complexity Increases Dramatically
50
Q

M
T
P
S

A
  1. Migrations
  2. Tool kits
  3. Population increase and Evidence of Resource Specialization
  4. Symbolic Complexity Increases Dramatically
51
Q
  1. Migrations
  2. Tool kits
  3. Population increase and Evidence of Resource Specialization
  4. Symbolic Complexity Increases Dramatically
A

M
T
P
S

52
Q

is the setting of a complex of caves in southwestern France famous for its Paleolithic cave paintings. The original caves are located near the village of Montignac, in the department of Dordogne. They contain some of the best-known Upper Paleolithic art. These paintings are estimated to be 17,300 years old.[3] They primarily consist of images of large animals, most of which are known from fossil evidence to have lived in the area at the time.

A

Lascaux Cave

53
Q

Lascaux Cave

A

is the setting of a complex of caves in southwestern France famous for its Paleolithic cave paintings. The original caves are located near the village of Montignac, in the department of Dordogne. They contain some of the best-known Upper Paleolithic art. These paintings are estimated to be 17,300 years old.[3] They primarily consist of images of large animals, most of which are known from fossil evidence to have lived in the area at the time.

54
Q

Relating to or being an early form or subspecies of Homo sapiens, anatomically distinct from modern humans. Neanderthals in Europe and Solo man in Asia are usually classed as archaic humans.

A

archaic homo sapiens

55
Q

____________ contends that after Homo erectus left Africa and dispersed into other portions of the Old World, regional populations slowly evolved into modern humans. This model contains the following components:

A

The Multiregional Continuity Mode

56
Q

____________ asserts that modern humans evolved relatively recently in Africa, migrated into Eurasia and replaced all populations which had descended from Homo erectus

A

Out of Africa Model

57
Q

Lowering of sea level-exposure of shallow continental shelves along coastlines. Barriers to movement, or creating new land to allow migration (implications for sight detection)

A

Effects of glaciation

Prehistoric archaeology (3 decks)

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