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Small Animal Medicine > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Screening Test for Brucellosis that has 95% Sensitivity, but not Specific becuse False Positives can Occur

A

Rapid Slide Agglutination Test (RSAT)

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2
Q

Infectious Disease, where on CBC shows very High White Blood Cell (WBC) Counts

A

Hepatozoonosis (Hepatozoon Americanum)

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3
Q

_____% of Cushings Cases are Pituitary Dependent and ____% of cases are Adrenal Dependent

A

85%

15%

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4
Q

Drug used for Long Term Managment of Insulinoma

A

Diazoxide

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5
Q

Three Serologic Tests that are best for Diagnosing Lyme Disease

A

C6 Antibody Test (Best Choice)

Western Blot

Whole Cell ELISA

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6
Q

Infectious Disease that is Vectored by Sand Flies

A

Leishmaniasis

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7
Q
A

Coccidia- Protozoal Parasite

Coccidia can potentially cause the Diarrhea, but not the other Clinical Signs. Coccidia do not cause severe signs unless there is something else present leading to the overgrowth of Coccidia

*Other Considerations for Bloody Diarrhea with Fever and Neutropenia in a Cat?? Panleukopenia

Next Diagnosic step- Use a Parvo snap test to test for Panleukopenia off Label. If you get a positive result then the Cat has Panleukopenia

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8
Q

Drug of choice for Treatment of Mycoplasma in Felines

A

Doxycycline + Steroids (Ex. Prednisolone)

*Steroids are used to Correct the Immune Mediated Component that leads to Hemolytic Anemia- KNOW THIS

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9
Q

Dog Breed that has the Lowest Measured NORMAL T4 Values

A

Grey Hound

*Do no diagnose Hypothyroidism in this Greyhound, it is normal for this breed to have low T4

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10
Q
A

LDDS

*Excellent Sensitivity- LDDS- Gold Standard in Practice

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11
Q

True/False: Cats with Bartonella Henselae may not show Clinical Signs, and are Asymptomatic

A

True

*Over 40% of Cats with Bartonella Henselae are Asymptomatic

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12
Q

True/False: A Positive Salmonella Isolation from the Feces does not mean that Salmonella is the cause of disease, because it can be isolated from Healthy Animals

A

True

*Salmonella is Ubiquitous and Resides in the Intestine of Most Healthy Animals without causing Clinical Signs- Healthy Cats and Dogs can shed Organism

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13
Q

Most Sensitive Stand alone Test for Hypothyroidism

A

Protein Binding-Equilibrium Dialysis

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14
Q

Insulin Protocol used in Dogs with Diabetes Mellitus

A

Insulin Type: Lente (Vetsulin)

Administer BID (Twice Daily) Subcutenously

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15
Q

In Treating Patients with Hyperthyroidism we may unmask ________

A

Chronic Kidney Disease

*The Treatment does not Create Chronic Kidney Disease, but it may “unmask” it

*Cats with Renal Disease and Hyperthyroidism have a worse Outcome regradless of Treatment

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16
Q

Four Non-Core (Not Essential) Vaccines in Dogs

A

Leptospirosis

Bordetella

Lyme

Parainfluenza

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17
Q

True/False: Insulinoma is a Disease of Geriatric Patients

A

True

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18
Q

Abnormalities that Characterize which Endocrine Disease?

Reduced Exercise Tolerance

Hind Limb Ataxia- Neurologic Deficits

Persistant Hypoglycemia

Seizure and Collapse

Behavoir Changes

A

Insulinoma

*The Brain Needs Glucose to Function

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19
Q

Home Management of Hypoglycemia where the Dog looses Conciousness or is having Seizures

A

Karo Syrup Injection

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20
Q

Clinical Signs of which Infectious Disease:

Lymphadenopathy

Respiratory Signs

Fever and Weight Loss

Lameness and Periosteal Reaction of Radiographs

A

Valley Fever (Coccidioides Immitis)

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21
Q

Diagnostic Test for Cryptococcus

A

Serum ANTIGEN Test

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22
Q

True/False: A Screening test is one that has a High Specificity

A

False

*A Screening test is one that has the Highest Sensitivity

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23
Q

Infectious Disease that causes Anorexia, Weight Loss, and Small Bowel Diarrhea that is Diagnosed with an Acid-Fast Stain on Fecal Smears to Identify Oocysts

A

Cryptosporidiosis

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24
Q

Diagnosis for Giardia

A

Direct Fecal Smear

Fecal ELISA

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25
Q

Test for Hyperadrenocorticism where ACTH Stimulates adrenal Cortex to maximally secrete Cortisol. Take a Post Stimulation Sample 1 hour later and compare how many levels above baseline the Cortisol Concentration has been Stimulated

A

ACTH Stimulation Test

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26
Q

When _____ Increases then PTH should Decrease, thus in a patient with Hypercalcemia if PTH is within normal limits = Not Appropriate

A

Total Calcium

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27
Q

Can you find Giardia intestinalis in a dog without any Clinical Signs?

A

Yes

*Some dogs just carry Giardia and are Asymptomatic

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28
Q

True/False: In the United States, most Dogs infected with Babesia Canis are Subclinical Carriers

A

True

*Blood Donor dogs have to be checked for Babesia

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29
Q

We established need for core vaccines, but does the puppy need any non-core vaccines?

A

*If Lyme and Lepto are deemed Appropriate, Give First 2 vaccines after 12 weeks of age when maternal antibodies are likely to be low

*If Bordetella is deemed Appropriate- the IN or IO vaccine is less effected by maternal antibodies and can be administered earlier than 12 weeks and only need 1 vaccine

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30
Q
A

Azotemia

*Most Important Prognosticator is whether or not this Patient is Azotemic or not- Influences the type of Treatment we choose and we would Titrate Methimazole Accordingly

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31
Q

Always report Vaccine Reactions to what two Agencies?

A

Manufacture of Vaccine

Center for Veterinary Biologics

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32
Q

Treatment for Hepatozoonosis

A

NSAIDS- Pain

*DO NOT use Corticosteroids

*No treatment eliminates tissue Stage

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33
Q
A

T4/TSH

*Test with the best accuracy and overal specificity- Combination of T4/TSH

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34
Q

Treatment for Valley Fever (Coccidioides Immitis)

A

*Beware of Relapses….Life Long Treatment may be needed!

*Fluconazole crosses the BBB, so if the patient has CNS Signs then you would use Fluconazole

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35
Q

Endocrine Disease with these Effects:

Increases Metabolic Rate

Deficiency during Development- Dwarfism and Cretinism

Activates Anagen Phase- Alopecia

A

Hypothyroidism

*Cretinism- Stunted Physical and Mental Growth

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36
Q

Protocol for Prescribing a Diet in a Diabetic Cat

A

Eliminate Carbohydrates

Canned High Protein Diet

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37
Q

Between Actinomyces and Nocardia, which has a Positive Acid Fast Stain?

A

Nocardia

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38
Q

Mycoplasma Causes _____ Parasitemia, where within 1 Hour, Bacteremia can go from > 90% infected RBCs to None

A

Cyclic

*Organisms on RBC’s can be difficult to Find because of the Cyclic Bacteremia

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39
Q

When should an ACTH Stimulation Test be Performed on a Patient with Cushings being treated with Trilostane

A

3-5 Hours Post Pilling (Treatment)

*then should be monitered every 10-14 days, 1 month, and then every 3-4 months

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40
Q

Four Core (Essential) Vaccines for Dogs

A

Distemper

Parvovirus

Hepatitis

Rabies

*The first three come together often in one vial

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41
Q

Most Common Cause of Secondary Hyperparathyroidism

A

Renal Disease, Nutritional

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42
Q

History associated with which Endocrine Disease?

A

Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)

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43
Q

Summary Slide

A
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44
Q

Number One Countercurrent Etiology that leads to Ketoacidosis in Diabetic Patients

A

Pancreatitis

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45
Q

How to Confirm Diagnosis in a Pet that has Clinical Signs of a Disease

A

4 Fold Increase in Titer over 2 Weeks

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46
Q

Serum Biochemistry for which Endocrine Disease

A

Hyperadrenocorticism (Cushings)

*For any Endocrine Disease you do NOT rely on Laboratory Test for Diagnosis- Need to base Diagnosis on Clinical Signs, History, and Laboratory tests

*In 84% of Cases to have an Elevated ALKP (Alkaline Phosphatate)

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47
Q

Treatment for Acute ______ Crisis:

A

Addisonian

*Give HUGE amont of Fluids- Hypovolemic Shock

*Treat Hyperkalemia- Saline Diuresis then Calcium Gluconate

Give Glucocorticoids- Dexamethasone

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48
Q

True/False: Giardia may become part of the Normal Flora following treatment. Disease or Cyst Shedding may recur with Immunosuppresion

A

True

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49
Q

Long Term Treatment for Hypoadrenocorticism that is Given as a Monthly Injection and is a Pure Mineralcorticoid

A

Desoxycortisone Pivilate (DOCP)

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50
Q

True/False: Free T3 is 3-4x’s MORE POTENT than Free T4

A

True

*Most effective Thyroid Hormone causing Critical Illness- Total and Free T3

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51
Q

Once FIV Antibodies are Present, the Cat is Likely Infected for ______

A

Life

*If the Western Blot shows a Positive FIV after the Cat is > 6 Months of Age. Cat most likely has FIV. With FIV, Positive ANTIBODIES = INFECTION, not just exposure. KNOW THIS!!!!!

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52
Q

Laboratory Results concurrent with which Endocrine Disease:

Low Blood Glucose

High Insulin

Low Fructosamine

A

Insulinoma

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53
Q

Cytauxzoon Protozoal Organism has a Blood Parasite Stage called a Prioplasm that is not Particularly Harmful. It is the Tissue Stage, called a ______ that is Harmful

A

Schizont

*The Parasite goes through a Tissue Phase known as a Schizont, because the Body doesn’t recognize this as “self” and a Massive Number of Macrophages eat up the Schizonts leading to Plugged Up Blood Vessels and Death

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54
Q

Myxedema, which is a Tragic Expression caused by Facial Edema and Peripheral Neuropathies, is common in which Endocrine Disorder?

A

Hypothyroidism

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55
Q

Sensitive Test to can be done rapidly to Rule Out Hypoadrenocorticism

A

Basal Cortisol

*If > 2 ug/dL then Rules OUT Addisons

*If

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56
Q

Treatment for Neosporosis

A

Clindamycin

or

Sulfadiazine + Pyrimethamine

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57
Q

Ketone that is Not Detected by Ketone Urine Sticks

A

Beta Hydroxybutyrate

*With Treatment Beta Hydroxybutryate is converted to Acetoacetate. It will look like the Ketones are Increasing, but its not, your just starting to metabolize Beta Hydroxybutyrate (Not Detectable) to Acetoacetate (Detectable)

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58
Q

In Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), 23% of these Dogs had a Positive Fecal Culture for _____

A

Campylobacteriosis

*Campylobacter is a normal part of the Gut Flora but when something else happens wrong within the gut, it allows the organism to overgrow and cause Clinical Signs

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59
Q

Physical Exam Findings in which Endocrine Disease:

Goiter (Palpable Mass in Neck)

Tachycardia

Murmur/Gallop

A

Hyperthyroidism

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60
Q
A

It is Possible that Kitten 3 may hold onto Maternal Antibodies longer than Kitten 2. Positive Result at 6 Months of Age is Unlikely to be Related to a FIV infected Queen transferring Antibodies to Offspring

You could Perform a Western Blot- Will not tell us the difference between Maternal Antibodies, Vaccine Antibodies or True Antibodies

The Kitten should not be Killed- Keep in a seperate Household until accurate diagnosis can be made

Managing this Kitten- Re-check in 1 Month

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61
Q
A

Post Operative Hypoglycemia

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62
Q
A

Diazoxide

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63
Q

What are the signs of Systemic Distemper?

A

Gastrointestinal (Vomiting/Diarrhea)

Upper and Lower Respiratory Infection (Coughing, Runny Nose, Runny Eyes)

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64
Q

Diagnostic Test used to Diagnose Toxoplasmosis

A

Titers (IgM)

*PCR Doesn’t work well for Diagnosing Toxoplasmosis in a Dog- Toxoplasmosis is found in the muscles of dogs, so testing the Blood with PCR is not a good Diagnostic Test

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65
Q

Giardia Intestinalis has different Assemblages (Genotypes). U.S. Infected dogs have only Assemblage _____, which is not Infective to Humans

A

C or D

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66
Q

Least likely of the Thyroid Hormones to be affected by Euthyroid Sick Syndrome

A

Free T4

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67
Q

Five Core (Essential) Vaccines for Cats

A

Rhinotracheitis

Panleukopenia

Calicivirus

FeLV- In all KITTENS

Rabies

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68
Q

True/False: Leptospirosis Vaccine is 100% Effective

A

False

*Vaccination is NOT 100% Protective- The Vaccine doesn’t protect against all the Serovars of Leptospirosis

*Common Vaccine Complication with Leptospirosis Vaccine- Anaphylaxis (Facial Edema)

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69
Q

What are the Neurological Signs of Distemper?

A

Seizures

Cerebellar Signs

Vestibular Signs

*Any Uppermotor Neuron CNS Signs can occur with Distemper

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70
Q

Treatment for Cryptosporidiosis

A

No Treatment (Scary)

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71
Q

Treatment for Seizuring Patient with Insulinoma

A

Dextrose CRI

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72
Q

How to Diagnose Salmonellosis

A

Signs and Positive (+) Fecal Culture

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73
Q

Most common Type of Diabetes in Cats, characterized by functioning Beta Islet cells that are producing Insulin but there is something in the body that is preventing the Insulin from working

A

Type 2 (Cats)

*Glucose Toxicity is responsible for Islet Cell Destruction- if there is persistant hyperglycemia that will lead to destruction ot Beta Islet cells, eventually leading to Diabetes

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74
Q
A
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75
Q

True/False: Rare to have specific hematological abnormalities with Hyperparathyroidism

A

True

*USG will be

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76
Q

Diagnostic Test used for Mycoplasma

A

PCR

*PCR May be Negative because the Bacteremia is Cyclic and may not be there

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77
Q

Largest Problem with Salmonella is that you get _____, that Spread the Bacteria throughout the Population

A

Asymptomatic Carriers

*Antibiotics NOT recommended in Asymptomatic Carriers because it can Prolong Shedding and Stimulate Resistance

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78
Q

Gold Standard for Diagnosing Addisons Disease

A

ACTH Stimulation Test

*No change in Cortisol Concentration = Hypoadrenocorticism

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79
Q
A

Lente like Vetsulin Insulin Bid

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80
Q
A

Core- Distemper, Parvovirus, and Hepatitis

*Give Vaccine every for 4 until 16 weeks of age

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81
Q

Gold Standard for Diagnoses of Hyperadrenocorticism (Cushings)

A

Low Dose Dexamethasone Suppression Test

*Take Samples 3, 4 and 8 hours later

*There should be a decreased ACTH and Decreased Cortisol Secretion at the 3 hour as well as the 8 hour time point.

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82
Q

Bacterial Infectious Disease where Humans become Infected when Flea Feces from a Bacteremic Cat are i_noculated into a Cat Scratch_

A

Bartonella Henselae

*AKA Cat Scratch Fever

*Organism is in the Cats Blood. The Fleas take a Blood Meal and the Organism is then found within the Poop of the Flea. Transmitted from One cat to another via Fleas

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83
Q
A

fT4

*fT4 is the most specific test on its own. Less effected by Euthyroid Sick Syndrome and no interference by Antithyroid Hormone Antibodies

*The best in terms of accuracy is TT4 and TSH. fT4 Alone performs almost as well as the combination of these two

*The best Screening test with the most Sensitivity is TT4

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84
Q

_____ Nephropathy, is associated with an Accumulation of Immune Complexes in the Glomeruli and Nephrons where Patients Present with:

Vomiting/Diarrhea

Weight Loss

PU/PD

Peripheral Edema

Ascites

A

Lyme

*Predisposition in Labs, Golden Retrievers, and Shelties

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85
Q

Serological Test for Leptospirosis, where A Titer > 1 : 3200 is Indicative of Disease (If the Dog has not Recently been Vaccinated)

A

Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT)

*If Peracute Disease, titer may not be elevated, take Titer 2 weeks later to look for 4 x Increase

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86
Q

Large Form of Mycoplasma that is More Likely to Cause Anemia/Signs in Felines

A

Mycoplasma Hemofelis

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87
Q
A

Urine Cortisol: Creatine

*Screeing test is the test with the highest SENSITIVITY

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88
Q

True/False: ALL Owners with Addisonian Dogs should have Glucocorticoids to give under Conditions of Stress

A

True

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89
Q

Go To Medication for Treatment of Hypothyroidism

A

Soloxine

*Hair coat can take up to 3 months to Improve

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90
Q
A

Canine Parvo Virus (Most Likely)

*The Lab Results are all within Normal Limits

*ALL OF THESE ARE POSSIBLY CORRECT- All Cause Bloody Diarrhea. Least Likely to cause Blood Diarrhea is Canine Distemper

*If we changed the question to say: Owners lived on the Coast of Northern California and went fishing the weekend before- Then Salmon Poisoning would be Most Likely

*If we changed the question to say: Three Days ago the Dog got into the Garbage and there was Left Over Chicken that was Recalled- Then Salmonella would be most Likely

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91
Q

How is Leptospirosis Spread?

A

Urine

*Gloves must be worn when cleaning the animals cage

*Contaminated URINE is very Infectious for People and Dogs- Avoid Mucous Membrane Contact with it

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92
Q

Test with Excellent Specificity for Hyperadrenocorticism

A

ACTH Stimulation Test

* This test CANNOT diagnose an adrenal dependant tumor in the majority of cases

*The Probability of a Large Breed Dog having a functional adrenal tumor are very high- This SHOULD NOT be the test of choice for these Patients

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93
Q

Treatment for Cytauxzoon

A

No Proven Effective Therapy

*Supportive Care is Critical

*PREVENTION- TICK CONTROL

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94
Q
A
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95
Q

Infectious Disease that on X-Ray shows:

Periosteal Reaction near Muscle Attachment

A

Hepatozoonosis

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96
Q

Salmonella causes ____ Hemorrhagic Gastroenteritis (Vomiting/Diarrhea) and Septic Shock

A

Acute

*NOT Chronic

*Since Salmonella lives within the GI Tract, this organism can get into the Blood Stream and cause Septic Shock

*Diarrhea is often Hemorrhagic

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97
Q

Gold Standard for Diagnosing Addisons Disease

A

ACTH Stimulation Test

*No Change in Cortisol level between the Pre and Post Stimulation

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98
Q

Serum Findings of which Endocrine Disease:

Hyperglycemia

Increased Liver Enzymes

Increased Cholesterol

Increased Glycolated Blood Proteins

A

Diabetes Mellitus

*ALKP andl ALT will likely be elevated in this Dogs at the time of Diagnosis due to Glucose Accumulation within Hepatocytes

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99
Q

Three Types of Immunological Vaccine Reactions

A

Type 1- (Most Common) Anaphylaxis- Facial Edema, Pruritus, Hives, Vomiting, Diarrhea ect.

Type 2- Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia and Thrombocytopenia. Antibody Production against a self antigen

Type 3- immune Complex Deposition (Ex. Blue Eyes after Canine Adenovirus Vaccine)

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100
Q

Virus that is associated with Neonatal Pup Deaths and may cause Cerebellar Hypoplasia if the Neonate Survives

A

Herpesvirus

*Virus that causes Nursing Pups to get sick and Die

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101
Q

Complications of which Endocrine Disease:

A

Diabetes Mellitus

*Hypoglycemia is the most Likely Complication and if Neglected can be Fatal- Insulin Overdose

*80% of Dogs with Diabetes will develop Cataracts regardless of how well the Diabetes is controlled

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102
Q

A state of Chronic Hyperglycemic caused by Abnormalities of Carbohydrate, Protein, and Lipid Metabolism which may be due to either an absolute lack of insulin or to factors that oppose its action

A

Diabetes Mellitus

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103
Q

Infectious Disease with these Characteristics:

Young Dogs

Virus Attacks Rapidly Dividing Cells of Gut and Bone Marrow

Gastrointestinal Signs- Acute Vomiting/Diarrhea often Hemorrhagic

A

Parvovirus

*Clinial Signs are most likely due to Sepsis

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104
Q

If a Dog with Distemper is showing only Neurological Signs, it is Shedding the Virus?

A

No

*Distemper is only Spreading if the Dog has GI Signs, is Sneezing, Coughing ect.

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105
Q

Treatment for Cryptococcus Neoformans

A

Itraconazole- If no CNS Signs

Fluconazole- if CNS Signs

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106
Q

True/False: Adjucted Rabies Vaccine is recommended for Cats

A

False

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107
Q

Intracellular Bacterial Disease transmitted by Sex, Aborted Fetal Material, Semen, Urine, and Milk

A

Brucellosis

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108
Q

True/False: A High Percentage of “Normal” Cats have Antibodies to Bartonella Henselae, which indicates Disease

A

False

*Indicates Exposure by not Disease

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109
Q

What if T4 Levels are Normal and you still Suspect Hyperthyroidism?

A

*fT4 is not as Sensitive for Screening hyperthyroidism- Often High in Euthyroid Sick Patients

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110
Q

Urine Sample:

Glucose ++

Ketones +++

pH 6.0

What Endocrine Disease commonly has these Lab Finding?

A

Diabetic Ketoacidosis

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111
Q

If a Diabetic Patient is not Eating, but is otherwise Bright and Happy, Decrease Insulin by ____% and if the patient eats in the next 2 hours then give the Remainder of the Insulin

A

50

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112
Q

Same Case where One Kitten was FeLV Positive and the Other Two Kittens were Negative

A

More than Likely this is a case of False Positive Results in the one Kitten

In the Meantime, the Kittens should not be allowed to eat out of the Same Food Bowl or Groom eachother, because if it is a true positive that will run the risk of spreading FeLV to the other Kittens. Separate them in terms of Feeding and Playing until we can determine if the Positive Result is true or not

There is a Vaccine that we can begin using if we want to protect the Other 2 Negative Kittens. FeLV Vaccine is Considered Core for Kittens

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113
Q

Treatment of Hyperkalemia seen in Addisonian Patients

A

0.9% Saline

*If No Response to Saline, then start with Calcium Gluconate

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114
Q

With Which Endocrine Disease can patients present with these Neurological Abnormalities

Megaesophagus

Peripheral Vestibular Syndrome

Laryngeal Paralysis

A

Hypothyroidism

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115
Q

During Treatment of Diabetic Ketoacidosis, A Separate Intravenous Cannula is usually Necessary for _____ Infusion

A

Insulin

*Insulin CRI

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116
Q

Mycoplasma Hemocanis is Commonly of Minimal Significance in Dogs. However, Acute Severe Hemolytic Anemia may occur following _____

A

Splenectomy

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117
Q

Screeing Test (100% Sensitive) used to Diagnose Hypoadrenocorticism

A

Resting/Basal Cortisol

*Basal Cortisol

Not all Dogs with a Basal Cortisol

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118
Q

Best Screening Test (Most Sensitive) for Hyperadrenocorticism

A

Urinary Cortisol:Creatinine

*100% Sensitive, but now very Specific

*Best way to Improve Specificity- Be Measured on a morning urine that is NOT IN HOSPITAL nor has ben to the hospital within 2 weeks

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119
Q

Infectious Disease found in Uncooked Meats and Cat Feces that causes these Clinical Signs in Canines:

CNS Signs

Respiratory

GI Signs

Reproductive

A

Toxoplasmosis

*Mainly found in cats, but can be found in Canines as well

*Side Note: When you are exposed to an infectious organism, which Immunoglobulin come on scene first? IgM. If IgM is Increased, you can say that the Animal has been exposed to the Disease. The IgG will then Increase. If there is a 4 fold increase in the IgG over a 2 week period then you have a diagnosis- This is the case for all Infectious Diseases

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120
Q

Most Common Cause of Primary Hyperparathyroidism

A

Parathyroid Hyperplasia (Adenoma)

*20% of the time- Both Glands

*Parathyroid Masses are rarely Palpable

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121
Q

Treatment for Nocardia

A

TMS (Trimethoprim Sulfa)

*Sulfa Drugs work best for Treating Nocardia- Over 6 Weeks of Treatment

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122
Q

In PCR Diagnosis of Leptospirosis, the Organisms Numbers are Higher in _____ in week 1 of Infection. Then Found in Urine. Time of Infection is often unknown so its best to Submit Both Samples to Decrease False Negative Results

A

Blood

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123
Q

Tetanus can Only grow in an ______ Environment

A

Anaerobic

*Ex. Wounds

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124
Q

Clinical Signs of which Endocrine Disorder in the Canine:

Cervical Mass on Palpation

A

Canine Thyroid Tumors

*Canine Hyperthyroidism is very rare

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125
Q

Be Supspicious of Leptospirosis if Hepatic/Renal Enzymes are Increased, especially ____

A

ALT

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126
Q

Pros and Cons of which type of Vaccine

A

Alive- Recombinant

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127
Q

Treatment for Actinomyces

A

Penicillin

*Treat 4 weeks beyond Clinical Resolution

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128
Q

Brucellosis Serology is usually Negative for the first 2-4 Weeks Post Infection, then Titers can stay Positive for up to ___ Years

A

3

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129
Q

We consider the combination of a ___ and a ___ the most Sensitive and most Specific Test Combination that we can use in Practice for Hypothyroidism

A

TT4 and TSH

*TSH is highly Specific and TT4 is Highly Sensitive

*Most Reliable test to Diagnose Hypothyroidism- Combination of TT4, TSH, and FT4

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130
Q

Lyme Prevention = ______ Prevention

A

Tick

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131
Q

True/False: Many Authorities on Lyme Disease do not Recommend Vaccinating Dogs in Non-Endemic Areas

A

True

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132
Q

Treatment for Botulism

A

Supportive Care

*Toxin wears off in 3-4 Weeks

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133
Q
A

Corona was positive at 1:400 and 1:1600

FIP is a Coronavirus- Coronavirus Mutates into FIP occurs in the Gut of the Cat. Coronavirus on its own is a benign virus, but in susceptible cats it mutates into FIP (wet and dry form). The majority of Cats diagnosed with FIP are going to be under 2 Years of Age

Interpret the Corona Virus Titer- 1:600 is Considered a High Coronavirus Titer. In a Cat that has clinical Signs of FIP, you feel Confident saying the Titer is in line with the disease and the cat has FIP. We can say the cat has been exposed to Coronavirus. Weight Loss and Fever are consistent with FIP

Doxycycline- Doxycycline is used to treat Ricketssial Disease in the cat. Clinicial may have perscribed Doxycycline in case the Cat had Bartonella

Next Diagnostic Step- Set up another physical exam for a week from now because physical exam findings may change

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134
Q
A

I-131

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135
Q

Test we Run to Confirm Diagnosis of Hyperthyroidism

A

TT4

*Extremely Sensitive Test for Hyperthyroidism- Very Reliable for Diagnosis

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136
Q

Total T4 Level that Corresponds to Hypothyroid or Sick Euthyroid Syndrome

A

0-14 nmol/l

*Normal TT4 Levels > 35 nmol/l

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137
Q

Most common Cause of Vaccine Failure in Young Pets

A

Persistant Maternal Antibodies

*Maternal Antibodies last about 16 weeks in puppies!

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138
Q
A

Impression smear of Ulcer or Lymph Node Aspirate or Both

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139
Q

Three main Pathologies caused by Leptospirosis

A

Acute Renal Failure- Moderate or Severe (Anuric)

Liver Failure

Vasculitis- DIC, Shock, Death

*Leptospirosis can cause these thing individually or all together

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140
Q

Two Types of “Alive” Vaccines

A

1. Attenuated (Modified Live)- Alive but not as Virulent

2. Recombinant Vector Vaccines- DNA from Infectious Agent is incorportated into a Vector (Virus). Theoretically not suppose to revert to the Infectious Form

*Alive Vaccines- Infectious Agent is Alive but Altered

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141
Q

What Bacterial Organism is Causing the Clinical Signs below?

A

Tetanus

*Lips Drawn back as if the Animal is Smiling and the Jaw is locked (Trismus)

*Only way Diagnose Tetanus- Clinical Signs

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142
Q
  1. Does the FIV ELISA Snap test check for Antibodies of Antigen?
  2. Does the FIV Western Blot check for Antibodies or Antigen?
  3. Could Antibodies to FIV from the Mother be detected in Kittens?
  4. How is FIV Transmitted?
A

1. Antibodies (Antibodies = Exposure)

2. Western Blot (Gold Standard for Diagnosis FIV)- Antibodies

3. If kitten is

4. FIV is a disease of Unfriendly Cats- Transmitted via Bites

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143
Q

Best Diagnostic Technique for Babesia

A

PCR

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144
Q

Infectious Disease that is Reportable to the CDC

A

Leishmaniasis

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145
Q

Small Form of Mycoplasma and the common form in Cats that Rarely causes Clinical Signs unless concurrent Infection or Immunosuppression

A

Candidatus Mycoplasma Hemominutum

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146
Q

True/False: Avoid Stress in a Cat with Hyperthyroidism

A

True

*These cats can die due to stress and Arrhythmia- Never attempt to Restrain these Cats (Thyroid Storm)

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147
Q

Best way to Differentiate Sick Euthyroid Syndrome from Hypothyroid?

A

TSH Assay

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148
Q

Two Types of “Dead” Vaccines

A

1. Inactivated/Killed Whole Organism Vaccine

2. Subunit or Recombinant Subunit Vaccine

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149
Q
A

Glargine

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150
Q

Protozoal Organism that is Transmitted by Ticks and the Reservoir are Bobcats

A

Cytauzoon

*Transmitted throughout Bobcat Population via Ticks

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151
Q

Clinical Signs of which Endocrine Disease in Cats?

Anxious and Susceptible to Stress (Don’t Handle too much)

Weight Loss

Unkempt “Scraggly” Coat

PU/PD

Vomiting/Diarrhea (Hypermotility of Intestines)

A

Hyperthyroidism

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152
Q

Any Lyme Positive Dog should be Tested for _____. If UPC is Elevated, treat for Lyme

A

Proteinuria

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153
Q

Clinical Signs of which Endocrine Disease:

Hunger

Tremors/Seizures

Nervousness

A

Insulinoma (Hypoglycemia)

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154
Q

Triple Therapy that is used to Treat Helicobacter

A

Amoxicillin, Metronidazole, and H2 Blocker (Famotidine)

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155
Q

In Which Infectious Disease may we treat with Passive Immunization where the Patient is given Plasma with Immunoglobulins?

A

Parvovirus in a Puppy

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156
Q

Which of the Following Choices should be Treated for Lyme Disease?

A. The Dog that Tests Positive on the C6 Snap Test and has Clinical Signs of Lyme

B. The Dog that tests Positive but has no Clinical Signs of Lyme

A
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157
Q

Breed of Dog that most Commonly has Hypoadrenocorticism (Addisons)

A

Standard Poodles

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158
Q

Common Lab Findings for Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, Ehrlichiosis, and Anaplasmosis

A

Thromobocytopenia

Neutropenia

Anemia- Regenerative or Non Regenerative

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159
Q

Infectious Disease seen in Young or Immunocompromised Dogs that leads to Waxing and Waning Clinical Signs of:

Fever

Cachexia- Muscle Wasting

Pain

Lymphadenopathy

Diarrhea

Paraparesis/Lameness

A

Hepatozoonosis

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160
Q

Patients with Hyperadrenocorticism (Cushings) commonly develop ______

A

Blood Clots

*Put these Patients on Thromboprophylaxis- Aspirin

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161
Q

First Clinical Sign that should Resolve using Trilostane for Treatment of Cushings

A

PU/PD

*Should only take a couple days for PU/PD to get better. Will take months for the Skin and Coat to return to normal

162
Q

Avoid Vaccine Injections in the Neck of Cats due to _____ Potential

A

Sarcoma

*Avoid Killed vaccines in cats, because any vaccine that has an adjuvant in it runs the risk of causing sarcoma

163
Q

Once T4 and T3 are in circulation, they are 90% bound to _____, and it will move to the various parts of the body. Once it reaches this point, T3 and T4 can only have its effect in the Free Form

A

Thyroid Hormone Binding Globulin

*Majority of the Time, the Free T4 is Deiodinized to Free T3

164
Q

Treatment of Salmon Poisoning

A

Tetracycline or Doxycycline

165
Q

Treatment for Cat with Hypercalcemia

A

High Fiber Diet

Prednisolone

*Hypercalcemia is Less common in Cats than in Dogs

166
Q

Why do we vaccinate Puppies at 8, 12, and 16 weeks of Age?

A

Maternal Antibodies Interfere with the Vaccinations

*Life Modified Vacines only need to be given once in Adult dogs, but need to be given multiple times in puppies due to interference by materal antibodies

167
Q

Gram Negative Red Blood Cell Parasite that is Hemotropic and Causes Feline Infectious Anemia

A

Mycoplasma

*Bacteria that inhabits the red blood cells- Hemotropic

168
Q

With Mycoplasma in Cats, Clinically we see ______ caused by:

1. Immune Mediated Attack on RBC’s

2. Mycoplasma Attach to Surface of RBC leading to Intravascular and Extravascular Hemolysis

A

Hemolytic Anemia

*Know these Two Mechanisms of Hemolytic Anemia

*How do we know the Patient is in Hemolytic Anemia? Increased Bilirubin and Autoagglutination

169
Q
A

Hemolytic Anemia and Thrombocytopenia

170
Q

Which Endocrine Disease is Characteristic of these Lab Findings?

A

Diabetic Ketoacidosis

*Blood Glucose- Very High

*Ketones- Very High

*Lactate- Very High

*The Patient has a Metabolic Acidosis

171
Q

Vast Majority of Hyperthyroid Cats have T4 >_____ nmol/l and this is considered to be Diagnostic

A

60

172
Q

Rickettsial Disease caused by I_ngestion of Fish with Fluke with Rickettsia_ that is Common in Washington, Oregon and California and leads to clinical Signs of:

Fever

Bloody Vomiting/Diarrhea

Severe Weight Loss

Enlarged Spleen and Lymph Nodes

A

Salmon Poisoning (Neorickettsia Helmintheca)

*Leads to GI Signs

*Common in Areas where People fish and give the left over pieces of Raw fish to the dogs

*Fish has the Fluke and Fluke has the Rickettisa

173
Q

Lab Tests used to Diagnose Distemper

A

PCR

*Laboratory Test- IgM and IgG cannot tell the difference between the Distemper Vaccine (Modified Live) versus Street Infection

174
Q

Treatment for Bartonella Henselae in Domestic Cats

A

Antibiotics- Ex. Doxycycline or Fluroquinolone

175
Q

Most common Cause of Hyperthyroidism leading to an Increased Production of T4 and T3

A

Adenomatous/Benign Nodular Hyperplasia

*70% of Cats with Hyperthyroidism have Bilateral Tumors. If you are going to Consider a Thyroidectomy, you remove both lobes

176
Q

Clinical Signs of which Endocrine Crisis:

Severe Dehydration

Anorexia

Pale Mucous Membranes/Prolonged CRT

Bradycardia

A

Addisonian Crisis

177
Q

When Patients with Insulinoma wake up from a Pacreatectomy, most of them are _____ after Surgery

A

Diabetic

*Hyperglycemia is occuring now because Very Little Insulin is being Produced after the Pacreatectomy. Normal Expected Response in a Dog after Surgery

178
Q

Treatment for Acute Hypoglycemic Crisis in a Patient with Insulinoma

A

25% Dextrose IV

179
Q

Most common presenting Problem for Hyperparathyroidism

A

Urocystolithiasis

180
Q

Common Findings of What Three Rickettsial Diseases?

History of Ticks

Petechiation/Bleeding

CNS Signs

Lameness

A

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever/Ehrlichiosis/Anaplasmosis

*CNS- Rickettsial Diseases Can effect any part of the Nervous System

181
Q
A

Glargine BID

182
Q

Leptospira Persists in Renal Tubular Epithelial cells for Months in the ______ State

A

Carrier

*Animals have Lepto to a Mild Degree and now they are peeing it out for several Months

183
Q
A

High Protein > 40% ME

184
Q

Laboratory Findings of which Endocrine Disease:

Mild Normocytic Non-Regenerative Anemia

Hypercholesterolemia (75%)

Decreased TT4

Increased TSH

A

Hypothyroidism

185
Q

Diagnostic Test for Parvovirus

A

Fecal Parvo Ag Test (SNAP ELISA)

186
Q
A

TT4

*Test with the best Sensitivity is TT4 (almost 100%)

Out Performs the Combination of T4/TSH. T4/TSH is the best combination in terms of Specificity

187
Q

Lab Changes associated with which Bacterial Disease in the Cat?

Hemolytic Anemia

Hyperbilirubinemia

Hyperglobulinemia

Elevated ALT, AST

A

Mycoplasma

188
Q

If the Fecal Snap ELISA Test is positive for Parvovirus, how do you decontaminate Surfaces?

A

Chloride 1:30 Dilution

*You need to Isolate any Parvovirus Cases- Highly Infectious to other Animals

189
Q

True/False: No Vaccine is 100% Effective

A

True

*Even if a Pet is Vaccinated they can still get the Disease- No vaccine is 100% Efficacious

190
Q

Which Endocrinopathy is Present?

Moderate Hypoglycemia

Moderate Bradycardia

Severe Hyperkalemia

Mild Anemia

Mild Hyperlactatemia

Anorexic

Azotemia

A

Hyopadrenocoriticism (Addisons)

*Tends to Target Young to Middle Aged Female Dogs

191
Q

Infectious Disease that is common in Dry Areas with High Temperatures, such as Arizona, that causes Valley Fever

A

Coccidioides Immitis

192
Q

Gold Standard Test used to Diagnose Hypoadrenocorticism (Addisons)

A

ACTH Stimulation Test

*Collect Blood 1 hour later and test for Cortisol Concentration

193
Q

Fungal Infection that enters the Host Tissue in the Yeast Form and carries a Zoonotic Potential where handlers should Wear Gloves

A

Sporotrichosis

194
Q
A

Use the Topical Preparation

195
Q

Cat with Non-Regenerative Anemia that was Negative 2 years ago for FeLV and FIV

A
  1. We need to Repeat the Testing Now- FeLV can become Latent
  2. If the Cat is Negative now, it does not Rule out FeLV. We are ALWAYS suspicious in a cat with Non-Regenerative Anemia of FeLV
196
Q

80% of Patients with which Endocrine Disease present with an Azotemia and Increased Urine/Creatinine Ratio

A

Hypoadrenocorticism (Addisons)

197
Q

True/False: Between Bacteremic Phases of Bartonella Henselae, Blood Cultures and Blood PCR Tests are Negative because organisms can persist in Endothelial Cells, Lymph Nodes, or the Central Nervous System

A

True

198
Q

Clinical Sign associated with Neosporosis in a 16-18 week old Puppy

A

Pelvic Limb Extensor Rigidity

*May start off as hind limb ataxia

199
Q

_____ Organism Pathophysiology:

Enter Blood and Replicate in Endothelial Cells leading to Vascular Inflammation (Vasculitis) and Increased Permeability causing Leakage of Fluid/RBC into Extravascular pace

A

Rickettsiae

*Vasculitis leads to Decreased Platelets (Petechiation) and Decreased Albumin (Peripheral Edema)

200
Q

Incubation Period for Lyme Disease

A

2-5 Months

*Once the Tick has Infected the Host, Clinical Signs do not occur for 2-5 Months Post Exposure

*If Clients come in with their dog and say they pulled a tick off the dog yesterday and want the animal tested for Lyme Disease. If the Test comes back Positive, the Patient was exposed 2-5 Months ago, the Tick they pulled off Yesterday did not Transmit the disease

201
Q

Clinical Signs of which Endocrine Disease:

Dermatological Changes (Calcinosis Cutis)

Abdominal Distension

Polyuria and Polydipsia

Lethargy

A

Hyperadrenocroticism (Cushings)

*MUST BE POLYURIC AND POLYDYPSIC-If the Patient is not PU/PD then it does NOT have Cushings

*Every Dog with Cushings will have profound PU/PD- Hallmark Clinical Sign of Cushings

202
Q

Outer Surface Proteins that allow Lyme Disease (Borrelia Burgdorferi) to Stick to Certain Cells

A

OspA and OspC

*OspA changes to OspC after the Blood meal is Taken in

203
Q

In Felines with Diabetes Mellitus, its important to provide at least 50-50% of Metabolizable Energy from _____

A

Protein

*No Carbohydrates in Cats with Diabetes Mellitus- “Allergic” to Carbohydrates

204
Q

Two Drugs that are commonly used to Treat Hyperadrenocorticism

A

Trilostane

Mitotane

*Both of these are very effective Drugs for treating Cushings Disease. Mitotane is Cheaper but can cause more severe side effects

205
Q

Biochemistry Abnormalities of which Endocrine Disease:

Hyperglycemia

Metabolic Acidosis

Hypokalemia

Hypophosphatemia

Elevated Liver Enzymes

A

Diabetic Ketoacidosis

*Metabolic Acidosis due to Ketoacid Build up

*Hypokalemia- Most Common and Most Serios Electrolyte Disturbance

Hypophosphatemia- Enhanced Catabolism of muscle and fat results in increased urinary phosphorus excretion and phosporus wasting

206
Q

High ____ Inhibits PTH release and causes Calcitonin release which Increases Incorporation of _____ into Bone

A

Calcium

207
Q

True/False: Most Vaccines are Administered SQ or IM

A

True

208
Q
A

TT4

*Test with the Highest Sensitivity and excellent Specificity for Hyperthyroidism

209
Q

Treatment of which Endocrine Disease?

A

Diabetic Ketoacidosis

*Shock Dose Fluid Rates- Central Venous Catheter

210
Q

Medical Therapy of Non-Emergency Hypoglycemia caused by Insulinoma

A

Feed Small Frequent Meals of Complex Carbohydrates

211
Q

Which Disease will have these Cinical Findings:

TT4- Low

FT4- Normal

TSH- Normal or Low

A

Euthyroid Sick Syndrome

*Free T4 is the Least likely to be affected

212
Q
A

Presence of Metastasis

213
Q

Branching Gram Positive Bacteria that normally resides in the oral Cavity and is transferred by Bites. This Bacteria leads to Draining wounds or tracts often with Yellow Granules

A

Actinomyces

214
Q
A

ATGA Ab Interfer with the Assay

*When the T4 is normal but you are sure that the dog is Hypothyroid, it could be Antithyroid Hormone Antibody that is causing a normal Increased T4

Run a Free T4 test in 4 weeks

*The First two are Correct

*The Antithyroid Globulin Antibody is not the cause of the interference with the Assay

215
Q
A

Core- Distemper, Parvovirus, Hepatitis and Rabies

*If vaccines are Modified Live- Only need to give vaccine Once

216
Q

The Nutritional Management of Diabetes Mellitus focuses on Improving Glycemic Control. This Means attempting to Minimize the Rapid Absorption of _____ from Dietary Carbohydrates

A

Glucose

217
Q

Gold Standard for the Diagnosis of Insulinoma

A

Exploratory Laparotomy

218
Q

When Measuring Fructosamine in a Patient with Diabetes Mellitus, At what level is the Patient at risk of Developing a Hypoglycemic Crisis

A

*If Fructosame in > 500 umol/L than the Diabetes is very poorly Controlled

219
Q

Two Biochemical Assessments that can be done in patients with Diabetes Mellitus

A

Fructosamines

Blood Glucose Curves

220
Q
A

B. Exposure Only; may not have any relationship to Clinical Signs

*If we want to prove disease then we want a 4 fold Increase over a 2 week period

*There is NO Vaccine for Bartonella

221
Q

History associated with which Endocrine Disease:

PU/PD

Polyphagia

Weight Loss

Exercise Intolerance

Blindness

A

Diabetes Mellitus

*100% Of Cases the Patients are PU/PD

*Despite Polyphagia, these patients are Loosing Weight

*Blindness- Cataracts

222
Q

A Low Dose Dexamethasone Suppression test is Performed. At 3 Hours the Cortisol Levels are Decreased, but at 8 Hours the Cortisol Levels are Increased Again. What does this Patient have?

A

Pituitary Dependent Hyperadrenocorticism

223
Q

True/False: A Positive C6 Ab Snap Test does not predict Clinical Disease, only Exposure and Infection of Lyme Disease

A

True

224
Q
A

C. Cat is Likely Infected with FIV

225
Q

If Treatment is used for Brucellosis, what would the Treatment be?

A

Aminoglycoside- Ex. Gentamicin (Give Week 1 and 4)

Doxycyline (Give Entire 4 Weeks)

*Don’t use Aminoglycoside for 4 weeks in a Row because it is Nephrotoxic

*May need 2-4 Courses of Above Treatment

226
Q

Brucellosis is a _____ Disease. Infected Male Dogs rarely recover and Some Female doges have Recovered. Euthanasia is a Common Treatment for Brucellosis

A

Zoonotic

*Urine is Infected- Don’t want a Brucellosis Positive animal in the House- Usually results in Euthanasia of the Animal due to Zoonotic Potential

227
Q

True/False: Also recommend Surgery in Patients with Insulinoma, unless the Lesion is Inoperable

A

True

*Patients who are Treated both Surgically and Medically can extend their life 4 Years!- Best Mode of Treatment

228
Q
A

Neospora

*Treatment- Clindamycin or Sulfa Drug.

Do NOT Treat with Steroids- Will make it worse

229
Q

True/False: Older Cats Diagnosed with Hyperthyroidism have a Shorter Survival Time than Young Cats with Hyperthyroidism

A

False

*Young Patients with Hyperthyroidism have a Shorter Survival Time (Worse) than in Older Cats

230
Q

Malignant B-Cell Secreting Tumor (Secreting Insulin) that is common in Geriatric Large Breed Dogs

A

Insulinoma

231
Q

Most Metabolically active Thyroid Hormone, that is 20% Produced by the Thyroid gland and 80% Produced by De-Iodinization at Peripheral Tissue

A

T3

*Once T3 and T4 are produced by the thyroid gland it is released into circulation and will bind to the Thyroid hormone binding Globulin

232
Q

Babesia leads to _____ Anemia in Canines

A

Hemolytic Regenerative Anemia

*Babesia causes HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA and THROMBOCYTOPENIA

233
Q

Characterisitics of which Endocrine Disease:

Increased Urine and Creatinine

Low Urine Specific Gravity

High Potassium

Low Sodium

A

Hypoadrenocorticism (Addisons)

*Chart- Differentiating Addisons from Renal Failure

234
Q

Only Hyperthyroid Treatment that is Indicated in Carcinomas

A

Radio-Iodine Therapy

235
Q

Tessa is a 6 Year Old Female Intact Rodesian Ridgeback. The Owner is a Breeder. Tessa has failed to show signs of Estrus in a Year. BCS is a 4/5 (Overweight) with Alopecia of the Tail. An Opthalmic Examination showed Unilateral Miosis (Unilateral Horners Syndrome)

A

Normocytic Normochromic Mild Non-Regenerative Anemia

*Rhodesian Ridgebacks have a predisposition to developing Hypothyroidism

*Normal Reticulocytes are 60,000

236
Q

Pros and Cons of which Vaccine Type?

A

Dead- Killed or Inactivated Whole Agent Vaccines

*Cons- going to need at least 2 doses and you need a larger dose

The Adjuvant (That was used to kill the Virus) can result in Vaccine Reactions- Allergic Reaction and Vaccine Induced Sarcoma (CATS!!!!)

237
Q

True/False: Severity of Side Effects are Worse with Mitotane when Treating Cushings

A

True

*Compared to Trilostane, Mitotane can cause more severe Side Effects

*If Side effects occur with Mitotane- Stop Therapy and administer PREDNISOLONE

238
Q

Most Common Chronic Rickettsial Disease is Ehrlichia Canis, which mainly leads to ______

A

Pancytopenia

239
Q

True/False: 90-95% of Dogs exposed to Lyme Disease don’t have any Clinical Signs 2-5 Months Later

A

True

240
Q

Treatment for Hyperkalemia in Addisons Patients

A

Saline Diuresis

241
Q

Best Lyme Vaccine that is Least Anaphylactic to the Animal

A

Recombinant OspA Single Antigen Vaccine

*How it works- Once you inject this vaccine the Dog produces OspA antibodies post vaccine. Tick Attaches to the dog and takes in those antibodies which work in the ticks gut to bind bacteria during blood meal: Bacteria cannot move to the salivary gland to infect the dog

242
Q

Salmonellosis is a gram ____ Bacteria that Resides in the Intestinal Tract

A

Negative

243
Q

Infectious Disease that is Transmitted through Dog Fighting via the Blood, where 50% of Pit Bulls tested in the US are Positive

A

Babesia Gibsoni

*Many pitbulls are subclinical carriers, they should never be used as blood donors

244
Q

Primary Cause of Hypothyroidism

A

Lymphocytic Thyroiditis

*Immune Mediated Destruction of the Thyroid Folicles

*Photo- There must be 75% Destruction of the Thyroid Gland from Neoplasia before Clinical Signs will be detected

245
Q

In Hyperthryoid Patients that receive a Bilateral Thyroidectomy, they normally suffer from ______

A

Hypocalcemia

*Normally Parathyroid gland is removed as well, which regulates Calcium

*Treatment of Hypocalcemia- Calcium Gluconate IV

246
Q

Bacterial Spirochete that can live in Gastric Mucosa because they have High Urease Allowing them to Survive in Acid

A

Helicobacter

247
Q
A

Azotemia

248
Q
A

Most Common Cause of Ascites and Fever in a 1.5 Year Old Cat- FIP

What is the Next Diagnostic Step- Centesis

249
Q

Physical Exam and Labwork for which Infectious Disease:

Dehydration

Hypoglycemia

Hypokalemia

Anemia

Leukopenia

A

Parvovirus

250
Q

Hypothyroidism is Treatment is _____ Therapy

A

Life Long

*The thyroid is destroyed and without the Thyroid Supplementation the patient will revert back to Hypothyroidism

*Recheck the patient every 6 months

251
Q

Treatment for Toxoplasmosis

A

Clindamycin

or

Sulfadiazine + Pyrimethamine

252
Q
A

12 Year Old DSH Polyphagia, Vomiting

*Siamese Cats have genetic Variables that Protect them from Hyperthyroidism

*Open Mouth breathing is a clinical sign of Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema

253
Q
A

Palpation during Coeliotomy

254
Q

Diagnostic test used in Large Breeds dogs where an Adrenal Dependent tumor is Suspected

A

Low Dose Dexamethasone Suppresion Test

*ACTH Stimulation test will NOT work in these Patients- Does not detect Adrenal Dependent Tumors

255
Q
A
256
Q

Which one of these Blood Glucose curves is Ideal?

A

Green

*Green Curve- The Blood Glucose does not drop below 80. The glucose is maintined between 100-250 for the majority of the day- Ideal

257
Q
A

Duration of Action too Short

*Insulin Resistance- Very Rare

258
Q

Hemoprotozoan Parasites that Infect RBC’s of Vertebrate Hosts, leading to Hemolytic Anemia

A

Babesia

259
Q
A

1. Humans can NOT get FIV

  1. There is a Vaccine for FIV- Not considered a Core Vaccine
  2. FIV Vaccine WILL interfer with FIV Tests and give a False Positive
  3. FIV Vaccine is Not a Core Vaccine- Can intefere with FIV Testing and hasn’t proven to be Efficacious
260
Q

Put in Order the Correct Progression of Hypothyroidism:

  1. Compensated Hypothyroidism Occurs- Increase in Thyroid Globulin and Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
  2. Lymphocytic Thyroiditis develops- Increase In Thyroid Globulin Auto Antibodies
  3. Clinical Hypothyroidism Develops- Increase in Thyroid Globuling Auto Antibodies, Thyroid Stimulating Hormone and a Decrease in T4
A

2,1,3

261
Q

True/False: Most Insulinomas are:

Malignant

Metastasized

A

True

262
Q

Adrenal Failure characterized by Deficiency in Both Glucocorticoids (Cortisol) and Mineralcorticoids (Aldosterone)

A

Primary Adrenal Failure

*Most Common Form

263
Q

What Endocrine Disease is occuring in this Cat?

A

Hyperthyroidism

*What can cause Weight loss DESPITE a normal Appetite in a 12 Year Old Cat? Hyperthyroidism

*Heart Murmur and Gallop Rhythm can be acquired secondary to Hyperthyroidism

264
Q

Which Thyroid Hormone is Less Effected by Protein Binding Equilibrium Dialysis

A

Free T4

265
Q

Two Types of Hyperadrenocorticism and which Breed of Dogs they Mainly Effect

A

Pituitary Dependent- Small Breed Dogs

Adrenal Dependent- Labradors

*50% of Adrenal Tumors are Malignant

266
Q
A

LDDS and US

267
Q
A

Dead- Subunit/Recombinant Subunit Vaccines

*Not really on the Market

268
Q

Disease caused by Borrelia Burgdorferi, which are Corkscrew Shaped and Spirochete

A

Lyme Disease

269
Q

_____ is a Zoonotic Disease where Risk factors for Humans were ownership of Pup or Chickens and Consumption of Mayonnaise

A

Campylobacteriosis

270
Q

Treatment for Distemper

A

Supportive Care

271
Q

Treatment for Babesia Canis

A

Imidocarb Dipropionate (Imizol)

272
Q

Bacterial Disease is more of a problem of Intact Males leading to Enlarged Scrotum, Epididymitis, Infertility, and Testicular Atrophy

A

Brucellosis

273
Q

Virus that can Kill dogs and cats within 2-3 days of Clinical Signs and causes:

Pruritus

Self Mutilation

Excessive Salivation

Fatality

A

Pseudorabies

*Associated with Pig Farms

*Pseudorabies looks just like Rabies but is associated with Pig Farms

274
Q

True/False: Blood Donor Cats need to be Mycoplasma Negative

A

True

*Mycoplasma is Transferred via Blood- All Blood Donor cats must be tested for Mycoplasma

275
Q

Hyperadrenocorticism is a disease of Excess _____

A

Cortisol

*Excess Cortisol being Produced by the Adrenal Glands

276
Q

Infectious Disease that causes these Clinical Signs:

Nasal Discharge

CNS and Ocular Signs

Cutaneous Lesions (40%)

A

Cyptococcus

277
Q

CBC: Stress Leukogram

Biochemistry: Moderately Elevated ALT

Urinalysis: USG 1.022

Is this a Normal USG in a Cat?

A

Normal USG in a Cat? 1.035

*Anything Below 1.028 means the cat is not able to concentrate its urine appropraitely

*Hyperthyroidism- Interference with ADH Receptors and Aquaporins aren’t released

278
Q

Most common Cause of Hypoadrenocorticism

A

Immune Mediated Destruction

*85% of the Adrenal Gland must be destroyed before Clinical Signs occur

279
Q

Bacterial Disease that Dogs get from Eating pre-formed Neurotoxin in Bad Meat (Ex. Duck Carcass)

A

Botulism

280
Q

More History:

On 30 IU Lente Insulin

No PU/PD

Keratoconjunctivitis Sica and Retinal Degeneration

What is the Next Step with this Patient?

A
281
Q

How can a Dog with Distemper only have Neurological Signs?

A

The Dog can develop Antibodies against the Virus. While the Antibodies are Being Developed, they can fight off the Systemic SIgns and the Virus can escape to the Nervous System

282
Q

True/False: Things that Normally Cause Hypoglycemia:

Starvation

GI Malabsorption

Renal Glucosuria

A

False

*None of these Result in Hypoglycemia, because we have a number of counter-regulatory hormones

283
Q

Disease Spread by Ixodes (Deer Tick), where the Host becomes infected once the Tick becomes Engorged (48-50 Hours Post Attachment)

A

Lyme Disease

*Must be Attached for at least 2 Days (48 Hours) that must be ENGORGED before the Host becomes Infected

284
Q

In America, can a Human get Toxoplasmosis from a Dog?

A

No

*Toxoplasmosis is only in the Muscle of Dogs- Humans cannot get Toxoplasmosis from Dogs

*The Owner can get Toxoplasmosis from Cat Feces- Inhalation of Oocysts in Cat Feces

285
Q

Best Mineralcoriticoid and Glucocorticoid Replacement Drug that is used in Addisonian Patients

A

Hydrocortisone Sodium Succinate

286
Q

Serological Test for Lyme Disease that tests for IgG and IgM produced to Numerous Antigens on the whole Spirochete

A

Whole Cell ELISA

*IgM- Pentamere (Big) Shows up First when Infection Enters the Body (Bouncer at the Bar)- Disappears when “Police” Show up

*IgG- (Police) Comes around 2 weeks post Infection and Prolong the Fight against the Infection

287
Q

Diet that can be used to Treat Hyperthyroidism ONLY in Indoor Cats

A

Hills Y/D

*Treatment for Indoor Cats where Hyperthyroid is detected very early

288
Q
A

TT4

*TT4 Screening test will catch ALL the Hypothyroid Patients

*TT3 and FT3 are most affected by Euthyroid Sick Syndrome

289
Q

Fungal Disease that is Inhaled in the Yeast-Like Form and Replicates in the Upper and Lower Airways of Dogs and spreads to the CNS

A

Cryptococcus Neoformans

*Cyptococcus is a Fungus

290
Q
A

Hyperplasia

291
Q

Which Bacterial Disease has these Clinical Signs:

Reproductive

Neurologic- Diskospondylitis

Ocular- Optic Neuritis

A

Brucellosis

292
Q
A

Insulinoma

293
Q

How long does Parvovirus last in the Environment?

A

Months

*Bleach what you can in the House/Environment- Wait at least a month to get a new Dog

294
Q
A

Primary Hypothyroidism

*Not Euthyroid Sick Syndrome because Free T4 is Low

*Stimulation Test- TT4 doesn’t Change- Thyroid Gland itself is Damaged

295
Q

True/False: Old dogs will have statistically lower Thyroid Hormone Concentrations than Young Dogs

A

True

296
Q

Infectious Disease with a sudden Onset of Neurological SIgns that cause Death within 10 Days is suspicious of _____

A

Rabies

*Any time you have CNS disease and the animal dies within 10 days of onset- Rabies should be on Differential even if the Dog has been Vaccinated

297
Q

Type of Diabetes Mellitus where there is Destruction of the Beta Islet Cells of the Pancreas that Produce Insulin

A

Type 1 (Canine)

298
Q

Four Non Core (Not Essential) Vaccines in Cats

A

FeLV- in Adults

FIV

Chlamydia

Bordetella

299
Q

Branching Gram Positive Bacteria that is Transferred via Wound and Pyothorax (Felines)

A

Nocardia

300
Q

Anti-emetic used in the Treatment of Parvovirus

A

Cerenia (Maropitant)

*Metoclopramide and Chlorpromazine are both used as well

301
Q

Tick Vector for Hepatozoon Americanum

A

Amblyomma

302
Q

True/False: Dogs can be Asymptomatic Carriers of Campylobacteriosis

A

True

303
Q

Urinarlysis of which Endocrine Disease

A

Hyperadrenocorticism (Cushings)

Most Important Finding- Presence of Inadequately Concentrated Urine- LOW USG

*Glucosuria- 10% of Dogs with Cushings will have Diabetes Insipidus

304
Q

Which Endocrine Disease will have this Biochemistry?

A

Hypoadrenocorticism (Addisons)

*Characterisitic Rise in Potassium- Caused by Aldosteron Deficiency

305
Q

The Clinical Signs of Parvovirus (Acute Hemorrhagic Vomiting/Diarrhea) are mainly due to Gram Negative _____

A

Sepsis

*Most of the Animals that die of Parvovirus die because of the Septicemia, rather than the Virus itself

*Underlying cause for Parvo Dogs to Die- Sepsis

306
Q

Pathology of which Endocrine Disease:

Mild Non-Regenerative Anemia

Horners Syndrome

Delayed Estrus

Alopecia

Hypercholesterolemia

A

Hypothyroidism

307
Q

Brucellosis Peneterates Mucous Membranes to enter Lymphoreticular System and Persists within ____ of Genital Tract

A

Cells (Intracellular)

*Treatment of Brucellosis is Difficult because it is an Intracellular Bacteria

308
Q

Most Common Clinical Signs encountered with Lyme Disease

A

Lameness (Polyarthritis)

*Lameness usually starts in the limb closest to Tick Bite

309
Q

Treatment for Leptospirosis

A

Supportive Care

Doxycycline- Eliminates Carrier State

310
Q

Gold Standard of Treatment for Hyperthyroidism

A

Radiotherapy (Iodine 131)

*Disadvantage- Patient needs to be Isolated

*Radiation Only Destroys Dividing Cells- Tumor Destroyed

311
Q

Lyme Vaccines are a series of 2 vaccines given 2-4 weeks apart starting at ___ weeks of age, followed by Annual Boosters

A

12

312
Q
A
313
Q

True/False: Diagnosis of Hypothyroidism is based on Diagnostic Assays

A

False

*Diagnosis of Hypothyroidism is based on a combination of Screening Tests, History, and Clinical Signs together with a Low T4 and High TSH

314
Q

Most common Clinical Sign of Insulinoma

A

Seizures

315
Q

Oral Drug of choice for Patients with Hyperthyroidism that is Given 5mg BID PO

A

Methimazole

*Inhibits Thyroid Hormone synthesis by Blocking Incorporation of Iodine

*Methimazole is 95% Effective- 3-15 Days to Bring T4 down to Normal

316
Q

Herpes Virus likes to Replicate at ____ Body Temperature

A

Lower

*Neonates are not able to regulate their body temperatures

317
Q
A

ACTH Stimulation Test

*ACTH Stimulation Test- Not able to Distinguish Pituitary from Adrenal

[ACTH]- will be Higher in Pituitary Dependent Cushings and will not be susceptible to the negative feedback of the Cortisol

LDDS- Can distinguish Pituitary Dependent

318
Q

Which Treatment plan for Hyperthyroidism has the Best Prognosis?

A

I-131 Pre-Treated with Methimazole

*Usually our Standard of Care

319
Q

Diagnostic Test best for Diagnosing Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, Ehrlichiosis, and Anaplasmosis

A

PCR

320
Q

_____ Immunity Plays a Role in Determining whether or not the Host will get Disease from Cryptococcus Neoformans

A

Cell Mediated Immunity

*Big Concern in HIV Positive People

321
Q

Which of the Following Ways can Mycoplasma be Trasmitted in Felines?

A. IV, IP, or Per Os of Infected Blood

B. Blood Sucking Arthropods and Fleas

C. Fighting and Saliva

D. Transmission from Queen to Kitten via Nursing

A

All of the Above

322
Q

Drug of Choice for Treatment of Lyme Disease

A

Doxycycline

323
Q

True/False: Animals that are Moderately to Critically Ill or Patients on Sulphonamides should NOT be tested for T4 Levels

A

True

*Do not test these dogs because T4 will be erroneously low and we could misdiagnose Hypothyroidism

324
Q
A

Senario 1: 99% of the Time- No Worries

Scenario 2: Two ELISA Tests two weeks apart that are Positive- Good time to do an IFA or PCR Test.

If the Cat is Sick and you have a Positive IFA or PCR then assume that FeLV is contributing to the Clinical Signs. If the Cat is Healthy and comes back with Positive IFA or PCR then Isolate the Cat from other Cats in the House

325
Q
  1. Does the FeLV ELISA Snap Test check for Antibodies or Antigens to FeLV?
  2. How would one Kitten be positive and the others be Negative? List three Possible Reasons
  3. At what Age can you test a Kitten for FeLV and Not worry about Maternal antibodies
A

FeLV ELISA Test- Checks for ANTIGEN

3 Reasons for one Kitten to be Positive- Could be a False Positive, Kitten may have gone out and picked up the virus, Mother was Positive and passed it onto only one of the kittens

FeLV is Spread via contact of Mutual Grooming- Licking and sharing Saliva

Test at what age for FeLV? ANY AGE. FeLV has nothing to do with Materal Antibodies. The test is Antigen Based, not Maternal Antibody based

326
Q

Urinalysis Findings for which Endocrine Diease:

Glucosuria

Cystitis

Ketosis

A

Diabetes Mellitus

*Up to 60% of Diabetic Patients have Ketones in their Urine

327
Q

Which Endocrine Disorder can cause Ocular Abnormalities such as Corneal Lipidosis, and secondary Glaucoma and Keratoconjuncivitis

A

Hypothyroidism

328
Q

Route of Vaccine Administration that Stimulates IgA

A

Intranasal

*Big Advantage- Efficacy Not Blocked by Maternal Antibodies- Intranasal and Intraoral Vaccines. KNOW THIS

329
Q
A

CBC Changes- Nothing Specific Suggests FIP

Chemistry Profile- High Globulins suggest FIP

FIP is a Mutation from the Coronavirus, which is common and found throughout the environment

Can Cat with FIP transmit to another Cat? One cat cannot transmit the mutated form to other cats in the household

2 Forms- Dry Form infects the Nervous system and Eyes. Wet form infects the Gut as Ascites Frequently and Pleural Effusion

You CANNOT Prevent FIP

330
Q

An Addisonian Crisis is Described as _____ Shock, where these patients are Dehydrated, Anemic and Bradycardic

A

Hypovolemic

331
Q

True/False: Ehrlichosis Uncommonly causes Clinical Signs in Cats

A

True

*Ehrlichosis is Uncommon in Cats

332
Q

For Which Endocrine Pathology will we need to Treat the Following?

A

Hypoadrenocorticism (Addisons)

*Need to Correct Hyopvolemia and Hyperkalemia (Life Threatening)

333
Q
A

ACTH Stimulation Test

334
Q

For Feline Vaccinations only use Non-_____ Vaccines to reduce the risk of vaccine induced sarcomas

A

Adjuvant

*All Killed Vaccines have some type of Adjuvant

335
Q

Treatment for Parvovirus

A

FLUIDS- Most Important

Gram Negative Antibiotics (Aminoglycoside + Beta Lactam)

*Don’t give Aminoglycosides if Renal Disease is Present or if the Animal is Dehydrated

336
Q

Gold Standard Stimulation Test for Hypothyroidism

A

TSH Stimulation

*Not used very Often- Injection of TSH Intravenously and measure a post stimulation about 4 hours later. You want to demonstrate the the total T4 Concentration is above 25mmol/l or is 1.4 times higher than resting baseline

337
Q
A

Anti-Insulin Antibodies

*Insulin Resistance is VERY RARE

338
Q

Haemotology for which Endocrine Disease

A

Hyperadrenocorticism (Cushings)

*Most Cases of Cushings Present with a STRESS Leukogram

339
Q

Leptospirosis and Lyme Disease Vaccine are Non-_____

A

Non-Core Vaccines

*Leptospirosis and Lyme Disease Vaccines are given at 12 and 16 weeks of Age

340
Q

If we create a Euthyroid State after treating ______our Target Total T4 must be in the Low Range of Normal (BUT NOT HYPOTHYROID)

If we Create a Euthyroid State after Treating _____ our Target Total T4 must be in the High Range of Normal

A

Hyperthyroidism

Hypothyroidism

341
Q

10% of Patients with Hyperadrenocorticism will Develop a Secondary ______ because the Excess Cortisol will Interfere with the Release of ADH by the Hypothalamus

A

Central Diabetes Insipidus

*Low USG and these patients are predisposed to developing Urinary Tract Infections

342
Q

True/False: Both ACTH Stimulation and Low Dose Dexamethasone Suppression test are used to Diagnose Adrenal Dependent Hyperadrenocorticism

A

False

* Both ACTH Stimulation and Low Dose Dexamethasone Suppression test are used to Diagnose PITUITARY Dependent Hyperadrenocorticism

*ACTH Stimulation is not used to Diagnose Adrenal Dependent Cushings

343
Q

Branching Gram Positive Bacteria that are commonly transfered by Dog Bites

A

Actinomyces and Nocardia

344
Q

Pros and Cons of which type of Vaccine?

A

Alive Vaccine- Attenuated/Avirulent/Modified Live

*Long Lived Antibody Response after 1 Dose

345
Q

On a Hemogram, what Three things will a Vasculitis cause?

A

Decreased Platelets (Thrombocytopenia)

Decreased Neutrophils

Decreased RBC (Anemia)

*This occurs for Patients with Leptospira Infections and Rickettsial Infections

346
Q

Botulism Toxin prevents release of ACH at Neuromuscular Junction leading to Acute ______

A

Lower Motor Neuron Quadriparalysis

*All FOUR Legs are Involved- Areflexic or Hyporeflexic

347
Q

Clinical Signs of which Endocrine Disease:

Lethargy

Obesity (40%)

Cold Intolerance

Skin Conditions (60-80%)- Alopecia, Hyperpigmentation

Bradycardia

A

Hypothyroidism

348
Q

Best Serological Test for Lyme Disease that gives Yes/No Test Results that tells if C6 Antibodies are Present or Not

A

C6 Ab Snap Test

*Lyme Spirochete is Adept at changing Outer Surface Proteins to escape Detection, however the 1 Outer Surface Peptide that DOES NOT change is the C6

*Detectable as early at 2 Weeks Post Exposure- Before the Animal has Clinical Signs (2-5 Months)

349
Q

Leptospirosis Serovars are Maintained in Nature by _____ infected Hosts

A

Subclinically

350
Q
A
351
Q

True/False: If a Patient shows Vomiting, Puritius, and Liver Toxicity to Methimazole, it is best to switch to Carbimazole

A

False

*If the Patient showed Vomiting with Oral Methimazole, You should try using the Transdermal Methimazole- Indicated for Patients that Vomit with Oral Methimazole

352
Q
A

Immature Glycolytic and Gluconeogenic Enzymes

353
Q

What Three Breeds are Predisposed to Primary Lymphocytic Thyroiditis

A

Rhodesian Ridgeback

English Setters

Dobermans

354
Q

When Assessing Treatment of Hypothyroidism, Serum T4 Levels needs to be tested Post ____

A

Pilling

*6 Hours after pilling we collect a blood sample and it would be our peak level. We would like to get our T4 Levels at the high end of normal

355
Q

Treatment of SICK Hypercalcemia Dog

A

Address Primary Cause

General Therapy- Saline Diuresis, Furosemide, Calcitonin (If Vit. D Toxicosis)

356
Q

Most Common Endocrinopathy in Older Cats, where the Mean Age is 12 Years

A

Hyperthyroidism

*One of the Most common Medical Disorders of Cats

357
Q

In the United States, Babesia Canis is Transmitted via _____

A

Rhipicephalus Ticks

*Have to be attached 2-3 days

358
Q

An ACTH Assay is Performed to measure the ACTH concentration in a Cushings Dog. If you get the results back and the ACTH level is Normal, what does this Patient have?

A

Pituitary Dependent Cushings

*In a Patient with Cushings the ACTH levels SHOULD be Low/Zero. Therefore, if they are normal than this patient has Pituitary Dependent Cushings

359
Q

Two ways to assess Effectiveness of Vaccination

A

1. Serum Antibody Titers- Measure IgM or IgG

2. Challange Studies- Take Non Vaccinated animals and challange them with the Antigen. Challenge another group with Vaccinations to see how many are protected

*Best Method for Determining Vaccine Effectiveness- Challenge Studies

360
Q

Clinical Signs of which Infectious Disease:

Petechiation

Bleeding Externally and Internally

Lameness

A

Rickettsiae

361
Q
A

Main Reason Kitten

The Two FIV + Kittens should be Separated from the Other Cats in the meantime until it can be proven if the kittens have FIV or just have maternal Antibodies

*Have Mother come in and test for FIV

362
Q

Clinical Signs of which Endocrine Disease:

PU/PD

Weakness/Lethargy

Reduced Excitability of Nervous Tissue

A

Hyperparathyroidism (Hypercalcemia)

*Hallmark Feature of Hypercalcemia- PU/PD because Calcium Impairs Renal Tubular Response to ADH

363
Q

Which Disease will have these Clinical Findings:

TT4- Low to Normal

FT4- Low

TSH- High

A

Hypothyroidism

*Best Way to differentiate Euthyroid Sick Syndrome and Hypothyroidism- TSH

TSH will be HIGH in the case of Hypothyroidism, and Normal to Low in patients with Euthyroid Sick Syndrome

364
Q

Patients with which Endocrinopathy will LACK a Stress Leukogram

A

Hypoadrenocorticism (Addisons)

*NO STRESS LEUKOGRAM

365
Q
A

B and D

366
Q

True/False: Helicobacter may or may not cause signs of Chronic Gastritis, Vomiting and Diarrhea

A

True

*Helicobacter causes Bleeding Ulcers within the GI Mucosa

367
Q
A

100-250 mg/Dl

*Don’t want Nadir to be below 80 mg/dL- If below 80, then we need to Decrease the Dose of Insulin

368
Q

Review of Progression of Hypothyroidism

A
369
Q

Protocol for Prescribing a Diet in an Overweight Diabetic Dog

A

Low Fat Diet (

Exercise for 30 min BID

*Only prescribe a Diabetic Diet for a dog if they are Overweight

370
Q
A

C. 6 yo Beagle with Hyptrichosis and Reduced Activity

*3 yo Female Poodle with Reduced Appetite and PuPd- Addisons Disease

*Calcinosis Cutis- Most Pathoneumonic Lesion for Hyperadrenocorticism (Cushings)

*Greyhounds have significantly lower levels of T4 than other breeds, so this is probably just a normal fit greyhound

371
Q

Two Areas of the Body where Giardia intestialis likes to Attach

A

Small Intestine- Small Bowel Watery Diarrhea

Large Intestine- Diarrhea with Blood and Mucus

372
Q

Treatment for Tetanus

A

Debride Wound

Equine Antitoxin (Used in Canines and Felines)

373
Q

Infectious Disease caused by a Gram-Negative Rod Bacteria where the Domestic Cat is the Major Reservoir and Vector for Human Infections

A

Bartonella Henselae

374
Q

The Characteristics Below Describe which Infectious Disease?

Organism can morph from Spiral or Corkscrew

Highly Motile due to Flagella

Usually Extracellular in Location but can be Sequestered in Joints, Fibroblasts, and Astrocytes

A

Lyme Disease (Borrelia Burgdorferi)

*Can be Sequestered in Joints, Fibroblasts and Astrocytes- Animals with Lyme Disease may have Chronic Joint Disease and Chronic Neurological Symptoms

375
Q
A

1. Most likely Cause- Cerebellar Hypoplasia from Panleukopenia

*More than likely the vaccine that was given to the Mother was a Modified Live Vaccine and transfered the Virus to the Kittens. The mother will not have Clinical Signs in the majority of these cases

  1. The Prognosis- The Kittens will always have these signs
376
Q

Two Physical Attributes that are common in Dogs with Distemper

A

Hard Pad (Thick Foot Pads)

Enamel Hypoplasia (Pits on Teeth)

377
Q

True/False: Dietary Issues must be controlled in Dogs with Diabetes Mellitus in order to Control the Diabetes

A

False

*Diet DOES NOT effect Diabetes Mellitus in DOGS

*Dietary Issues must be controlled in CATS with Diabetes Mellitus in order to Control the Diabetes. You will not obtain a diabetic remission in a Cat with Diabetes unless you address the dietary issues

378
Q
A

5.5- High Protein

Most Likely Diagnosis- High Protein with Straw Colored Fluid = FIP

What tests can you run on the Fluid? FIP Titers and PCR

What are the Fluid characteristics of FIP? High Protein and Straw Colored Fluid

379
Q

True/False: The Majority (90%) of Malignant Thyroid Tumors in Canines are Non-Functional

A

True

*If you have a Dog with a Thyroid Tumor the chances are Very High that it is Malignant

380
Q

If you Suspect Rabies, who do you call?

A

Local Health Department

*Local Health Department will contact the state department and the state Veterinarian

381
Q

What if Fecal ELISA is Negative, yet Clinical Signs Suggest Parvovirus?

A

May still be Parvo, go with your Gut

*Other Diseases that look like Parvovirus- Salmon Poisoning, Salmonella, E. Coli

382
Q

Low Calcium Stimulates _____which Causes:

Resorption of Calcium by Bone

Trigger the Intestine to Absorb more Calcium

Tells Nephrons to start Reabsorbing Calcium from Filtrate

A

PTH

*Overall these Mechanisms Increase Calcium

383
Q

Routine Diagnostic Test Results (CBC and Urine Analysis) for Lyme Disease

A

CBC- Non-Specific Changes

Urine Analysis- May have Signs of Renal Failure or Proteinuria

*Side Note- Two of the Most common causes of Lameness in these dogs is going to be Lyme Disease and Ehrlichia- CBC helps to differentiate between Lyme Disease and Ehrlichia. Lyme Disease will show no Specific Changes with CBC, while Ehrlichia will show changes on CBC

384
Q

Treatment for Hyperthyroidism (Malignant Thyroid Tumor) in a Dog

A

Thyroid Tumors in Canines are Mainly Malignant

Thyroid Tumors in Felines are Mainly Benign

385
Q

Tessa is a 6 Year Old Female Intact Rodesian Ridgeback. The Owner is a Breeder. Tessa has failed to show signs of Estrus in a Year. BCS is a 4/5 (Overweight) with Alopecia of the Tail. An Opthalmic Examination showed Unilateral Miosis (Unilateral Horners Syndrome)

A

Every Single Endocrinopathy can cause Hypercholesterolemia

386
Q

Which of these Infectious Disease are Zoonotic:

A. Leptospira

B. Rabies

C. Toxoplasmosis

A

All of the Above are Zoonotic

387
Q

Youngest Age that an animal can be given a Rabies Vaccination

A

12 Weeks

388
Q

Adult Ixodes Ticks feed on _____

A

Deer

*Ixodes = Deer Tick

389
Q

Two Radiographic Changes that can be present in Patients with Hyperadrenocortisicm

A

Mineralization of the Lung Field

Mineralization of the Pelvis

*Radiographic Changes that can be present in the presence of Cushings

390
Q

In Severe Salmonella Cases, the Patients must be put in _____, with IV Fluids

A

Isolation

391
Q

Campylobacteriosis leads to ______ Diarrhea (Tenesmus and Fresh Blood in Stool)

A

Large Bowel

*Fresh Blood and Mucous in the Stool- Small Amounts, Frequently

*Tenesmus- Straining

392
Q

2 Stages of Rabies

A

Furious Stage- Aggressiveness, Biting

Dumb Stage- Dull Lethargic, Comatose

393
Q

True/False: Culturing a Positive Fecal Culture for Salmonella from a 12 week old Dog with Hemorrhagic Diarrhea, Parvovirus would still be the Top Differential

A

True

*Most likely still Parvovirus because both Parvovirus and Salmonella cause Hemorraghic Diarrhea and Salmonella can be cultured from Healthy Animals. Even though the Culture may be Salmonella Positive, that may not be the cause of the problem

394
Q

Most Sensitive Test for Diagnosing Leishmaniasis

A

PCR

*Serology- 4 Fold Increase in IgG in 2-4 Weeks- DIagnostic for ALL infectious Diseases

395
Q

Diagnosis of Helicobacter is based on Pathologic Changes in the Stomach in Conjunction with FInding the Organims on _____ of Gastric Mucosa

A

Brush Cytology

396
Q
A

All of the Above

397
Q

Insulin Protocol used in Cats with Diabetes Mellitus

A

Insulin Type: Glargine

Administer BID (Twice Daily) Subcutaneously

*In cats you have to use a long acting Insulin

398
Q

Infectious Disease that causes these Systemic Signs in Dogs:

Big Spleen and Liver

Skin Ulcers and Nodules

Fever

PU/PD

Couging/Epistaxis

A

Leishmaniasis

*Mainly seen in Texas

399
Q

Drug Therapy, with Methimazole or Carbimazole, is the Mainstay for a Hyperthyroid Patient that is going to go for _____ Therapy

A

Iodine 131

*Recommended to create a Euthyroid State with Drug Therapy prior to Iodine 131 Treatment. Withdraw the drugs Prior to Iodine 131 Radiation Treatment

400
Q

A Low Dose Dexamethasone Suppression test is Performed. At 3 and 8 Hours post Test the Cortisol Levels have not Decreased. What does this Patient have?

A

Adrenal Dependent Hyperadrenocoritism OR Pituitary Dependent Hyperadrenocorticism

*Cannot Tell which Type based on these Results

401
Q

The Following Infectious Disease are all ______:

Helicobacter

Lyme Disease

Leptospira

A

Spirochetes

402
Q
A
  1. FIV Positive Cats can live a normal Life Span

2. No Treatment

3. FIV is Transmitted via Cat Fights/Biting

  1. Not Okay to use FIV + Cat as a Blood Donor
  2. Clinical Signs- Possibly Neurological Signs

Small Animal Medicine (4 decks)

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