Final Exam Flashcards
1
Q
Screening Test for Brucellosis that has 95% Sensitivity, but not Specific becuse False Positives can Occur
A
Rapid Slide Agglutination Test (RSAT)
2
Q
Infectious Disease, where on CBC shows very High White Blood Cell (WBC) Counts
A
Hepatozoonosis (Hepatozoon Americanum)
3
Q
_____% of Cushings Cases are Pituitary Dependent and ____% of cases are Adrenal Dependent
A
85%
15%
4
Q
Drug used for Long Term Managment of Insulinoma
A
Diazoxide
5
Q
Three Serologic Tests that are best for Diagnosing Lyme Disease
A
C6 Antibody Test (Best Choice)
Western Blot
Whole Cell ELISA
6
Q
Infectious Disease that is Vectored by Sand Flies
A
Leishmaniasis
7
Q
A
Coccidia- Protozoal Parasite
Coccidia can potentially cause the Diarrhea, but not the other Clinical Signs. Coccidia do not cause severe signs unless there is something else present leading to the overgrowth of Coccidia
*Other Considerations for Bloody Diarrhea with Fever and Neutropenia in a Cat?? Panleukopenia
Next Diagnosic step- Use a Parvo snap test to test for Panleukopenia off Label. If you get a positive result then the Cat has Panleukopenia
8
Q
Drug of choice for Treatment of Mycoplasma in Felines
A
Doxycycline + Steroids (Ex. Prednisolone)
*Steroids are used to Correct the Immune Mediated Component that leads to Hemolytic Anemia- KNOW THIS
9
Q
Dog Breed that has the Lowest Measured NORMAL T4 Values
A
Grey Hound
*Do no diagnose Hypothyroidism in this Greyhound, it is normal for this breed to have low T4
10
Q
A
LDDS
*Excellent Sensitivity- LDDS- Gold Standard in Practice
11
Q
True/False: Cats with Bartonella Henselae may not show Clinical Signs, and are Asymptomatic
A
True
*Over 40% of Cats with Bartonella Henselae are Asymptomatic
12
Q
True/False: A Positive Salmonella Isolation from the Feces does not mean that Salmonella is the cause of disease, because it can be isolated from Healthy Animals
A
True
*Salmonella is Ubiquitous and Resides in the Intestine of Most Healthy Animals without causing Clinical Signs- Healthy Cats and Dogs can shed Organism
13
Q
Most Sensitive Stand alone Test for Hypothyroidism
A
Protein Binding-Equilibrium Dialysis
14
Q
Insulin Protocol used in Dogs with Diabetes Mellitus
A
Insulin Type: Lente (Vetsulin)
Administer BID (Twice Daily) Subcutenously
15
Q
In Treating Patients with Hyperthyroidism we may unmask ________
A
Chronic Kidney Disease
*The Treatment does not Create Chronic Kidney Disease, but it may “unmask” it
*Cats with Renal Disease and Hyperthyroidism have a worse Outcome regradless of Treatment
16
Q
Four Non-Core (Not Essential) Vaccines in Dogs
A
Leptospirosis
Bordetella
Lyme
Parainfluenza
17
Q
True/False: Insulinoma is a Disease of Geriatric Patients
A
True
18
Q
Abnormalities that Characterize which Endocrine Disease?
Reduced Exercise Tolerance
Hind Limb Ataxia- Neurologic Deficits
Persistant Hypoglycemia
Seizure and Collapse
Behavoir Changes
A
Insulinoma
*The Brain Needs Glucose to Function
19
Q
Home Management of Hypoglycemia where the Dog looses Conciousness or is having Seizures
A
Karo Syrup Injection
20
Q
Clinical Signs of which Infectious Disease:
Lymphadenopathy
Respiratory Signs
Fever and Weight Loss
Lameness and Periosteal Reaction of Radiographs
A
Valley Fever (Coccidioides Immitis)
21
Q
Diagnostic Test for Cryptococcus
A
Serum ANTIGEN Test
22
Q
True/False: A Screening test is one that has a High Specificity
A
False
*A Screening test is one that has the Highest Sensitivity
23
Q
Infectious Disease that causes Anorexia, Weight Loss, and Small Bowel Diarrhea that is Diagnosed with an Acid-Fast Stain on Fecal Smears to Identify Oocysts
A
Cryptosporidiosis
24
Q
Diagnosis for Giardia
A
Direct Fecal Smear
Fecal ELISA
25
Test for **Hyperadrenocorticism** where ACTH Stimulates adrenal Cortex to maximally secrete Cortisol. _Take a Post Stimulation Sample 1 hour later and compare how many levels above baseline the Cortisol Concentration has been Stimulated_
**ACTH Stimulation Test**
26
When _____ Increases then PTH should Decrease, thus in a patient with Hypercalcemia if PTH is within normal limits = Not Appropriate
**Total Calcium**
27
Can you find **Giardia intestinalis** in a dog without any Clinical Signs?
**Yes**
**\***Some dogs just carry Giardia and are Asymptomatic
28
True/False: In the United States, most Dogs infected with **Babesia Canis** are Subclinical Carriers
**True**
**\***Blood Donor dogs have to be checked for Babesia
29
We established need for core vaccines, but does the puppy need any non-core vaccines?
\*If Lyme and Lepto are deemed Appropriate, Give First 2 vaccines after 12 weeks of age when maternal antibodies are likely to be low
_\*If Bordetella is deemed Appropriate- the IN or IO vaccine is less effected by maternal antibodies and can be administered earlier than 12 weeks and only need 1 vaccine_
30
**Azotemia**
_**\***Most Important Prognosticator is whether or not this Patient is Azotemic or not- Influences the type of Treatment we choose and we would Titrate Methimazole Accordingly_
31
Always report **Vaccine Reactions** to what two Agencies?
**Manufacture of Vaccine**
**Center for Veterinary Biologics**
32
Treatment for **Hepatozoonosis**
**NSAIDS-** Pain
_\*DO NOT use Corticosteroids_
_\*No treatment eliminates tissue Stage_
33
**T4/TSH**
**\***Test with the best accuracy and overal specificity- Combination of T4/TSH
34
Treatment for **Valley Fever (Coccidioides Immitis)**
_\*Beware of Relapses....Life Long Treatment may be needed!_
\*Fluconazole crosses the BBB, so if the patient has CNS Signs then you would use Fluconazole
35
**Endocrine Disease** with these Effects:
_Increases Metabolic Rate_
_Deficiency during Development- Dwarfism and Cretinism_
_Activates Anagen Phase- Alopecia_
**Hypothyroidism**
**\***Cretinism- Stunted Physical and Mental Growth
36
Protocol for Prescribing a Diet in a **Diabetic Cat**
**Eliminate Carbohydrates**
**Canned High Protein Diet**
37
Between **Actinomyces and Nocardia**, which has a _Positive Acid Fast Stain?_
**Nocardia**
38
**Mycoplasma** Causes _____ Parasitemia, where within 1 Hour, Bacteremia can go from \> 90% infected RBCs to None
**Cyclic**
**\***Organisms on RBC's can be difficult to Find because of the Cyclic Bacteremia
39
When should an ACTH Stimulation Test be Performed on a Patient with Cushings being treated with **Trilostane**
**3-5 Hours Post Pilling (Treatment)**
**\***then should be monitered every 10-14 days, 1 month, and then every 3-4 months
40
Four **Core (Essential) Vaccines** for Dogs
**Distemper**
**Parvovirus**
**Hepatitis**
**Rabies**
**\***The first three come together often in one vial
41
Most Common Cause of **Secondary Hyperparathyroidism**
**Renal Disease, Nutritional**
42
History associated with which **Endocrine Disease?**
**Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)**
43
Summary Slide
44
Number One Countercurrent Etiology that leads to **Ketoacidosis** in Diabetic Patients
**Pancreatitis**
45
How to Confirm Diagnosis in a Pet that has Clinical Signs of a Disease
**4 Fold Increase in Titer over 2 Weeks**
46
Serum Biochemistry for which **Endocrine Disease**
**Hyperadrenocorticism (Cushings)**
_**\***For any Endocrine Disease you do NOT rely on Laboratory Test for Diagnosis- Need to base Diagnosis on Clinical Signs, History, and Laboratory tests_
**_\*In 84% of Cases to have an Elevated ALKP (Alkaline Phosphatate)_**
47
Treatment for Acute ______ Crisis:
**Addisonian**
_**\***Give HUGE amont of Fluids- Hypovolemic Shock_
**\***Treat Hyperkalemia- Saline Diuresis then Calcium Gluconate
_Give Glucocorticoids- Dexamethasone_
48
True/False: **Giardia** may become part of the Normal Flora following treatment. Disease or Cyst Shedding may recur with Immunosuppresion
**True**
49
Long Term Treatment for **Hypoadrenocorticism** that is Given as a Monthly Injection and is a Pure Mineralcorticoid
**Desoxycortisone Pivilate (DOCP)**
50
True/False: **Free T3** is 3-4x's MORE POTENT than Free T4
**True**
**\***Most effective Thyroid Hormone causing Critical Illness- Total and Free T3
51
Once **FIV** Antibodies are Present, the Cat is Likely Infected for \_\_\_\_\_\_
**Life**
**\***If the Western Blot shows a Positive FIV after the Cat is \> 6 Months of Age. Cat most likely has FIV. _With FIV, Positive ANTIBODIES = INFECTION, not just exposure. KNOW THIS!!!!!_
52
Laboratory Results concurrent with which Endocrine Disease:
_Low Blood Glucose_
_High Insulin_
_Low Fructosamine_
**Insulinoma**
53
**Cytauxzoon Protozoal Organism** has a Blood Parasite Stage called a Prioplasm that is not Particularly Harmful. It is the Tissue Stage, called a ______ that is Harmful
**Schizont**
_**\***The Parasite goes through a Tissue Phase known as a Schizont, because the Body doesn't recognize this as "self" and a Massive Number of Macrophages eat up the Schizonts leading to Plugged Up Blood Vessels and Death_
54
**Myxedema**, which is a Tragic Expression caused by Facial Edema and Peripheral Neuropathies, is common in which Endocrine Disorder?
**Hypothyroidism**
55
Sensitive Test to can be done rapidly to _Rule Out_ **Hypoadrenocorticism**
**Basal Cortisol**
_**\***If \> 2 ug/dL then Rules OUT Addisons_
\*If
56
Treatment for **Neosporosis**
**Clindamycin**
or
**Sulfadiazine + Pyrimethamine**
57
Ketone that is Not Detected by **Ketone Urine Sticks**
**Beta Hydroxybutyrate**
_\*With Treatment Beta Hydroxybutryate is converted to Acetoacetate. It will look like the Ketones are Increasing, but its not, your just starting to metabolize Beta Hydroxybutyrate (Not Detectable) to Acetoacetate (Detectable)_
58
In Patients with **Inflammatory Bowel Disease** (IBD), 23% of these Dogs had a Positive Fecal Culture for \_\_\_\_\_
**Campylobacteriosis**
**\***Campylobacter is a normal part of the Gut Flora but when something else happens wrong within the gut, it allows the organism to overgrow and cause Clinical Signs
59
Physical Exam Findings in which **Endocrine Disease**:
_Goiter (Palpable Mass in Neck)_
_Tachycardia_
_Murmur/Gallop_
**Hyperthyroidism**
60
It is Possible that Kitten 3 may hold onto Maternal Antibodies longer than Kitten 2. _Positive Result at 6 Months of Age is Unlikely to be Related to a FIV infected Queen transferring Antibodies to Offspring_
You could Perform a Western Blot- Will not tell us the difference between Maternal Antibodies, Vaccine Antibodies or True Antibodies
The Kitten should not be Killed- Keep in a seperate Household until accurate diagnosis can be made
Managing this Kitten- Re-check in 1 Month
61
**Post Operative Hypoglycemia**
62
**Diazoxide**
63
What are the signs of **Systemic Distemper**?
**Gastrointestinal (Vomiting/Diarrhea)**
**Upper and Lower Respiratory Infection (Coughing, Runny Nose, Runny Eyes)**
64
Diagnostic Test used to Diagnose **Toxoplasmosis**
**Titers (IgM)**
**\***_PCR Doesn't work well for Diagnosing Toxoplasmosis in a Dog-_ Toxoplasmosis is found in the muscles of dogs, so testing the Blood with PCR is not a good Diagnostic Test
65
**Giardia Intestinalis** has different Assemblages (Genotypes). U.S. Infected dogs have only Assemblage \_\_\_\_\_, which is not Infective to Humans
**C or D**
66
Least likely of the **Thyroid Hormones** to be affected by _Euthyroid Sick Syndrome_
**Free T4**
67
Five **Core (Essential) Vaccines** for Cats
**Rhinotracheitis**
**Panleukopenia**
**Calicivirus**
**FeLV**- In all KITTENS
**Rabies**
68
True/False: **Leptospirosis** Vaccine is 100% Effective
**False**
**\***Vaccination is **NOT 100% Protective**- The Vaccine doesn't protect against all the Serovars of Leptospirosis
\*Common Vaccine Complication with Leptospirosis Vaccine- _Anaphylaxis (Facial Edema)_
69
What are the **Neurological Signs of Distemper**?
**Seizures**
**Cerebellar Signs**
**Vestibular Signs**
_\*Any **Uppermotor** Neuron CNS Signs can occur with Distemper_
70
Treatment for **Cryptosporidiosis**
**No Treatment (**Scary)
71
Treatment for Seizuring Patient with **Insulinoma**
**Dextrose CRI**
72
How to Diagnose **Salmonellosis**
**Signs and Positive (+) Fecal Culture**
73
Most common Type of Diabetes in Cats, characterized by **functioning Beta Islet cells that are producing Insulin** but there is something in the body that is preventing the Insulin from working
**Type 2 (Cats)**
**\***_Glucose Toxicity is responsible for Islet Cell Destruction- if there is persistant hyperglycemia that will lead to destruction ot Beta Islet cells, eventually leading to Diabetes_
74
75
True/False: Rare to have specific hematological abnormalities with **Hyperparathyroidism**
**True**
**\***USG will be
76
Diagnostic Test used for **Mycoplasma**
**PCR**
**\***PCR May be Negative because the Bacteremia is Cyclic and may not be there
77
Largest Problem with **Salmonella** is that you get \_\_\_\_\_, that Spread the Bacteria throughout the Population
**Asymptomatic Carriers**
_**\***Antibiotics NOT recommended in Asymptomatic Carriers because it can Prolong Shedding and Stimulate Resistance_
78
Gold Standard for Diagnosing **Addisons Disease**
**ACTH Stimulation Test**
**\***No change in Cortisol Concentration = Hypoadrenocorticism
79
**Lente like Vetsulin Insulin Bid**
80
**Core- Distemper, Parvovirus, and Hepatitis**
**\***Give Vaccine every for 4 until 16 weeks of age
81
Gold Standard for Diagnoses of **Hyperadrenocorticism (Cushings)**
**Low Dose Dexamethasone Suppression Test**
_**\***Take Samples 3, 4 and 8 hours later_
_\*There should be a decreased ACTH and Decreased Cortisol Secretion at the 3 hour as well as the 8 hour time point._
82
**Bacterial Infectious Disease** where Humans become Infected when Flea Feces from a Bacteremic Cat are i_noculated into a Cat Scratch_
**Bartonella Henselae**
_\*AKA Cat Scratch Fever_
\*Organism is in the Cats Blood. The Fleas take a Blood Meal and the Organism is then found within the Poop of the Flea. Transmitted from One cat to another via Fleas
83
**fT4**
_**\***fT4 is the most specific test on its own. Less effected by Euthyroid Sick Syndrome and no interference by Antithyroid Hormone Antibodies_
**\***The best in terms of accuracy is TT4 and TSH. fT4 Alone performs almost as well as the combination of these two
\*The best Screening test with the most Sensitivity is TT4
84
\_\_\_\_\_ Nephropathy, is associated with an Accumulation of Immune Complexes in the Glomeruli and Nephrons where Patients Present with:
_Vomiting/Diarrhea_
_Weight Loss_
_PU/PD_
_Peripheral Edema_
_Ascites_
**Lyme**
**\***Predisposition in Labs, Golden Retrievers, and Shelties
85
Serological Test for **Leptospirosis**, where A Titer **\> 1 : 3200** is Indicative of Disease (If the Dog has not Recently been Vaccinated)
**Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT)**
**\***If Peracute Disease, titer may not be elevated, take Titer 2 weeks later to look for _4 x Increase_
86
Large Form of **Mycoplasma** that is More Likely to Cause Anemia/Signs in _Felines_
**Mycoplasma Hemofelis**
87
**Urine Cortisol: Creatine**
**\***Screeing test is the test with the highest SENSITIVITY
88
True/False: ALL Owners with **Addisonian Dogs** should have Glucocorticoids to give under Conditions of Stress
**True**
89
Go To Medication for Treatment of **Hypothyroidism**
**Soloxine**
**\***Hair coat can take up to 3 months to Improve
90
**Canine Parvo Virus** (Most Likely)
_\*The Lab Results are all within Normal Limits_
_\*ALL OF THESE ARE POSSIBLY CORRECT- All Cause Bloody Diarrhea. Least Likely to cause Blood Diarrhea is Canine Distemper_
\*If we changed the question to say: Owners lived on the Coast of Northern California and went fishing the weekend before- Then Salmon Poisoning would be Most Likely
\*If we changed the question to say: Three Days ago the Dog got into the Garbage and there was Left Over Chicken that was Recalled- Then Salmonella would be most Likely
91
How is **Leptospirosis** Spread?
**Urine**
**\***Gloves must be worn when cleaning the animals cage
_\*Contaminated URINE is very Infectious for People and Dogs- Avoid Mucous Membrane Contact with it_
92
Test with _Excellent Specificity_ for **Hyperadrenocorticism**
**ACTH Stimulation Test**
_**\*** This test CANNOT diagnose an adrenal dependant tumor in the majority of cases_
_\*The Probability of a Large Breed Dog having a functional adrenal tumor are very high- This SHOULD NOT be the test of choice for these Patients_
93
Treatment for **Cytauxzoon**
**No Proven Effective Therapy**
**\***Supportive Care is Critical
_\*PREVENTION- TICK CONTROL_
94
95
Infectious Disease that on _X-Ray_ shows:
## Footnote
**Periosteal Reaction near Muscle Attachment**
**Hepatozoonosis**
96
**Salmonella** causes ____ **_Hemorrhagic Gastroenteritis_** (Vomiting/Diarrhea) and _Septic Shock_
**Acute**
**\***NOT Chronic
_\*Since Salmonella lives within the GI Tract, this organism can get into the Blood Stream and cause Septic Shock_
_\*Diarrhea is often Hemorrhagic_
97
Gold Standard for Diagnosing **Addisons Disease**
**ACTH Stimulation Test**
**\***No Change in Cortisol level between the Pre and Post Stimulation
98
Serum Findings of which **Endocrine Disease:**
_Hyperglycemia_
_Increased Liver Enzymes_
_Increased Cholesterol_
_Increased Glycolated Blood Proteins_
**Diabetes Mellitus**
_\*ALKP andl ALT will likely be elevated in this Dogs at the time of Diagnosis due to Glucose Accumulation within Hepatocytes_
99
Three Types of Immunological **Vaccine Reactions**
**Type 1- (Most Common) Anaphylaxis- Facial Edema, Pruritus, Hives, Vomiting, Diarrhea ect.**
**Type 2- Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia and Thrombocytopenia. Antibody Production against a self antigen**
**Type 3- immune Complex Deposition (Ex. Blue Eyes after Canine Adenovirus Vaccine)**
100
Virus that is associated with **Neonatal Pup Deaths** and may cause _Cerebellar Hypoplasia_ if the Neonate Survives
**Herpesvirus**
**\***Virus that causes Nursing Pups to get sick and Die
101
Complications of which **Endocrine Disease**:
**Diabetes Mellitus**
_**\***Hypoglycemia is the most Likely Complication and if Neglected can be Fatal- Insulin Overdose_
_\*80% of Dogs with Diabetes will develop Cataracts regardless of how well the Diabetes is controlled_
102
A state of Chronic Hyperglycemic caused by Abnormalities of Carbohydrate, Protein, and Lipid Metabolism which may be due to either an absolute lack of insulin or to factors that oppose its action
**Diabetes Mellitus**
103
**Infectious Disease** with these Characteristics:
_Young Dogs_
_Virus Attacks Rapidly Dividing Cells of Gut and Bone Marrow_
_Gastrointestinal Signs- Acute Vomiting/Diarrhea often Hemorrhagic_
**Parvovirus**
**\***Clinial Signs are most likely due to **Sepsis**
104
If a Dog with **Distemper** is showing only Neurological Signs, it is Shedding the Virus?
**No**
_**\***Distemper is only Spreading if the Dog has GI Signs, is Sneezing, Coughing ect._
105
Treatment for **Cryptococcus Neoformans**
**Itraconazole-** If no CNS Signs
**Fluconazole-** if CNS Signs
106
True/False: Adjucted **Rabies Vaccine** is recommended for _Cats_
**False**
107
**Intracellular** Bacterial Disease transmitted by _Sex, Aborted Fetal Material, Semen, Urine, and Milk_
**Brucellosis**
108
True/False: A High Percentage of "Normal" Cats have Antibodies to **Bartonella Henselae**, which indicates Disease
**False**
_**\***Indicates Exposure by not Disease_
109
What if T4 Levels are Normal and you still Suspect **Hyperthyroidism?**
_\*fT4 is not as Sensitive for Screening hyperthyroidism- Often High in Euthyroid Sick Patients_
110
Urine Sample:
_Glucose ++_
_Ketones +++_
_pH 6.0_
What Endocrine Disease commonly has these Lab Finding?
**Diabetic Ketoacidosis**
111
If a **Diabetic Patient** is not Eating, but is otherwise Bright and Happy, Decrease Insulin by \_\_\_\_% and if the patient eats in the next 2 hours then give the Remainder of the Insulin
**50**
112
Same Case where One Kitten was FeLV Positive and the Other Two Kittens were Negative
_More than Likely this is a case of False Positive Results in the one Kitten_
In the Meantime, the Kittens should not be allowed to eat out of the Same Food Bowl or Groom eachother, because if it is a true positive that will run the risk of spreading FeLV to the other Kittens. Separate them in terms of Feeding and Playing until we can determine if the Positive Result is true or not
There is a Vaccine that we can begin using if we want to protect the Other 2 Negative Kittens. _FeLV Vaccine is Considered Core for Kittens_
113
Treatment of Hyperkalemia seen in **Addisonian Patients**
**0.9% Saline**
**\***If No Response to Saline, then start with Calcium Gluconate
114
With Which **Endocrine Disease** can patients present with these Neurological Abnormalities
_Megaesophagus_
_Peripheral Vestibular Syndrome_
_Laryngeal Paralysis_
**Hypothyroidism**
115
During Treatment of **Diabetic Ketoacidosis,** A _Separate Intravenous Cannula_ is usually Necessary for _____ Infusion
**Insulin**
**\***Insulin CRI
116
**Mycoplasma Hemocanis** is Commonly of Minimal Significance in Dogs. However, Acute Severe Hemolytic Anemia may occur following \_\_\_\_\_
**Splenectomy**
117
Screeing Test (100% Sensitive) used to Diagnose **Hypoadrenocorticism**
**Resting/Basal Cortisol**
**\***Basal Cortisol
_Not all Dogs with a Basal Cortisol_
118
Best Screening Test (Most Sensitive) for **Hyperadrenocorticism**
**Urinary Cortisol:Creatinine**
**\***100% Sensitive, but now very Specific
_\*Best way to Improve Specificity- Be Measured on a morning urine that is NOT IN HOSPITAL nor has ben to the hospital within 2 weeks_
119
**Infectious Disease** found in _Uncooked Meats and Cat Feces_ that causes these Clinical Signs in Canines:
_CNS Signs_
_Respiratory_
_GI Signs_
_Reproductive_
**Toxoplasmosis**
**\***Mainly found in cats, but can be found in Canines as well
_\*Side Note: When you are exposed to an infectious organism, which Immunoglobulin come on scene first? IgM. If IgM is Increased, you can say that the Animal has been exposed to the Disease. The IgG will then Increase. If there is a **4 fold increase in the IgG** over a 2 week period then you have a diagnosis- This is the case for all Infectious Diseases_
120
Most Common Cause of **Primary Hyperparathyroidism**
**Parathyroid Hyperplasia (Adenoma)**
\*20% of the time- Both Glands
_\*Parathyroid Masses are rarely Palpable_
121
Treatment for **Nocardia**
**TMS (Trimethoprim Sulfa)**
_\*Sulfa Drugs work best for Treating Nocardia- Over 6 Weeks of Treatment_
122
In PCR Diagnosis of **Leptospirosis**, the Organisms Numbers are Higher in _____ in week 1 of Infection. Then Found in Urine. Time of Infection is often unknown so its _best to Submit Both Samples_ to Decrease False Negative Results
**Blood**
123
**Tetanus** can Only grow in an ______ Environment
**Anaerobic**
**\***Ex. Wounds
124
Clinical Signs of which Endocrine Disorder in the **Canine**:
_Cervical Mass on Palpation_
**Canine Thyroid Tumors**
_**\***Canine Hyperthyroidism is very rare_
125
Be Supspicious of **Leptospirosis** if Hepatic/Renal Enzymes are Increased, especially \_\_\_\_
**ALT**
126
Pros and Cons of which type of **Vaccine**
**Alive- Recombinant**
127
Treatment for **Actinomyces**
**Penicillin**
**\***Treat _4 weeks_ beyond Clinical Resolution
128
**Brucellosis** Serology is usually Negative for the first 2-4 Weeks Post Infection, then Titers can stay Positive for up to ___ Years
**3**
129
We consider the combination of a ___ and a ___ the _most Sensitive and most Specific_ Test Combination that we can use in Practice for **Hypothyroidism**
**TT4 and TSH**
**\***TSH is highly Specific and TT4 is Highly Sensitive
_\*Most Reliable test to Diagnose Hypothyroidism- Combination of TT4, TSH, and FT4_
130
**Lyme** Prevention = ______ Prevention
**Tick**
131
True/False: Many Authorities on **Lyme Disease** do not Recommend Vaccinating Dogs in Non-Endemic Areas
**True**
132
Treatment for **Botulism**
**Supportive Care**
_\*Toxin wears off in 3-4 Weeks_
133
Corona was positive at 1:400 and 1:1600
FIP is a Coronavirus- **_Coronavirus Mutates into FIP occurs in the Gut of the Cat_.** Coronavirus on its own is a benign virus, but in susceptible cats it mutates into FIP (wet and dry form). The majority of Cats diagnosed with FIP are going to be under 2 Years of Age
**Interpret the Corona Virus Titer**- 1:600 is Considered a High Coronavirus Titer. In a Cat that has clinical Signs of FIP, you feel Confident saying the Titer is in line with the disease and the cat has FIP. We can say the cat has been exposed to Coronavirus. Weight Loss and Fever are consistent with FIP
**Doxycycline**- Doxycycline is used to treat Ricketssial Disease in the cat. Clinicial may have perscribed Doxycycline in case the Cat had Bartonella
**Next Diagnostic Step**- Set up another physical exam for a week from now because physical exam findings may change
134
**I-131**
135
Test we Run to Confirm Diagnosis of **Hyperthyroidism**
**TT4**
**\***Extremely Sensitive Test for Hyperthyroidism- Very Reliable for Diagnosis
136
**Total T4 Level** that Corresponds to Hypothyroid or Sick Euthyroid Syndrome
**0-14 nmol/l**
**\***Normal TT4 Levels \> 35 nmol/l
137
Most common Cause of Vaccine Failure in Young Pets
**Persistant Maternal Antibodies**
**\***Maternal Antibodies last about 16 weeks in puppies!
138
**Impression smear of Ulcer or Lymph Node Aspirate or Both**
139
Three main Pathologies caused by **Leptospirosis**
**Acute Renal Failure-** Moderate or Severe (Anuric)
**Liver Failure**
**Vasculitis-** DIC, Shock, Death
**\***Leptospirosis can cause these thing individually or all together
140
Two Types of **"Alive" Vaccines**
**1. Attenuated (Modified Live)-** Alive but not as Virulent
**2. Recombinant Vector Vaccines-** DNA from Infectious Agent is incorportated into a Vector (Virus). Theoretically not suppose to revert to the Infectious Form
_\*Alive Vaccines- Infectious Agent is Alive but Altered_
141
What Bacterial Organism is Causing the Clinical Signs below?
**Tetanus**
**\***Lips Drawn back as if the Animal is Smiling and the Jaw is locked (Trismus)
\*Only way Diagnose Tetanus- Clinical Signs
142
1. Does the FIV ELISA Snap test check for Antibodies of Antigen?
2. Does the FIV Western Blot check for Antibodies or Antigen?
3. Could Antibodies to FIV from the Mother be detected in Kittens?
4. How is FIV Transmitted?
**1. Antibodies (Antibodies = Exposure)**
**2. Western Blot (Gold Standard for Diagnosis FIV)- Antibodies**
**3. If kitten is**
**4. FIV is a disease of Unfriendly Cats- Transmitted via Bites**
143
Best Diagnostic Technique for **Babesia**
**PCR**
144
Infectious Disease that is _Reportable to the CDC_
**Leishmaniasis**
145
Small Form of **Mycoplasma** and the common form in Cats that Rarely causes Clinical Signs unless concurrent Infection or Immunosuppression
**Candidatus Mycoplasma Hemominutum**
146
True/False: Avoid _Stress_ in a Cat with **Hyperthyroidism**
**True**
_**\***These cats can die due to stress and Arrhythmia- Never attempt to Restrain these Cats (Thyroid Storm)_
147
Best way to _Differentiate Sick Euthyroid Syndrome from Hypothyroid_?
**TSH Assay**
148
Two Types of **"Dead" Vaccines**
**1. Inactivated/Killed Whole Organism Vaccine**
**2. Subunit or Recombinant Subunit Vaccine**
149
**Glargine**
150
**Protozoal Organism** that is _Transmitted by Ticks_ and the Reservoir are Bobcats
**Cytauzoon**
**\***Transmitted throughout Bobcat Population via Ticks
151
Clinical Signs of which **Endocrine Disease** in Cats?
_Anxious and Susceptible to Stress (Don't Handle too much)_
_Weight Loss_
_Unkempt "Scraggly" Coat_
_PU/PD_
_Vomiting/Diarrhea (Hypermotility of Intestines)_
**Hyperthyroidism**
152
Any **Lyme Positive Dog** should be Tested for \_\_\_\_\_. If UPC is Elevated, treat for Lyme
**Proteinuria**
153
Clinical Signs of which Endocrine Disease:
_Hunger_
_Tremors/Seizures_
_Nervousness_
**Insulinoma** (Hypoglycemia)
154
**Triple Therapy** that is used to Treat **Helicobacter**
**Amoxicillin, Metronidazole, and H2 Blocker (Famotidine)**
155
In Which Infectious Disease may we treat with **Passive Immunization** where the Patient is given Plasma with Immunoglobulins?
**Parvovirus in a Puppy**
156
Which of the Following Choices should be Treated for **Lyme Disease**?
A. The Dog that Tests Positive on the C6 Snap Test and has Clinical Signs of Lyme
B. The Dog that tests Positive but has no Clinical Signs of Lyme
157
Breed of Dog that most Commonly has **Hypoadrenocorticism (Addisons)**
**Standard Poodles**
158
Common Lab Findings for **Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, Ehrlichiosis, and Anaplasmosis**
**Thromobocytopenia**
**Neutropenia**
**Anemia- Regenerative or Non Regenerative**
159
Infectious Disease seen in Young or Immunocompromised Dogs that leads to **Waxing and Waning Clinical Signs** of:
_Fever_
_Cachexia- Muscle Wasting_
_Pain_
_Lymphadenopathy_
_Diarrhea_
_Paraparesis/Lameness_
**Hepatozoonosis**
160
Patients with **Hyperadrenocorticism (Cushings)** commonly develop \_\_\_\_\_\_
**Blood Clots**
**\***Put these Patients on Thromboprophylaxis- Aspirin
161
First Clinical Sign that should Resolve using Trilostane for Treatment of **Cushings**
**PU/PD**
**\***Should only take a couple days for PU/PD to get better. Will take months for the Skin and Coat to return to normal
162
Avoid Vaccine Injections in the Neck of Cats due to _____ Potential
**Sarcoma**
_**\***Avoid Killed vaccines in cats, because any vaccine that has an adjuvant in it runs the risk of causing sarcoma_
163
Once **T4 and T3** are in circulation, they are 90% bound to \_\_\_\_\_, and it will move to the various parts of the body. Once it reaches this point, T3 and T4 can only have its effect in the Free Form
**Thyroid Hormone Binding Globulin**
**\***_Majority of the Time, the Free T4 is Deiodinized to Free T3_
164
Treatment of **Salmon Poisoning**
**Tetracycline or Doxycycline**
165
Treatment for Cat with **Hypercalcemia**
**High Fiber Diet**
**Prednisolone**
**\***Hypercalcemia is Less common in Cats than in Dogs
166
Why do we vaccinate Puppies at 8, 12, and 16 weeks of Age?
**Maternal Antibodies Interfere with the Vaccinations**
_**\***Life Modified Vacines only need to be given once in Adult dogs, but need to be given multiple times in puppies due to interference by materal antibodies_
167
Gram Negative _Red Blood Cell Parasite_ that is **Hemotropic** and Causes **Feline Infectious Anemia**
**Mycoplasma**
**\***Bacteria that inhabits the red blood cells- Hemotropic
168
With **Mycoplasma** in Cats, Clinically we see ______ caused by:
_1. Immune Mediated Attack on RBC's_
_2. Mycoplasma Attach to Surface of RBC leading to Intravascular and Extravascular Hemolysis_
**Hemolytic Anemia**
**\***Know these Two Mechanisms of Hemolytic Anemia
_\*How do we know the Patient is in Hemolytic Anemia? Increased Bilirubin and Autoagglutination_
169
**Hemolytic Anemia and Thrombocytopenia**
170
Which Endocrine Disease is Characteristic of these Lab Findings?
**Diabetic Ketoacidosis**
_\*Blood Glucose- Very High_
_\*Ketones- Very High_
_\*Lactate- Very High_
\*The Patient has a Metabolic Acidosis
171
Vast Majority of **Hyperthyroid** Cats have T4 \>\_\_\_\_\_ nmol/l and this is considered to be Diagnostic
**60**
172
**Rickettsial Disease** caused by I_ngestion of Fish with Fluke with Rickettsia_ that is Common in Washington, Oregon and California and leads to clinical Signs of:
_Fever_
_Bloody Vomiting/Diarrhea_
_Severe Weight Loss_
_Enlarged Spleen and Lymph Nodes_
**Salmon Poisoning (Neorickettsia Helmintheca)**
**\***Leads to GI Signs
\*Common in Areas where People fish and give the left over pieces of Raw fish to the dogs
_\*Fish has the Fluke and Fluke has the Rickettisa_
173
Lab Tests used to Diagnose **Distemper**
**PCR**
_\*Laboratory Test- IgM and IgG cannot tell the difference between the Distemper Vaccine (Modified Live) versus Street Infection_
174
Treatment for **Bartonella Henselae** in Domestic Cats
**Antibiotics- Ex. Doxycycline or Fluroquinolone**
175
Most common Cause of **Hyperthyroidism** leading to an Increased Production of T4 and T3
**Adenomatous/Benign Nodular Hyperplasia**
_**\***70% of Cats with Hyperthyroidism have Bilateral Tumors. If you are going to Consider a Thyroidectomy, you remove both lobes_
176
Clinical Signs of which Endocrine Crisis:
_Severe Dehydration_
_Anorexia_
_Pale Mucous Membranes/Prolonged CRT_
**_Bradycardia_**
**Addisonian Crisis**
177
When Patients with **Insulinoma** wake up from a Pacreatectomy, most of them are _____ after Surgery
**Diabetic**
**\***Hyperglycemia is occuring now because Very Little Insulin is being Produced after the Pacreatectomy. _Normal Expected Response in a Dog after Surgery_
178
Treatment for _Acute Hypoglycemic Crisis_ in a Patient with **Insulinoma**
**25% Dextrose IV**
179
Most common presenting Problem for **Hyperparathyroidism**
**Urocystolithiasis**
180
Common Findings of What Three **Rickettsial** Diseases?
_History of Ticks_
_Petechiation/Bleeding_
_CNS Signs_
_Lameness_
**Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever/Ehrlichiosis/Anaplasmosis**
\*CNS- Rickettsial Diseases Can effect any part of the Nervous System
181
**Glargine BID**
182
**Leptospira** Persists in _Renal Tubular Epithelial cells_ for Months in the ______ State
**Carrier**
**\***Animals have Lepto to a Mild Degree and now they are peeing it out for several Months
183
**High Protein \> 40% ME**
184
Laboratory Findings of which **Endocrine Disease:**
_Mild Normocytic Non-Regenerative Anemia_
_Hypercholesterolemia (75%)_
_Decreased TT4_
_Increased TSH_
**Hypothyroidism**
185
Diagnostic Test for **Parvovirus**
**Fecal Parvo Ag Test (SNAP ELISA)**
186
**TT4**
_**\***Test with the best Sensitivity is TT4 (almost 100%)_
_Out Performs the Combination of T4/TSH. T4/TSH is the best combination in terms of Specificity_
187
Lab Changes associated with which Bacterial Disease in the Cat?
**_Hemolytic Anemia_**
**_Hyperbilirubinemia_**
_Hyperglobulinemia_
_Elevated ALT, AST_
**Mycoplasma**
188
If the Fecal Snap ELISA Test is positive for **Parvovirus**, how do you decontaminate Surfaces?
**Chloride 1:30 Dilution**
_**\***You need to Isolate any Parvovirus Cases- Highly Infectious to other Animals_
189
True/False: No Vaccine is 100% Effective
**True**
**\***Even if a Pet is Vaccinated they can still get the Disease- No vaccine is 100% Efficacious
190
Which Endocrinopathy is Present?
**_Moderate Hypoglycemia_**
**_Moderate Bradycardia_**
**_Severe Hyperkalemia_**
_Mild Anemia_
_Mild Hyperlactatemia_
_Anorexic_
_Azotemia_
**Hyopadrenocoriticism (Addisons)**
**\***Tends to Target _Young to Middle Aged Female Dogs_
191
Infectious Disease that is common in Dry Areas with High Temperatures, such as Arizona, that causes **Valley Fever**
**Coccidioides Immitis**
192
Gold Standard Test used to Diagnose **Hypoadrenocorticism (Addisons)**
**ACTH Stimulation Test**
**\***Collect Blood 1 hour later and test for Cortisol Concentration
193
**Fungal Infection** that enters the Host Tissue in the Yeast Form and carries a Zoonotic Potential where handlers should _Wear Gloves_
**Sporotrichosis**
194
**Use the Topical Preparation**
195
Cat with Non-Regenerative Anemia that was Negative 2 years ago for FeLV and FIV
1. We need to Repeat the Testing Now- **FeLV can become Laten**t
2. If the Cat is Negative now, it does not Rule out FeLV. **We are ALWAYS suspicious in a cat with _Non-Regenerative Anemia_ of FeLV**
196
80% of Patients with which Endocrine Disease present with an **Azotemia** and **Increased Urine/Creatinine Ratio**
**Hypoadrenocorticism (Addisons)**
197
True/False: Between Bacteremic Phases of **Bartonella Henselae**, Blood Cultures and Blood PCR Tests are Negative because organisms can persist in Endothelial Cells, Lymph Nodes, or the Central Nervous System
**True**
198
Clinical Sign associated with **Neosporosis** in a 16-18 week old Puppy
**Pelvic Limb Extensor Rigidity**
**\***May start off as hind limb ataxia
199
\_\_\_\_\_ Organism Pathophysiology:
Enter Blood and Replicate in Endothelial Cells leading to Vascular Inflammation (Vasculitis) and Increased Permeability causing Leakage of Fluid/RBC into Extravascular pace
**Rickettsiae**
**\***Vasculitis leads to Decreased Platelets (Petechiation) and Decreased Albumin (Peripheral Edema)
200
Incubation Period for **Lyme Disease**
**2-5 Months**
_**\***Once the Tick has Infected the Host, Clinical Signs do not occur for 2-5 Months Post Exposure_
\*If Clients come in with their dog and say they pulled a tick off the dog yesterday and want the animal tested for Lyme Disease. If the Test comes back Positive, the Patient was exposed 2-5 Months ago, the Tick they pulled off Yesterday did not Transmit the disease
201
Clinical Signs of which Endocrine Disease:
_Dermatological Changes (Calcinosis Cutis)_
_Abdominal Distension_
_Polyuria and Polydipsia_
_Lethargy_
**Hyperadrenocroticism (Cushings)**
_**\***MUST BE POLYURIC AND POLYDYPSIC-If the Patient is not PU/PD then it does NOT have Cushings_
_\*Every Dog with Cushings will have profound **PU/PD- Hallmark Clinical Sign of Cushings**_
202
Outer Surface Proteins that allow **Lyme Disease (Borrelia Burgdorferi)** to Stick to Certain Cells
**OspA and OspC**
\*OspA changes to OspC after the Blood meal is Taken in
203
In **Felines with Diabetes Mellitus**, its important to provide at least 50-50% of Metabolizable Energy from \_\_\_\_\_
**Protein**
_**\***No Carbohydrates in Cats with Diabetes Mellitus- "Allergic" to Carbohydrates_
204
Two Drugs that are commonly used to Treat **Hyperadrenocorticism**
**Trilostane**
**Mitotane**
_**\***Both of these are very effective Drugs for treating Cushings Disease. Mitotane is Cheaper but can cause more severe side effects_
205
Biochemistry Abnormalities of which **Endocrine Disease:**
_Hyperglycemia_
**_Metabolic Acidosis_**
_Hypokalemia_
_Hypophosphatemia_
_Elevated Liver Enzymes_
**Diabetic Ketoacidosis**
_\*Metabolic Acidosis due to Ketoacid Build up_
_\*Hypokalemia- Most Common and Most Serios Electrolyte Disturbance_
_Hypophosphatemia- Enhanced Catabolism of muscle and fat results in increased urinary phosphorus excretion and phosporus wasting_
206
High ____ Inhibits PTH release and causes Calcitonin release which Increases Incorporation of _____ into Bone
**Calcium**
207
True/False: Most **Vaccines** are Administered SQ or IM
**True**
208
**TT4**
_\*Test with the Highest Sensitivity and excellent Specificity for Hyperthyroidism_
209
Treatment of which Endocrine Disease?
**Diabetic Ketoacidosis**
\*Shock Dose Fluid Rates- Central Venous Catheter
210
Medical Therapy of _Non-Emergency Hypoglycemia_ caused by I**nsulinoma**
**Feed Small Frequent Meals of Complex Carbohydrates**
211
Which Disease will have these Cinical Findings:
TT4- Low
FT4- Normal
TSH- Normal or Low
**Euthyroid Sick Syndrome**
_**\***Free T4 is the Least likely to be affected_
212
**Presence of Metastasis**
213
**Branching Gram Positive Bacteria** that normally resides in the oral Cavity and is transferred by Bites. This Bacteria leads to Draining wounds or tracts often with _Yellow Granules_
**Actinomyces**
214
**ATGA Ab Interfer with the Assay**
**\***When the T4 is normal but you are sure that the dog is Hypothyroid, it could be Antithyroid Hormone Antibody that is causing a normal Increased T4
Run a Free T4 test in 4 weeks
_\*The First two are Correct_
_\*The Antithyroid Globulin Antibody is not the cause of the interference with the Assay_
215
**Core- Distemper, Parvovirus, Hepatitis and Rabies**
_**\***If vaccines are Modified Live- Only need to give vaccine Once_
216
The Nutritional Management of **Diabetes Mellitus** focuses on Improving Glycemic Control. This Means attempting to Minimize the Rapid Absorption of _____ from Dietary Carbohydrates
**Glucose**
217
Gold Standard for the Diagnosis of **Insulinoma**
**Exploratory Laparotomy**
218
When Measuring Fructosamine in a Patient with **Diabetes Mellitus,** At what level is the Patient at risk of Developing a Hypoglycemic Crisis
_**\***If Fructosame in \> 500 umol/L than the Diabetes is very poorly Controlled_
219
Two Biochemical Assessments that can be done in patients with **Diabetes Mellitus**
**Fructosamines**
**Blood Glucose Curves**
220
**B. Exposure Only; may not have any relationship to Clinical Signs**
**\***If we want to prove disease then we want a 4 fold Increase over a 2 week period
\*There is NO Vaccine for Bartonella
221
History associated with which **Endocrine Disease:**
_PU/PD_
_Polyphagia_
_Weight Loss_
_Exercise Intolerance_
_Blindness_
**Diabetes Mellitus**
\*100% Of Cases the Patients are PU/PD
\*Despite Polyphagia, these patients are Loosing Weight
_\*Blindness- Cataracts_
222
A **Low Dose Dexamethasone Suppression** test is Performed. _At 3 Hours the Cortisol Levels are Decreased_, but at 8 Hours the Cortisol Levels are Increased Again. What does this Patient have?
**Pituitary Dependent Hyperadrenocorticism**
223
True/False: A Positive **C6 Ab Snap Test** does not predict Clinical Disease, only Exposure and Infection of Lyme Disease
**True**
224
**C. Cat is Likely Infected with FIV**
225
If Treatment is used for **Brucellosis**, what would the Treatment be?
**Aminoglycoside**- Ex. Gentamicin (Give Week 1 and 4)
**Doxycyline** (Give Entire 4 Weeks)
_\*Don't use Aminoglycoside for 4 weeks in a Row because it is Nephrotoxic_
\*May need 2-4 Courses of Above Treatment
226
**Brucellosis** is a _____ Disease. Infected Male Dogs rarely recover and Some Female doges have Recovered. _Euthanasia is a Common Treatment for Brucellosis_
**Zoonotic**
**\***Urine is Infected- Don't want a Brucellosis Positive animal in the House- Usually results in Euthanasia of the Animal due to Zoonotic Potential
227
True/False: Also recommend Surgery in Patients with **Insulinoma**, unless the Lesion is Inoperable
**True**
_**\***Patients who are Treated both Surgically and Medically can extend their life 4 Years!- Best Mode of Treatment_
228
**Neospora**
_\*Treatment- Clindamycin or Sulfa Drug._
_Do NOT Treat with Steroids- Will make it worse_
229
True/False: Older Cats Diagnosed with **Hyperthyroidism** have a Shorter Survival Time than Young Cats with Hyperthyroidism
**False**
**\***Young Patients with Hyperthyroidism have a Shorter Survival Time (Worse) than in Older Cats
230
**Malignant B-Cell Secreting Tumor** (Secreting Insulin) that is common in Geriatric Large Breed Dogs
**Insulinoma**
231
Most **Metabolically active Thyroid Hormone**, that is 20% Produced by the Thyroid gland and 80% Produced by De-Iodinization at Peripheral Tissue
**T3**
_**\***Once T3 and T4 are produced by the thyroid gland it is released into circulation and will bind to the Thyroid hormone binding Globulin_
232
**Babesia** leads to _____ Anemia in Canines
**Hemolytic Regenerative Anemia**
_**\***Babesia causes HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA and THROMBOCYTOPENIA_
233
Characterisitics of which Endocrine Disease:
_Increased Urine and Creatinine_
_Low Urine Specific Gravity_
_High Potassium_
_Low Sodium_
**Hypoadrenocorticism (Addisons)**
**\***Chart- Differentiating Addisons from Renal Failure
234
Only **Hyperthyroid** Treatment that is Indicated in Carcinomas
**Radio-Iodine Therapy**
235
Tessa is a 6 Year Old Female Intact Rodesian Ridgeback. The Owner is a Breeder. _Tessa has failed to show signs of Estrus in a Year._ BCS is a 4/5 (Overweight) with _Alopecia of the Tail_. An Opthalmic Examination showed _Unilateral Miosis (Unilateral Horners Syndrome)_
**Normocytic Normochromic Mild Non-Regenerative Anemia**
_\*Rhodesian Ridgebacks have a predisposition to developing Hypothyroidism_
\*Normal Reticulocytes are 60,000
236
Pros and Cons of which **Vaccine Type?**
**Dead- Killed or Inactivated Whole Agent Vaccines**
_**\***Cons- going to need at least 2 doses and you need a larger dose_
_The Adjuvant (That was used to kill the Virus) can result in Vaccine Reactions- **Allergic Reaction and Vaccine Induced Sarcoma (CATS!!!!)**_
237
True/False: Severity of Side Effects are Worse with _Mitotane_ when Treating **Cushings**
**True**
_**\***Compared to Trilostane, Mitotane can cause more severe Side Effects_
_\*If Side effects occur with Mitotane- Stop Therapy and administer PREDNISOLONE_
238
Most Common **Chronic Rickettsial Disease** is Ehrlichia Canis, which mainly leads to \_\_\_\_\_\_
**Pancytopenia**
239
True/False: 90-95% of Dogs exposed to **Lyme Disease** don't have any Clinical Signs 2-5 Months Later
**True**
240
Treatment for Hyperkalemia in **Addisons Patients**
**Saline Diuresis**
241
Best **Lyme** Vaccine that is Least Anaphylactic to the Animal
**Recombinant OspA Single Antigen Vaccine**
**\***How it works- Once you inject this vaccine the Dog produces OspA antibodies post vaccine. Tick Attaches to the dog and takes in those antibodies which work in the ticks gut to bind bacteria during blood meal: _Bacteria cannot move to the salivary gland to infect the dog_
242
**Salmonellosis** is a gram ____ Bacteria that Resides in the Intestinal Tract
**Negative**
243
Infectious Disease that is Transmitted through **Dog Fighting** via the Blood, where 50% of Pit Bulls tested in the US are Positive
**Babesia Gibsoni**
**\***Many pitbulls are subclinical carriers, they should never be used as blood donors
244
Primary Cause of **Hypothyroidism**
**Lymphocytic Thyroiditis**
**\***Immune Mediated Destruction of the Thyroid Folicles
\*Photo- _There must be 75% Destruction of the Thyroid Gland from Neoplasia before Clinical Signs will be detected_
245
In **Hyperthryoid** Patients that receive a Bilateral Thyroidectomy, they normally suffer from \_\_\_\_\_\_
**Hypocalcemia**
_**\***Normally Parathyroid gland is removed as well, which regulates Calcium_
\*Treatment of Hypocalcemia- Calcium Gluconate IV
246
_Bacterial Spirochete_ that can live in Gastric Mucosa because they have High Urease Allowing them to Survive in **Acid**
**Helicobacter**
247
**Azotemia**
248
**_Most Common Cause of Ascites and Fever in a 1.5 Year Old Cat- FIP_**
**What is the Next Diagnostic Step**- Centesis
249
Physical Exam and Labwork for which Infectious Disease:
_Dehydration_
_Hypoglycemia_
_Hypokalemia_
_Anemia_
_Leukopenia_
**Parvovirus**
250
**Hypothyroidism** is Treatment is _____ Therapy
**Life Long**
**\***The thyroid is destroyed and without the Thyroid Supplementation the patient will revert back to Hypothyroidism
\*Recheck the patient every 6 months
251
Treatment for **Toxoplasmosis**
**Clindamycin**
or
**Sulfadiazine + Pyrimethamine**
252
**12 Year Old DSH Polyphagia, Vomiting**
**\***Siamese Cats have genetic Variables that Protect them from Hyperthyroidism
\*Open Mouth breathing is a clinical sign of Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema
253
**Palpation during Coeliotomy**
254
Diagnostic test used in Large Breeds dogs where an **Adrenal Dependent tumor** is Suspected
**Low Dose Dexamethasone Suppresion Test**
**\***_ACTH Stimulation test will NOT work in these Patients- Does not detect Adrenal Dependent Tumors_
255
256
Which one of these Blood Glucose curves is Ideal?
**Green**
**\*Green Curve-** The Blood Glucose does not drop below 80. _The glucose is maintined between 100-250 for the majority of the day- Ideal_
257
**Duration of Action too Short**
**\***Insulin Resistance- Very Rare
258
Hemoprotozoan Parasites that Infect RBC's of Vertebrate Hosts**,** leading to **Hemolytic Anemia**
**Babesia**
259
_1. Humans can NOT get FIV_
2. There is a Vaccine for FIV- Not considered a Core Vaccine
3. _FIV Vaccine WILL interfer with FIV Tests and give a False Positive_
4. _FIV Vaccine is Not a Core Vaccine_- Can intefere with FIV Testing and hasn't proven to be Efficacious
260
Put in Order the Correct Progression of **Hypothyroidism:**
1. Compensated Hypothyroidism Occurs- Increase in Thyroid Globulin and Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
2. Lymphocytic Thyroiditis develops- Increase In Thyroid Globulin Auto Antibodies
3. Clinical Hypothyroidism Develops- Increase in Thyroid Globuling Auto Antibodies, Thyroid Stimulating Hormone and a Decrease in T4
**2,1,3**
261
True/False: Most **Insulinomas** are:
_Malignant_
_Metastasized_
**True**
262
**Adrenal** Failure characterized by Deficiency in Both Glucocorticoids (Cortisol) and Mineralcorticoids (Aldosterone)
**Primary Adrenal Failure**
_**\***Most Common Form_
263
What **Endocrine Disease** is occuring in this Cat?
**Hyperthyroidism**
_\*What can cause Weight loss DESPITE a normal Appetite in a 12 Year Old Cat? Hyperthyroidism_
_\*Heart Murmur and Gallop Rhythm can be acquired secondary to Hyperthyroidism_
264
Which Thyroid Hormone is Less Effected by **Protein Binding Equilibrium Dialysis**
**Free T4**
265
Two Types of **Hyperadrenocorticism** and which Breed of Dogs they Mainly Effect
**Pituitary Dependent- Small Breed Dogs**
**Adrenal Dependent- Labradors**
**\***50% of Adrenal Tumors are Malignant
266
LDDS and US
267
**Dead- Subunit/Recombinant Subunit Vaccines**
**\***Not really on the Market
268
Disease caused by **Borrelia Burgdorferi**, which are _Corkscrew Shaped and Spirochete_
**Lyme Disease**
269
\_\_\_\_\_ is a **Zoonotic** Disease where Risk factors for Humans were ownership of Pup or Chickens and Consumption of Mayonnaise
**Campylobacteriosis**
270
Treatment for **Distemper**
**Supportive Care**
271
Treatment for **Babesia Canis**
**Imidocarb Dipropionate (Imizol)**
272
Bacterial Disease is more of a problem of **Intact Males** leading to Enlarged Scrotum, Epididymitis, Infertility, and Testicular Atrophy
**Brucellosis**
273
Virus that can **Kill dogs and cats within 2-3 days** of Clinical Signs and causes:
_Pruritus_
_Self Mutilation_
_Excessive Salivation_
_Fatality_
**Pseudorabies**
_**\***Associated with Pig Farms_
\*Pseudorabies looks just like Rabies but is associated with Pig Farms
274
True/False: Blood Donor Cats need to be **Mycoplasma Negative**
**True**
_**\***Mycoplasma is Transferred via Blood- All Blood Donor cats must be tested for Mycoplasma_
275
**Hyperadrenocorticism** is a disease of Excess \_\_\_\_\_
**Cortisol**
**\***Excess Cortisol being Produced by the Adrenal Glands
276
Infectious Disease that causes these Clinical Signs:
_Nasal Discharge_
_CNS and Ocular Signs_
_Cutaneous Lesions (40%)_
**Cyptococcus**
277
CBC: Stress Leukogram
Biochemistry: Moderately Elevated ALT
Urinalysis: USG 1.022
_Is this a Normal USG in a Cat?_
**Normal USG in a Cat? 1.035**
\*Anything Below 1.028 means the cat is not able to concentrate its urine appropraitely
_\*Hyperthyroidism- Interference with ADH Receptors and Aquaporins aren't released_
278
Most common Cause of **Hypoadrenocorticism**
**Immune Mediated Destruction**
_**\***85% of the Adrenal Gland must be destroyed before Clinical Signs occur_
279
Bacterial Disease that Dogs get from Eating pre-formed Neurotoxin in Bad Meat (Ex. Duck Carcass)
**Botulism**
280
More History:
On 30 IU Lente Insulin
No PU/PD
Keratoconjunctivitis Sica and Retinal Degeneration
**What is the Next Step with this Patient?**
281
How can a Dog with **Distemper** only have Neurological Signs?
**The Dog can develop Antibodies against the Virus. While the Antibodies are Being Developed, they can fight off the Systemic SIgns and the Virus can escape to the Nervous System**
282
True/False: Things that Normally Cause **Hypoglycemia**:
_Starvation_
_GI Malabsorption_
_Renal Glucosuria_
**False**
**\***None of these Result in Hypoglycemia, because we have a number of counter-regulatory hormones
283
Disease Spread by **Ixodes (Deer Tick),** where the _Host becomes infected once the Tick becomes Engorged_ (48-50 Hours Post Attachment)
**Lyme Disease**
**\***_Must be Attached for at least 2 Days (48 Hours) that must be ENGORGED_ before the Host becomes Infected
284
In America, can a Human get **Toxoplasmosis** from a Dog?
**No**
\*Toxoplasmosis is only in the Muscle of Dogs- Humans cannot get Toxoplasmosis from Dogs
_\*The Owner can get Toxoplasmosis from **Cat Feces**- Inhalation of Oocysts in Cat Feces_
285
Best **Mineralcoriticoid and Glucocorticoid** Replacement Drug that is used in **Addisonian Patients**
**Hydrocortisone Sodium Succinate**
286
Serological Test for **Lyme Disease** that tests for _IgG and IgM_ produced to Numerous Antigens on the whole Spirochete
**Whole Cell ELISA**
**\***IgM- Pentamere (Big) Shows up First when Infection Enters the Body (Bouncer at the Bar)- Disappears when "Police" Show up
\*IgG- (Police) Comes around 2 weeks post Infection and Prolong the Fight against the Infection
287
Diet that can be used to Treat **Hyperthyroidism** ONLY in Indoor Cats
**Hills Y/D**
**\***Treatment for Indoor Cats where Hyperthyroid is detected very early
288
**TT4**
**\***TT4 Screening test will catch ALL the Hypothyroid Patients
**\***TT3 and FT3 are most affected by Euthyroid Sick Syndrome
289
**Fungal Disease** that is _Inhaled_ in the Yeast-Like Form and Replicates in the Upper and Lower Airways of Dogs and spreads to the CNS
**Cryptococcus Neoformans**
_**\***Cyptococcus is a Fungus_
290
**Hyperplasia**
291
Which Bacterial Disease has these Clinical Signs:
**_Reproductive_**
_**Neurologic**- Diskospondylitis_
_**Ocular**- Optic Neuritis_
**Brucellosis**
292
**Insulinoma**
293
How long does **Parvovirus** last in the Environment?
**Months**
**\***Bleach what you can in the House/Environment- Wait at least a month to get a new Dog
294
**Primary Hypothyroidism**
**\***Not Euthyroid Sick Syndrome because Free T4 is Low
\*Stimulation Test- TT4 doesn't Change- Thyroid Gland itself is Damaged
295
True/False: Old dogs will have statistically lower **Thyroid Hormone** Concentrations than Young Dogs
**True**
296
**Infectious Disease** with a sudden Onset of Neurological SIgns that cause Death within 10 Days is suspicious of \_\_\_\_\_
**Rabies**
_**\***Any time you have CNS disease and the animal dies within 10 days of onset- Rabies should be on Differential even if the Dog has been Vaccinated_
297
Type of Diabetes Mellitus where there is **Destruction of the Beta Islet Cells** of the Pancreas that Produce Insulin
**Type 1 (Canine)**
298
Four **Non Core (Not Essential)** Vaccines in Cats
**FeLV-** in Adults
## Footnote
**FIV**
**Chlamydia**
**Bordetella**
299
**Branching Gram Positive Bacteria** that is Transferred via Wound and _Pyothorax (Felines)_
**Nocardia**
300
Anti-emetic used in the Treatment of **Parvovirus**
**Cerenia (Maropitant)**
**\***Metoclopramide and Chlorpromazine are both used as well
301
Tick Vector for **Hepatozoon Americanum**
**Amblyomma**
302
True/False: Dogs can be _Asymptomatic Carriers_ of **Campylobacteriosis**
**True**
303
Urinarlysis of which **Endocrine Disease**
**Hyperadrenocorticism (Cushings)**
_Most Important Finding- Presence of Inadequately Concentrated Urine- LOW USG_
_\*Glucosuria- 10% of Dogs with Cushings will have Diabetes Insipidus_
304
Which Endocrine Disease will have this Biochemistry?
**Hypoadrenocorticism (Addisons)**
_**\***Characterisitic Rise in Potassium- Caused by Aldosteron Deficiency_
305
The Clinical Signs of **Parvovirus** (Acute Hemorrhagic Vomiting/Diarrhea) are mainly due to Gram Negative \_\_\_\_\_
**Sepsis**
_**\***Most of the Animals that die of Parvovirus die because of the Septicemia, rather than the Virus itself_
_\*Underlying cause for Parvo Dogs to Die- Sepsis_
306
Pathology of which **Endocrine Disease**:
_Mild Non-Regenerative Anemia_
_Horners Syndrome_
_Delayed Estrus_
_Alopecia_
_Hypercholesterolemia_
**Hypothyroidism**
307
**Brucellosis** Peneterates Mucous Membranes to enter Lymphoreticular System and Persists within ____ of Genital Tract
**Cells (Intracellular)**
**\***Treatment of Brucellosis is Difficult because it is an Intracellular Bacteria
308
Most Common Clinical Signs encountered with **Lyme Disease**
**Lameness (Polyarthritis)**
**\***Lameness usually starts in the limb closest to Tick Bite
309
Treatment for **Leptospirosis**
**Supportive Care**
**Doxycycline- Eliminates Carrier State**
310
Gold Standard of Treatment for **Hyperthyroidism**
**Radiotherapy (Iodine 131)**
**\***Disadvantage- Patient needs to be Isolated
\*Radiation Only Destroys Dividing Cells- Tumor Destroyed
311
**Lyme Vaccines** are a series of 2 vaccines given 2-4 weeks apart starting at ___ weeks of age, followed by Annual Boosters
**12**
312
313
True/False: Diagnosis of **Hypothyroidism** is based on Diagnostic Assays
**False**
_**\***Diagnosis of Hypothyroidism is based on a combination of Screening Tests, History, and Clinical Signs together with a Low T4 and High TSH_
314
Most common Clinical Sign of **Insulinoma**
**Seizures**
315
Oral Drug of choice for Patients with **Hyperthyroidism** that is Given 5mg BID PO
**Methimazole**
**\***Inhibits Thyroid Hormone synthesis by Blocking Incorporation of Iodine
_\*Methimazole is 95% Effective- 3-15 Days to Bring T4 down to Normal_
316
**Herpes Virus** likes to Replicate at ____ Body Temperature
**Lower**
**\***Neonates are not able to regulate their body temperatures
317
**ACTH Stimulation Test**
_**\***ACTH Stimulation Test- Not able to Distinguish Pituitary from Adrenal_
[ACTH]- will be Higher in Pituitary Dependent Cushings and will not be susceptible to the negative feedback of the Cortisol
LDDS- Can distinguish Pituitary Dependent
318
Which Treatment plan for **Hyperthyroidism** has the Best Prognosis?
**I-131 Pre-Treated with Methimazole**
**\***Usually our Standard of Care
319
Diagnostic Test best for Diagnosing **Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, Ehrlichiosis, and Anaplasmosis**
**PCR**
320
\_\_\_\_\_ Immunity Plays a Role in Determining whether or not the Host will get Disease from **Cryptococcus Neoformans**
**Cell Mediated Immunity**
**\***Big Concern in HIV Positive People
321
Which of the Following Ways can **Mycoplasma** be Trasmitted in Felines?
A. IV, IP, or Per Os of Infected Blood
B. Blood Sucking Arthropods and Fleas
C. Fighting and Saliva
D. Transmission from Queen to Kitten via Nursing
**All of the Above**
322
Drug of Choice for Treatment of **Lyme Disease**
**Doxycycline**
323
True/False: Animals that are _Moderately to Critically Ill_ or Patients on _Sulphonamides_ should NOT be tested for **T4 Levels**
**True**
**\***Do not test these dogs because T4 will be erroneously low and we could misdiagnose Hypothyroidism
324
_Senario 1: 99% of the Time- No Worries_
_Scenario 2: Two ELISA Tests two weeks apart that are Positive- Good time to do an IFA or PCR Test._
_If the Cat is Sick and you have a Positive IFA or PCR then assume that FeLV is contributing to the Clinical Signs. If the Cat is Healthy and comes back with Positive IFA or PCR then Isolate the Cat from other Cats in the House_
325
1. Does the FeLV ELISA Snap Test check for Antibodies or Antigens to FeLV?
2. How would one Kitten be positive and the others be Negative? List three Possible Reasons
3. At what Age can you test a Kitten for FeLV and Not worry about Maternal antibodies
**FeLV ELISA Test- Checks for ANTIGEN**
3 Reasons for one Kitten to be Positive- Could be a False Positive, Kitten may have gone out and picked up the virus, Mother was Positive and passed it onto only one of the kittens
_FeLV is Spread via contact of Mutual Grooming- Licking and sharing Saliva_
**_Test at what age for FeLV? ANY AGE. FeLV has nothing to do with Materal Antibodies. The test is Antigen Based, not Maternal Antibody based_**
326
Urinalysis Findings for which **Endocrine Diease**:
_Glucosuria_
_Cystitis_
_Ketosis_
**Diabetes Mellitus**
_\*Up to 60% of Diabetic Patients have Ketones in their Urine_
327
Which Endocrine Disorder can cause Ocular Abnormalities such as **Corneal Lipidosis,** and secondary Glaucoma and Keratoconjuncivitis
**Hypothyroidism**
328
Route of Vaccine Administration that **Stimulates IgA**
**Intranasal**
_**\***Big Advantage- **Efficacy Not Blocked by Maternal Antibodies- Intranasal and Intraoral Vaccines**. KNOW THIS_
329
CBC Changes- Nothing Specific Suggests FIP
_Chemistry Profile- **High Globulins** suggest FIP_
FIP is a Mutation from the Coronavirus, which is common and found throughout the environment
_Can Cat with FIP transmit to another Cat? One cat **cannot** transmit the mutated form to other cats in the household_
_2 Forms- Dry Form infects the Nervous system and Eyes. Wet form infects the Gut as Ascites Frequently and Pleural Effusion_
**_You CANNOT Prevent FIP_**
330
An **Addisonian Crisis** is Described as _____ Shock, where these patients are _Dehydrated, Anemic and Bradycardic_
**Hypovolemic**
331
True/False: **Ehrlichosis** Uncommonly causes Clinical Signs in Cats
**True**
**\***Ehrlichosis is Uncommon in Cats
332
For Which **Endocrine Pathology** will we need to Treat the Following?
**Hypoadrenocorticism (Addisons)**
**\***Need to Correct Hyopvolemia and Hyperkalemia (Life Threatening)
333
**ACTH Stimulation Test**
334
For **Feline** Vaccinations only use Non-\_\_\_\_\_ Vaccines to reduce the risk of vaccine induced sarcomas
**Adjuvant**
_**\***All Killed Vaccines have some type of Adjuvant_
335
Treatment for **Parvovirus**
**FLUIDS-** Most Important
**Gram Negative Antibiotics** (Aminoglycoside + Beta Lactam)
\*Don't give Aminoglycosides if Renal Disease is Present or if the Animal is Dehydrated
336
Gold Standard Stimulation Test for **Hypothyroidism**
**TSH Stimulation**
**\***Not used very Often- Injection of TSH Intravenously and measure a post stimulation about 4 hours later. You want to demonstrate the the total T4 Concentration is above 25mmol/l or is 1.4 times higher than resting baseline
337
**Anti-Insulin Antibodies**
_\*Insulin Resistance is VERY RARE_
338
Haemotology for which **Endocrine Disease**
**Hyperadrenocorticism (Cushings)**
**\***_Most Cases of Cushings Present with a STRESS Leukogram_
339
**Leptospirosis** and **Lyme Disease** Vaccine are Non-\_\_\_\_\_
**Non-Core Vaccines**
**\***Leptospirosis and Lyme Disease Vaccines are given at _12 and 16 weeks of Age_
340
If we create a Euthyroid State after treating \_\_\_\_\_\_our Target Total T4 must be in the Low Range of Normal (BUT NOT HYPOTHYROID)
If we Create a Euthyroid State after Treating _____ our Target Total T4 must be in the High Range of Normal
**Hyperthyroidism**
**Hypothyroidism**
341
10% of Patients with **Hyperadrenocorticism** will Develop a Secondary ______ because the Excess Cortisol will Interfere with the Release of ADH by the Hypothalamus
**Central Diabetes Insipidus**
_**\***Low USG and these patients are predisposed to developing Urinary Tract Infections_
342
True/False: Both ACTH Stimulation and Low Dose Dexamethasone Suppression test are used to Diagnose **Adrenal Dependent Hyperadrenocorticism**
**False**
**\*** _Both ACTH Stimulation and Low Dose Dexamethasone Suppression test are used to Diagnose **PITUITARY** Dependent Hyperadrenocorticism_
_\*ACTH Stimulation is not used to Diagnose Adrenal Dependent Cushings_
343
**Branching Gram Positive Bacteria** that are commonly transfered by _Dog Bites_
**Actinomyces and Nocardia**
344
Pros and Cons of which type of **Vaccine**?
**Alive Vaccine**- _Attenuated/Avirulent/Modified Live_
_\*Long Lived Antibody Response after 1 Dose_
345
On a Hemogram, what Three things will a **Vasculitis** cause?
**Decreased Platelets** (Thrombocytopenia)
**Decreased Neutrophils**
**Decreased RBC** (Anemia)
**\***This occurs for Patients with _Leptospira Infections_ and Rickettsial Infections
346
**Botulism** Toxin prevents release of ACH at Neuromuscular Junction leading to Acute \_\_\_\_\_\_
**Lower Motor Neuron Quadriparalysis**
_**\***All FOUR Legs are Involved- Areflexic or Hyporeflexic_
347
Clinical Signs of which Endocrine Disease:
_Lethargy_
_Obesity (40%)_
_Cold Intolerance_
_Skin Conditions (60-80%)- Alopecia, Hyperpigmentation_
_Bradycardia_
**Hypothyroidism**
348
**Best** Serological Test for **Lyme Disease** that gives Yes/No Test Results that tells if C6 Antibodies are Present or Not
**C6 Ab Snap Test**
_**\***Lyme Spirochete is Adept at changing Outer Surface Proteins to escape Detection, however the 1 Outer Surface Peptide that DOES NOT change is the C6_
_\*Detectable as early at 2 Weeks Post Exposure- Before the Animal has Clinical Signs (2-5 Months)_
349
**Leptospirosis** Serovars are Maintained in Nature by _____ infected Hosts
**Subclinically**
350
351
True/False: If a Patient shows Vomiting, Puritius, and Liver Toxicity to **Methimazole**, it is best to switch to Carbimazole
**False**
_**\***If the Patient showed Vomiting with Oral Methimazole, You should try using the Transdermal Methimazole- Indicated for Patients that Vomit with Oral Methimazole_
352
Immature Glycolytic and Gluconeogenic Enzymes
353
What Three Breeds are Predisposed to **Primary Lymphocytic Thyroiditis**
**Rhodesian Ridgeback**
**English Setters**
**Dobermans**
354
When Assessing Treatment of **Hypothyroidism**, Serum T4 Levels needs to be tested Post \_\_\_\_
**Pilling**
**\***6 Hours after pilling we collect a blood sample and it would be our peak level. We would like to get our T4 Levels at the high end of normal
355
Treatment of SICK Hypercalcemia Dog
**Address Primary Cause**
**General Therapy- Saline Diuresis, Furosemide, Calcitonin (If Vit. D Toxicosis)**
356
Most Common Endocrinopathy in Older Cats, where the Mean Age is 12 Years
**Hyperthyroidism**
**\***One of the Most common Medical Disorders of Cats
357
In the United States, **Babesia Canis** is Transmitted via \_\_\_\_\_
**Rhipicephalus Ticks**
**\***Have to be attached 2-3 days
358
An **ACTH Assay** is Performed to measure the ACTH concentration in a Cushings Dog. If you get the results back and the _ACTH level is Normal_, what does this Patient have?
**Pituitary Dependent Cushings**
**\***In a Patient with Cushings the ACTH levels SHOULD be Low/Zero. Therefore, if they are normal than this patient has Pituitary Dependent Cushings
359
Two ways to assess Effectiveness of **Vaccination**
**1. Serum Antibody Titers- Measure IgM or IgG**
**2. Challange Studies-** Take Non Vaccinated animals and challange them with the Antigen. Challenge another group with Vaccinations to see how many are protected
\*_Best Method for Determining Vaccine Effectiveness- Challenge Studies_
360
Clinical Signs of which Infectious Disease:
_Petechiation_
_Bleeding Externally and Internally_
_Lameness_
**Rickettsiae**
361
**Main Reason Kitten**
**The Two FIV + Kittens should be Separated from the Other Cats in the meantime until it can be proven if the kittens have FIV or just have maternal Antibodies**
\*Have Mother come in and test for FIV
362
Clinical Signs of which Endocrine Disease:
**PU/PD**
Weakness/Lethargy
Reduced Excitability of Nervous Tissue
**Hyperparathyroidism (Hypercalcemia)**
\*Hallmark Feature of Hypercalcemia- PU/PD because Calcium Impairs Renal Tubular Response to ADH
363
Which Disease will have these Clinical Findings:
TT4- Low to Normal
FT4- Low
TSH- High
**Hypothyroidism**
_**\***Best Way to differentiate Euthyroid Sick Syndrome and Hypothyroidism- TSH_
_TSH will be HIGH in the case of Hypothyroidism, and Normal to Low in patients with Euthyroid Sick Syndrome_
364
Patients with which Endocrinopathy will **LACK a Stress Leukogram**
**Hypoadrenocorticism (Addisons)**
**\***NO STRESS LEUKOGRAM
365
**B and D**
366
True/False: **Helicobacter** may or may not cause signs of _Chronic Gastritis, Vomiting and Diarrhea_
**True**
_**\***Helicobacter causes Bleeding Ulcers within the GI Mucosa_
367
**100-250 mg/Dl**
**\***Don't want Nadir to be below 80 mg/dL- If below 80, then we need to Decrease the Dose of Insulin
368
Review of Progression of **Hypothyroidism**
369
Protocol for Prescribing a Diet in an **Overweight Diabetic Dog**
**Low Fat Diet (**
**Exercise for 30 min BID**
_\*Only prescribe a Diabetic Diet for a dog if they are Overweight_
370
**C. 6 yo Beagle with Hyptrichosis and Reduced Activity**
**\***3 yo Female Poodle with Reduced Appetite and PuPd- Addisons Disease
_\*Calcinosis Cutis- Most Pathoneumonic Lesion for Hyperadrenocorticism (Cushings)_
\*Greyhounds have significantly lower levels of T4 than other breeds, so this is probably just a normal fit greyhound
371
Two Areas of the Body where **Giardia intestialis** likes to Attach
**Small Intestine**- Small Bowel Watery Diarrhea
**Large Intestine**- Diarrhea with Blood and Mucus
372
Treatment for **Tetanus**
**Debride Wound**
**Equine Antitoxin** (Used in Canines and Felines)
373
Infectious Disease caused by a _Gram-Negative Rod Bacteria_ where the **Domestic Cat** is the Major Reservoir and Vector for Human Infections
**Bartonella Henselae**
374
The Characteristics Below Describe which Infectious Disease?
_Organism can morph from Spiral or Corkscrew_
_Highly Motile due to Flagella_
_Usually Extracellular in Location but can be Sequestered in Joints, Fibroblasts, and Astrocytes_
**Lyme Disease (Borrelia Burgdorferi)**
**\***Can be Sequestered in Joints, Fibroblasts and Astrocytes- Animals with Lyme Disease may have Chronic Joint Disease and Chronic Neurological Symptoms
375
_1. Most likely Cause- **Cerebellar Hypoplasia from Panleukopenia**_
_\*More than likely the vaccine that was given to the Mother was a Modified Live Vaccine and transfered the Virus to the Kittens. The mother will not have Clinical Signs in the majority of these cases_
2. The Prognosis- The Kittens will always have these signs
376
Two Physical Attributes that are common in Dogs with **Distemper**
**Hard Pad** (Thick Foot Pads)
**Enamel Hypoplasia** (Pits on Teeth)
377
True/False: Dietary Issues must be controlled in Dogs with **Diabetes Mellitus** in order to Control the Diabetes
**False**
**\***_Diet DOES NOT effect Diabetes Mellitus in DOGS_
\*_Dietary Issues must be controlled in CATS with Diabetes Mellitus in order to Control the Diabetes. You will not obtain a diabetic remission in a Cat with Diabetes unless you address the dietary issues_
378
_5.5- High Protein_
**Most Likely Diagnosis**- High Protein with Straw Colored Fluid = FIP
**What tests can you run on the Fluid?** FIP Titers and PCR
**What are the Fluid characteristics of FIP?** High Protein and Straw Colored Fluid
379
True/False: The Majority (90%) of _Malignant Thyroid Tumors_ in _Canines_ are **Non-Functional**
**True**
_**\***If you have a Dog with a Thyroid Tumor the chances are Very High that it is Malignant_
380
If you Suspect **Rabi****es**, who do you call?
**Local Health Department**
\*Local Health Department will contact the state department and the state Veterinarian
381
What if Fecal ELISA is Negative, yet Clinical Signs Suggest **Parvovirus**?
**May still be Parvo, go with your Gut**
**\***Other Diseases that look like Parvovirus- Salmon Poisoning, Salmonella, E. Coli
382
**Low Calcium** Stimulates \_\_\_\_\_which Causes:
Resorption of Calcium by Bone
Trigger the Intestine to Absorb more Calcium
Tells Nephrons to start Reabsorbing Calcium from Filtrate
**PTH**
**\***Overall these Mechanisms Increase Calcium
383
Routine Diagnostic Test Results (CBC and Urine Analysis) for **Lyme Disease**
**CBC- Non-Specific Changes**
**Urine Analysis- May have Signs of Renal Failure or Proteinuria**
**\***Side Note- Two of the Most common causes of Lameness in these dogs is going to be Lyme Disease and Ehrlichia- CBC helps to differentiate between Lyme Disease and Ehrlichia. Lyme Disease will show no Specific Changes with CBC, while Ehrlichia will show changes on CBC
384
Treatment for **Hyperthyroidism (Malignant Thyroid Tumor)** in a _Dog_
_Thyroid Tumors in Canines are Mainly Malignant_
_Thyroid Tumors in Felines are Mainly Benign_
385
Tessa is a 6 Year Old Female Intact Rodesian Ridgeback. The Owner is a Breeder. Tessa has failed to show signs of Estrus in a Year. BCS is a 4/5 (Overweight) with Alopecia of the Tail. An Opthalmic Examination showed Unilateral Miosis (Unilateral Horners Syndrome)
**Every Single Endocrinopathy can cause Hypercholesterolemia**
386
Which of these Infectious Disease are **Zoonotic**:
_A. Leptospira_
_B. Rabies_
_C. Toxoplasmosis_
**All of the Above are Zoonotic**
387
Youngest Age that an animal can be given a **Rabies Vaccination**
**12 Weeks**
388
Adult **Ixodes** Ticks feed on \_\_\_\_\_
**Deer**
_**\***Ixodes = Deer Tick_
389
Two Radiographic Changes that can be present in Patients with **Hyperadrenocortisicm**
**Mineralization of the Lung Field**
**Mineralization of the Pelvis**
**\***Radiographic Changes that can be present in the presence of Cushings
390
In Severe **Salmonella** Cases, the Patients must be put in \_\_\_\_\_, with IV Fluids
**Isolation**
391
**Campylobacteriosis** leads to ______ Diarrhea (Tenesmus and Fresh Blood in Stool)
**Large Bowel**
_**\***Fresh Blood and Mucous in the Stool- Small Amounts, Frequently_
_\*Tenesmus- Straining_
392
2 Stages of **Rabies**
**Furious Stage- Aggressiveness, Biting**
**Dumb Stage- Dull Lethargic, Comatose**
393
True/False: Culturing a Positive Fecal Culture for **Salmonella** from a 12 week old Dog with _Hemorrhagic Diarrhea_, Parvovirus would still be the Top Differential
**True**
**\***Most likely still Parvovirus because both Parvovirus and Salmonella cause Hemorraghic Diarrhea and Salmonella can be cultured from Healthy Animals. Even though the Culture may be Salmonella Positive, that may not be the cause of the problem
394
Most Sensitive Test for Diagnosing **Leishmaniasis**
**PCR**
_**\***Serology- 4 Fold Increase in IgG in 2-4 Weeks- DIagnostic for ALL infectious Diseases_
395
Diagnosis of **Helicobacter** is based on Pathologic Changes in the Stomach in Conjunction with FInding the Organims on _____ of Gastric Mucosa
**Brush Cytology**
396
**All of the Above**
397
Insulin Protocol used in Cats with **Diabetes Mellitus**
**Insulin Type: Glargine**
**Administer BID (Twice Daily) Subcutaneously**
_**\***In cats you have to use a long acting Insulin_
398
**Infectious Disease** that causes these Systemic Signs in Dogs:
**_Big Spleen and Liver_**
**_Skin Ulcers and Nodules_**
_Fever_
_PU/PD_
_Couging/Epistaxis_
**Leishmaniasis**
**\***Mainly seen in Texas
399
Drug Therapy, with _Methimazole or Carbimazole_, is the Mainstay for a **Hyperthyroid** Patient that is going to go for _____ Therapy
**Iodine 131**
_**\***Recommended to create a Euthyroid State with Drug Therapy prior to Iodine 131 Treatment. Withdraw the drugs Prior to Iodine 131 Radiation Treatment_
400
A **Low Dose Dexamethasone Suppression** test is Performed. At 3 and 8 Hours post Test the Cortisol Levels have not Decreased. What does this Patient have?
**Adrenal Dependent Hyperadrenocoritism OR Pituitary Dependent Hyperadrenocorticism**
**\***Cannot Tell which Type based on these Results
401
The Following Infectious Disease are all \_\_\_\_\_\_:
## Footnote
**Helicobacter**
**Lyme Disease**
**Leptospira**
**Spirochetes**
402
1. FIV Positive Cats can live a normal Life Span
_2. No Treatment_
_3. FIV is Transmitted via Cat Fights/Biting_
4. Not Okay to use FIV + Cat as a Blood Donor
5. Clinical Signs- Possibly Neurological Signs
