Exam 1 Flashcards
Treatment In Bulldogs with Pulmonic Stenosis and a Single Right Coronary Artery Type R2A
Right Ventricle to Pulmonary Trunk Conduit
*Used for severe stenosis when aberrant left coronary artery precludes use of other techniques

On this EKG, What does the P Wave Indicate?

Right Atrial Enlargement
*The P Wave it too High- Greater than 4mm
_____ -Degree AV Block where there is Intermittent Failure of the AV Node to Conduct Impulses between the Atria and Ventricles, characterized by P Waves Intermitently followed by no QRS Complex

Second
*P Wave, followed by no QRS Complex because the AV Node didn’t Conduct the Signal to the Ventricles
Diseases of Heart Muscle
Cardiomyopathies
*Ex. Dilated and Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Two main Clinical Signs associated with Right Sided Heart Failure
Syncope and Ascites
*When the Right Heart Fails then Less blood will travel through the Lungs to the Left Heart. Therefore, the Left Heart will not be able to supply enough blood to the Brain causing Syncope. Blood will also accumulate in the Great Veins leading to Ascites
Bulldogs with Pulmonic Stenosis commonly have a Single Right Coronary Artery type ___, where the Aberrant Left Coronary Artery comes off the Pulmonary Artery
R2A
In 90% of Dobermans with Dilated Cardiomyopathy, you will see ____ on EKG

Ventricular Premature Depolarizations (VPDs)
Respiratory Sound that Occurs when the Airways are Narrowed due to Inflammation that is commonly seen with Bronchitis and Asthmatic Conditions
Wheezes
*Sounds like Whisteling
True/False: When doing Cardiac Ausculations, The Doctor should gently close the dogs mouth and place a finger across the Dogs Nostrils
True
*Panting can be mistaken for Heart Murmurs
Additive At Home Treatment for Myxomatous Atrioventricular Valvular Degeneration that Decreases the Risk of Death by 18 Months
Spironolactone
*Has Become a Standard of Care
*Side Note: Pimobendan is Controversial but has been Used
Cardiomyopathy characterized by a Lack of Contractility within the Heart Muscle leading to a Volume Overload that is common in Large/Giant Breed Dogs
Dilated Cardiomyopathy
*Enlarged Heart with Thin Walls- Volume Overload- Heart is Almost Twice the Normal Weight
*Common in Dobermans, Boxers, Great Danes and Irish Wolfhounds!!!
Dobermans and Boxers with Dilated Cardiomyopathy commonly have ____ Type Myofibers

Fibro-Fatty
*Fatty Vacuoles within the Myocytes
In Patients with Myxomatous Atrioventricular Valvular Degeneration, with 75% (Large Regurgitation), what Two Clinical things will we see?
Left Sided Congestive Heart Failure
Coughing
*LCHF is usually Slowely Progressive
The Mean Electrical Axis is the Average Direction of Activation of Ventricular Myocardium During Systole. If the Mean Electrical Axis is Less than 70 Degrees, What is Occuring in the Heart?

Left Heart Enlargement
*Normal Mean Electrical Axis is around 70 Degrees
*More “Meat” on the Left Heart if Hypertrophied, and therefore more Electrical Activity so the Mean Electrical Axis will shift towards the Left Heart (Between 60 and 0 Degrees)
Treatment for ARVC in Boxers if Greater than 1000 Ventricular Premature Depolarizations (VPDs)/ Day
Sotalol and/or Mexilitene
*Monitor Treatment- Holter Monitor- 85% Improvement in # VPD’s/Day
*Omega-3 Also Reduces # of VPDs
Spontaneous Ventricular Depolarizations at 60-180bpm that is Mostly Asymptomatic, but must be monitored because Ventricular Tachycardia may be Coming

Accelerated Idioventricular Rhythm
*Not fast enough to be considered Ventricular Tachycardia
*Accelerated Idioventricular Rhythm- Around 100 bpm- Still in the Normal Range of a Heart Rate
Patients in Heart Failure should be Given Supplemental Oxygenation. What is the Best Method of Administering Supplemental Oxygenation?
Nasal Catheter
*Use a Soft Feeding Tube and Feed down the Patients Nasal Passage until it Reaches the Carnassial Tooth Area and Connect the Tube to the Oxygen Source_- Run 50-100 ml/kg/min Oxygen into the Tube_
*Masks and Oxygen Hoods/Cages are Not Efficient

All Patients with Aortic Stenosis are Predisposed to _____
Bacterial Endocarditis
*We need to Control Bacterial Infections in these dogs
Cats with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy have Massively Enlarged Left Atriums. Once the Left Atrium Enlarges Greater than ____mm, the Cats Prognosis is Poor
>20 mm = Mod
>25 mm = Severe
*Normal Left Atrium is 15mm
*Prognosis in Cats with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy is based on the Size of the Left Atrium- The Larger the Left Atrium, the worse the Prognosis for the Cat
Patients with Sinus Bradycardia have ____ Pulses

Strong
*The Ventricles have had a Long time to Fill during Diastole so the Pulse will be VERY Strong
Patients with the Following Conditions commonly have _____:
- Boxers with Cardiomyopathy
- Dobermans with Dilated Cardiomyopathy
- Aortic Stenosis
- Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Ventricular Premature Depolarizations (VPD’s)
*30% of Dobermans with DCM will Die Suddenly from VPDs
Depolarization of the _____ Produces the P Wave on the EKG, while Depolarization of the ____ Produce the QRS Complex on the EKG

Atria- P Wave
Ventricle- QRS Complex
*T Wave represents Ventricular Repolarization (End of Systole)

The Mean Electrical Axis is the Average Direction of Activation of Ventricular Myocardium During Systole. If the Mean Electrical Axis is Greater than 90 Degrees, What is Occuring in the Heart?

Right Heart Enlargment
*More Electrical Activity on the Right side of the Heart so the Electrical Axis will Shift to greater than 90 Degrees
True/False: If a Patient has Atrial Fibrillation but the Heart Rate is Normal you Monitor the Patient but do not Treat
True
*Moniter- May Develop Dilated Cardiomyopathy in the Future
*Holter Monitor- Measures EKG over 24 hour period



























































































































