Exam 2 Flashcards
Reflex where we Pinch the Web of the Patients Toe to see if a Superficial Pain Senstation is Created
Flexor Withdrawal
*If No Senstation- The lesion could be in the Peripheral Nerve, the Spinal Cord or Brain. Loss of Sensation does not help to Localize the Lesion
*If we Pinch the Toe, and there is No Sensation (Dog doesn’t Look) and No Withdrawal Reflex, that Indicates there is a Peripheral Nerve Problem
*If we Pinch the Toe and get a Normal Reflex Withdrawal, however the Dog isn’t Feeling anything (No Sensation)- Sensory Nerve Cranial to L3 is Damaged, leaving the Reflex Arc Intact
True/False: There are No Drugs that will Kill Heartworm from the Age of 30 Days up until 120 Days of Age
True
*Susceptibility Gap- Difilaria Immitis between 30-120 Days of Age
*We put patients on Prophylaxis for about 3 months (90days) followed by Malarsomine for Adulticide Therapy. This will make sure that even Heartworm in the Suseptibility Gap will be killed by the end of Treatment
Space Occupying Lesion in the Brain that leads to Decrease CSF Outflow and a Buildup of Intracranial Pressure
Brain Herniation
*Volatile Anesthetics and CSF Taps may Precipitate Hernation
Treatment for Acute Canine Polyradiculoneuritis
Supportive Therapy- Physiotherapy, Massages, Turning the Patient
*Spontaneous Recovery- Weeks/Months
*Steroids DO NOT help these patients because the Inflammatory Phase if very short
Heart Worm occurs in Animals older than ____ Months of Age, and is more Common in Male, Middle Aged, Large Breed Canines
> 6 Months
*Dirofilaria Life Cycle is 6 Months- If dog is Bitten by Mosquito and Infected on the day it was born, we won’t see clinical Signs until 6 Months of Age when the Adults are Developed. Heartworm Cannot be Transferred from Mother to Baby In Utero
Treatment for Lumbosacral Malarticulation-Malformation
Dorsal Laminectomy + Stabilization (80% Success)
*Cage Rest Helps to Subside Symptoms but as soon as the Patient Exercises Again the Clinical SIgns will Return
4 General Causes for Tetraparesis/Tetraplegia
Tumors that Easily Metastasize to the Vertebrae and Spinal Cord and make up 50% of Vertebral and Spinal Neoplasias in Dogs
Osteosarcoma/Chonsdrosarcoma
True/False: Melarsomine is the Treatment of Choice for Heartworms in Felines
False
*Melarsomine is only 36% Effective in Felines- Melarsomine is not used for Heartworm Treatment in Felines
*Heartworms are an Untreatable Disease in Cats!- No Treatment, send Owner home with Prophylaxis so the Cat does not get more Heartworms
Large Numbers of Heartworms within the Pulmonary Artery can Back up into the Right Ventricle leading to _____ Malfunction and Acute Onset of Heart Failure and Cardiogenic Shock, known as Caval Syndrome
Tricuspid Valve
Upper Motor Neuron Signs in the Hind Limb means the Lesion is Cranial to _____, while Lower Motor Neuron Signs in the Hind Limb means the Lesion in Caudal to ___
L3
Treatment for Post-Caval Syndrome
Jugular Venotomy- Remove Worms
*Followed by Chemotherapy
Stretching of Nerve Roots Results in Lameness from _____
Hyperpathia
*Hyperpathia- Excessive Response to Pain
Condition caused by a Toxin that Grows in Anaerobic Wounds that is Characterized Stiff Front and Hind Legs (Saw Horse Stance) and Sardonic Facial Expression
Tetanus
*Tetanus gets inocculated into a wound and grows in the wounds and produces the tetanus toxin which goes into the spinal cord and knocks out Upper Motor Neurons, therefore the Lower motor Neurons take over and we get Stiff Legs in these Animals
In all Patients with Seizures, a Neurological Exam is Essential. Abnormal Findings on the Neurological Exam are Diagnostic for _____ Seizures
Type 2 Symptomatic Seizures/Epilepsy
Treatment for Felines with Heartworm
(No Treatment!!!)
Prophylaxis- Prevent Future Infection
Supportive/Symptomatic Therapy- Prednisone as Needed- Treats Inflammation
*If Feline has Severe Respiratory Signs as a Result of a Dead Worm- Furosemide for Pulmonary Edema, Oxygen, and Dex/Pred IV for Inflammation
True/False: Myelograms are the Best Way to Diagnose Fibrocartilagenous Emboli
False
*CT or MRI is Best- Myelograms are Typically Normal in these Patients
If a Patient has Lower Motor Neuron Signs in the Right Front Limb and Upper Motor Neuron Signs in the Right Hind Limb, where is the Lesion?
C8-T2
*On the Right Hand Side
Common Problem in Cats that is Related to Chronic Renal Failure and Hyperthryoidism that leads to Muscle Weakness (Myopathy)
Hypokalemia
*Treatment- Supplementation with Oral Potassium
True/False: We Treat Seizures if:
Seizures are Occuring Less than Every 6-8 Weeks
Clusters/Prolonged/Status Epilepticus
Untreatable CNS Disease
Owner Insists
True
*Untreatable CNS Disease- Ex. Brain Tumor. You can’t Remove the Tumor, but you can Treat for the Seizures to Help the Patient
True/False: Only 30% of Dogs get appropriate Prophylaxis (Heart Worm Preventative)
True
*Most common Prophylactic used as Heartworm Prevention- Ivermectin (Macrocyclic Lactone)
____ Disk Disease Occurs Between C1-T2 and Commonly Causes Tetraparesis/Tetraplegia
Cervical
*Question He May Ask on Exam- Compare Signs of Cervial Lesions to Thoracolumbar Lesions:
Cervical Disk Disease- Tetraparesis (64%)- Not as Many Patients Develop Motor Deficiencies but Patients have Extereme Neck Pain
Thoracolumbar Disk Disease- Paraparesis (90%)- More Associated with Motor Deficiencies
Treatment for Cervical Spondylomyelopathy
Medical Therapy (Cage Rest, Turning, Physiotherapy)- 40% Get Better, 30% stay the Same, 20% Get Worse
Surgery (Slanted Slot)- 80% Get Better, However 30-40% Recurrence Rate. Recovery takes 3-4 Months
*Best to give Cage Rest a Chance, unless the Dog has Severe Tetraparesis/Tetraplegia
Cranial Trauma that Results in Focal Hemorrhage and Edema and can cause:
More Confusion and Ataxia
Conscious Proprioception Deficits
Unconscious for Longer Period of Time
Contusion
Nerve Root Tumors that are Commonly found in the Brachial Plexus that can cause Monoparesis/Monoplagia
Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors (MPNST)
*80% Are Found in the Brachial Plexus- Grow from the Peripheral Nerve and Towards the Spinal Cord
Connection between the Sensory Nerves and the Motor Nerves take place at Spinal Segments ______
C6-T2
*A Lesion in the Spinal Cord in this area will Damage this Connection and Give Lower Motor Neuron Signs to the Front Limb
Clincal Signs of ______ Include:
Neck Pain (90%)
Tetraparesis (64%)
Acute Onset (45%)
Cervical Disc Disease
*Most Predominant Clinical Sign- Neck Pain
*Most Cases will be Acute (Type I)- Dog was Fine and All of a Sudden the Disk Erupted and Now Patient has Neck Pain
*Tetraparesis in 64%- 1/3rd of Patients will Only have Neck Pain with no Motor Abnormalities
A Lesion between Spinal Nerves _____ will Result in Normal Front Limbs and Paraparesis of the Hind Limbs
T2-L3
*Paraparesis- Decreased Motor Fuction in the Hind Limbs
Paraplegia- No Motor Function (Paralysis) in the Hind Limbs
Treatment for Masticatory Muscle Myositis
Predisolone
Treatment for Patients with Grade 1, 2, and 3 Intervertebral Disk Disease
Cage Rest (2 Week Minimum)
Prednisolone (Pain)
Sometimes Diazepam (Muscle Relaxation)
*80-100% Will Recover with Cage Rest
_*_Prednisolone works very well in these Patients- However use Small Doses Infrequently to Reduce the Risk of Side Effects- PU/PD and GI Bleeding
Autoimmune Disease of Large Breed Dogs that causes an Inflammatory Myopathy with Necrosis and Phagocytosis of Muscle Fibers that Leads to Acute or Chronic Weakness, Stiff Gait, Rapid Fatigue and Atrophy
Canine Idiopathic Polymyositis
*Treamtent- Immuno Suppressive Dose of Prednisolone
*Photo- Necrosis and Phagocytosis of Muscle Fibers (Autoimmune)
Myopathy that is Common in Racing Greyhounds, Post Exercise where there isn’t enough Oxygen Perfusion to Muscles and Muscles begin to Break down and Release Myoglobin leading to Renal Failure
Exertional Myopathy
*Myoglobin Blocks up the Kidneys- Most Die from Renal Failure
Two Primary Tumors found in the Brain
Gliomas (20%)- Tumor of Glial Cells
Meningiomas (45%)- Most common Primary Brain Neoplasia in the Dog and the Cat
*Secondary (Metastases) Brain Neoplasia- Mainly Hemangiosarcomas- Very common Metastases to the Brain
True/False: There is No Single Test to Diagnose Heart Worm in Felines and Diagnosis is Based on Composite of Signs
True
*Antibody Tests are more useful in Felines for Diagnosis of Heartworm, however result in 30-40% False Positive Results
*Antigen Test- Good chance with 2-4 Adult Worms that there will not be Females Present leading to False Negatives 20% of the Time
Review of Motor Signs
*Will be Exam Question from This
*Lower Motor Neuron Signs- Areflexia, Severe Muscle Atrophy, Decreased/Absent Muscle Tone, Paralysis/Paresis
Upper Motor Neuron Signs- Hyperreflexia (Exagerated Reflexes), Paralysis/Paresis, Normal/Increased Muscle Tone
_*_Upper Motor Neuron comes from the Brain and connects to the Lower Motor Neuron. Upper Motor Neurons “Calm Down” Primitive Reflexes, therefore if we loose the Upper Motor Neuron = Hyperreflexia
Reflex that Tests:
All Limb Joints (Hock, Knee, Hip)
Strength
Sensation
Flexor Withdrawal Reflex
*Tested in Both the Front and Hind Limb
*When the Toe is Pinched, all Joints should Flex
*Weak Strength = Myopathy
_____ Examination Includes:
Observation of Mental Status/Gait/Posture
Palpation of Muscular and Skeletal System
Evaluate Postural Reactions
Evaluate Cranial Nerves
Evaluate Spinal Nerves (C6-T2, L3-S3)
Evaluate Sensation
Neurological
*Testing Cranial Nerves will tell us if there is a Brain Lesion
Patients with a Droopy Ear, Eye and Lip have a Lesion on what Cranial Nerve?
Facial Nerve
Which Cranial Nerve has a Lesion in this Patient?
Trigeminal
*Severe Muscle Atrophy with loss of Motor Supply to Muscles
*Trigeminal Nerve Supplies Jaw Tone- Lack of Jaw tone (Mouth Open) Means there is Damage to the Trigeminal Nerve
Clinical Signs of _____ Disease:
Head Tilt Towards the Affected Side
Circling/Falling Towards the Affected Side
Nystagmus Towards the Affected Side
Vestibular
*Infections in the ear affect the Vestibular System
_____ Vestibular Disease is the Most Common and Occurs due to Infections within the Ear. _____ Vestibular Disease occurs due to a Lesion in the Brain Stem leading to Other Cranial Nerve Abnormalities and Conscious Proprioception Deficits (Tetraparesis)
Peripheral
Central
*Central- If the Lesion is in the Brainstem, Other Cranial Nerves will be Affected as well (Ex. Facial or Trigeminal). Motor Neurons travel through the Brainstem so with a Central Lesion they will also have Tetra or Hemiparesis- Conscious Proprioception Deficits
*Nystagmus Going Horizontally Indicates an Ear Problem- Peripheral
*Vertical Nystagmus Indicates a Lesion in the Brain Stem- Central
Most of the Pathology in Seizuring Felines is Related to _____ Disease, such as Neoplasia
Intracranial Pathology
*Most common Seizures seen in General Practice for Dogs and Cats- Reactive Seizures in response to Toxicities- KNOW THIS
True/False: Patients with Intervertebral Disk Disease that are On Prednisolone should ALWAYS be Cage Rested
True
*Prednisolone will take away the Patients Pain. If the Patients is Not cage Rested they will be Running Around pain free and will make the Disk Prolapse worse
*Prednisolone without Cage Rest is Always Contraindicated!!
Clinical Signs associated with Cranial Trauma in the ______
Brain Stem
True/False: Aspirin is Recommended as a good Post Adulticide Treatment for Heartworm
False
*Aspirin is NOT Recommeneded and may actually make the Patients worse
Reflex that we Test by Pinching the Patient with Forceps along its Back and Look for the Skin to Twitch that gives a Rough Approximation of Lesion Location
Panniculus Reflex
*The Further Caudal we Pinch on the Patients Back, the Less Effective the Panniculus Reflex is- Spinal Cord Shortens and we cannot Localize the Lesion as well
Most commonly used Laboratory test to Diagnose Heart Worm that Detects a Specific Glycoprotein that is Produced by Female Heart Worms
Antigen Test
*AKA- Snap Test
*Most Sensitive Test that exists currently- 90% Sensitivity
Old Dog Disease that is Common in Terriers and Larger Breed Dogs that can be seen in One or Both Hind Limbs Especially when Standing, Sitting, or Lying but Disappears with Movement
Old Dog Hind Limb Tremors
*Older Dogs that are weak on their hind limbs- Treatment Not Needed
Treatment for Caudal Occipital Malformation Syndrome in King Charles Caveliers
Foramen Magnum Decompression
*70% Successful and 20-40% Recurrence
A Lesion between L3-S3 Spinal Nerves will Result in ____ Motor Neuron Signs to the Hind Limbs
Lower
Treatment of Myasthenia Gravis
Pyridostigmine +/- Prednisolone
*Supportive Therapy- Gastrostomy- Placing a Feeding Tube to Prevent Aspiration Pneumonia in Patients with Megaesophagus
*After 6 Months of Treatment 90% of Patients got Better
Patients with ______ Abnormalities commonly Present with:
Behavoiral Changes
Forgotten Owners
Aimless Pacing
Head Pressing
Cerebral Cortical (Brain)
*AKA Thalamocortex
Condition that Occurs after a Dog has been Biten by a Racoon that causes Inflammation and Demyelination of the Ventral Nerve Roots that leads to LMN Flaccid Paralysis and Tetraplegia
Acute Canine Polyradiculoneuritis
*Three Differentials for a Dog that comes in with Flaccid Paralysis:
Acute Canine Polyradiculoneuritis, Tick Paralysis, and Botulsim
Drug that is used to Kill Adult Heartworm over 120 Days of Age
Melarsomine
What Nerve is Injured in this Cat?
Radial Nerve
Tools for Diagnosing Myasthenia Gravis
Tensilon Test - Only Picks up 25% of Cases
AchR Antibody Test
Condition seen in Scottish Terriers where they Stiffen with Excercise/Excitment that is caused by a Serotonin Deficiency
Scotty Cramp
Which Nerves Operate the:
- Knee Joint
- Hock Joint
- Hip Joint
1. Sciatic Nerve- Knee Joint
2. Sciatic Nerve- Hock Joint
3. Femoral Nerve- Hip Joint
*If you Pinch the Patients Toe and he Just flexes his Hip and leaves his Hock Extended, it Indicates a Sciatic Nerve Problem- All Joints should Flex when the Toe is Pinched
Treatment for Patients with Grade 5 Intervertebral Disk Disease
Surgery (Success rate only 50%)
Intensive Nursing and Physiotherapy (Months)
*No Deep Pain = Bad Prognosis
The Menace Reflex tests What Two Cranial Nerves?
Optic
Facial
*Optic (Sensory) Nerve Travels to the Brainstem and Stimulates the Facial (Motor) Nerve back to the Eye causing a Blink
Prophylaxis, such as Macrocyclic Lactones, will Kill Dirofilaria Immitis in the L4 stage up to ____ Days of Age
30
*The Macrocyclic Lactones will Kill any Dirofilaria Immitis (L1, L2, L3 and L4) up until L4 Stage and 30 Days of Age. Beyond L4 and 30 Days of age, the Effectivness of Macrocyclic Lactones Decreases
*We put patients on Prophylaxis for about 3 months (90days) followed by Malarsomine for Adulticide Therapy. This will make sure that even Heartworm in the Suseptibility Gap will be killed by the end of Treatment
Clinical Signs of Brain Neoplasia in the _____:
Behavioral Changes- Head Pressing
Seizures
Circling Towards Effected Side
_Locomotion Problems (Paresis) on the Opposite Side of Tumo_r
Abnormal/Absent Menace Reflex
Cortex
*Cerebal Cortex lesions lead to Crossover- Ex. Cerebral Neoplasia on the Right Side will cause Locomotion problems on the Patients Left Side
*What Cranial Nerves will Have a Problem if the Cerebral Cortex is involved? Menace Reflex (Facial Nerve) does not Work
Ivermectin (Macrocyclic Lactone) Kills all the L3 and L4 Difilaria Immitis up to ____ of Age
1 Month (30 Days)
*A Single Dose of Ivermectin will Kill all Microfilaria up to 1 Month of Age. Once the Difilaria are over 1 month of age, Chronic Administration of Ivermectin Monthly (Over a Year) will “Reachback” and kill around 98% of the Microfilaria (Reachback/Safety Net Effect)
Contradindication for Potassium Bromide Therapy
Renal Insufficiency
*Potassium Bromide is excreted by the Kidneys- Contraindicated in patients with Renal Disease
End-Plate Condition Caused by a Toxin that Blocks Acetylcholine Release leading to Tetraparalysis and Hyporeflexia in the Cranial Nerves
Botulism
*Patients will Slowely Improve over 2-3 Weeks of Intenstive Care- Turn them a Couple Times a Day with Physiotherapy
*Botulism Grows in a Carcas that an Animal Eats- Ex. Hunting Dogs catching Duck Carcasses with Botulin Toxin
Syndrome that is Common in 3-6 Year Old King Charles Caveliers that is a Malformation of the Caudal Occipital Bone leading to Crowding in Caudal Fossa where the Patients Scratch at the Neck, Show Vestibular Signs, Spinal Hyperesthesia, and Concious Proprioception Deficits
Caudal Occipital Malformation Syndrome (COMS)
(aka Chiari 1 Malformation Syndrome)
*Occipital Bone doesn’t form properly at the back of the head and the Cerrebulum prolapses out through the Foramen Magnum that Affects the Flow of the CSF
Spinal Cord Compression due to Dorsal Displacement of the Axis
Atlanto-Axial Subluxation
*Toy Breed Dogs- Dens doesn’t Develop, C1 and C2 are not attached well and Pinch the Spinal Cord causing Damage and Pain
*Fracture of the Dens- C1 Moves Independent of C2 and the Spinal Cord gets crushed
_____ Vestibular Disease is Caused by Otitis Media-Interna
Peripheral
*Treatment of Peripheral Vestibular Disease- Antibiotics and Keep the Ear Clean
Condition seen in Cats where the Cerebellum does not Develop Properly due to In-Utero Infections of Panleukopenia Virus, where the Cats develop Broad Based Stance, Head Bobbing, and Truncal Ataxia (Swaying)
Cerebellar Hypoplasia
*The Cat is Infected in Utero and the Panleukopenia Virus can get into the Fetus and prevents the Cerebellum from developing properly
*If Cerebellar Hypoplasia is seen in Dogs it is caused by Parvovirus (Rare)
Drug used as a Heartworm Adulticide that is Administered as Either:
2 Intramuscular Injections at 24 Hours
or
1 Intramuscular Injection now, then 2 a Month Later
Melarsomine
*Normal Canine_/No Clinical or Radiographic Signs- Give 2 IM Injections at 24 Hours (Rapid Kill)_
*Canine with Severe Clinical Signs- Give 1 IM Injection now and a Month Later give 2 More Injections (Slow Kill)
* The Second (Slow Kill) Method is now Recommended for all Dogs by the AVMA
True/False: Antibody Assays and Microfilaria Tests are used for Diagnosis of Heartworm
False
*Antigen Assays and Microfilaria Tests are used for Diagnosis of Heartworm
*We take Radiographs to look for Lung Severity and Ultrasound to check for Heart Severity
Placing our Finger in the back of the Patients Throat Causing a Gag Reflex, Tests which Two Cranial Nerves?
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus
Clinical Signs associated with Cranial Trauma in the _____ of the Brain
Cortex
*Contralateral Locomotion Problems
Reflex that Tests the Pudendal Nerve (S1,2)
Perineal Reflex
*Stimulate around the Anus and should see it contract and the Tail Twitch Downwards
*Spinal Cord is shorter in Dogs. Ex. S3 Nerve Portion of the Spinal Cord, will sit around the L6 Area
_*_Perineal Reflex is good for Spotting Lower Motor Neuron Signs
If the Pudendal Nerve is Damaged, the Animal will be Incontinent
Signs of ______ Include:
Monoparesis/Monoplagia
Muscle Atrophy
Hyperpathia with Limb Palpation/Manipulation
Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors
*Hyperpathia- Excessive Pain Response
Syndrome seen in Young Purebreed Cats characterized by Intermittent Twitching along the Back, Excessive Grooming, Running and Aggression
Feline Hyperesthesia Syndrome
*Can be caused by Allergies, Spinal Cord Lesions, Seizure Activity, and Inclusion Body Myopathy
Treatment for Status Epilepticus in a Patient that is Currently Seizuring
Diazepam- Suppress Seizures
Followed by Phenobarbital- Slow IV Loading Dose
Patients with Grade 4 Intervertebral Disk Disease will have ___ Motor Neuron Bladders
Upper
*Grade 1-3 Disk Disease Patients are Continent
Grade 4 and 5 Disk Disease Patients are Incontinent
*Express the Bladder every 4-6 Hours and Administer Prazosin
*20% of Dogs with Grade 4 will get Urinary Tract Infections
_____ Deafness is the Most Commonly seen in Canines characterized by Large amounts of Wax, Bacteria and Pus within the Ear Canal
Conductive
*Mainly seen in Canines with Floppy Ears
*Treatment- Clean Ears/Antibiotics
A Brachial Plexus Avulsion that Damages the Region of T1 Ventral Nerve Roots can block Sympathetic Innervation of the Eye Leading to Horners Syndrome, where the Pupil is ____ than Normal
Smaller (Miosis)
*Horners Syndrome- Pupil is Smaller than it should be because Parasympathetic Innervation is taking over since the Sympathetic Innervation is Blocked
*Horners Syndrome- Small Pupil, Prolapsing Third Eyelid, Enopthalmus (Sunken Eye), and Drooping Eyelid
_____ Vertebrae Are Common in Patients with Lumbosacral Malarticulation Malformation
Transitional
*Transitional Vertebrae are a Predisposing Factor to Lumbosacral Malarticulation-Malformation
Condition Common in Large/Giant Breed Dogs and Miniature Schnauzers that is:
Non-Progressive
Not Associated with Trauma
Causes Tetraparesis/Tetraplegia
Lower Motor Neuron Signs- Forelimbs
Upper Motor Neuron Signs- Hindlimbs
Fibrocartilaginous Emboli
*Fibrocartilaginous Emboli in the Brachial Plexus leads to Tetraparesis- Lower Motor Neuron Signs in Front Limbs and Upper Motor Neuron Signs in Hind Limbs
*Fibrocartilaginous Emboli in the Pelvic Plexus leads to LMN Signs in the Hind Limbs- Paraparesis/Paraplegia
*Not Associated with Trauma- 60% Occur Post/During EXERCISE
The _____ Fine Tunes Motor Activity and Maintains Equilibrium
Cerebellum
*Smooth Fluid Motions
Treatment for Shaker Dog Disease
Prednisolone
True/False: Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors are Best Diagnosed by Myelograms, CT, and MRI
True
*Photo- Myelogram- Contrast is Injected into the Subarachnoid Space that will Outline the Tumor- “Golf Tee” Sign (Arrows are Pointint at Golf Tee Sign)
How is Heartworm, Dirofilaria Immitis, Transmitted?
Mosquitos
*Keep Dogs away from Mosquitoes!
Congenital Condition Common in 6-18 Month Old Toy/Mini Breeds that Leads to Neck Pain and Tetraplegia (Respiratory Paralysis)
Atlanto-Axial Subluxation
Treatment for Altanto-Axial Subluxation in Toy/Mini Breed Dogs
Hemilaminectomy + Wiring/Screwing
*30% Failure Rate- Hard to do these Surgeries on Small Breed Dogs
True/False: Peripheral Nerve Injuries Result in Decreased Reflexes and Hyp/Anesthesia
True
*Decreased Reflexes/Tone- Lower Motor Neuron Signs
Hyp/anesthesia- Decreased or Complete Lack of Sensation
Degeneration of Axons and Myelin in the Thoracolumbar Spinal Cord Leading to Paraparesis/Paraplegia that is Very common in German Shepards
Degeneration Myelopathy
*Very Common in German Shepards- Genetic
Main Clinical Signs associated with Myopathies
Weakness
*Myopathy- Disease of Muscle Tissue
*Patients with Myopathies May or May Not have Pain and Elevated CPK. If there is No Pain and CPK is Not Elevated you can’t rule out Myopathy
A Lesion between Spinal Nerves _____, will Result in Tetraparesis/Tetraplagia, where All Four Limbs will be Affected
C6-T2
*Paresis- Decreased Voluntary Motor Activity
Plegia- No Voluntary Motor Activity
Condition in King Charles Caveliers characterized by Hypertonicity with Exercise
Episodic Falling
*Treatment- Clonazepam
In Felines with Inflammtory Brain Disease, Half of them will have _____
FIP
*Underlying Cause for 50% of Cats with Ecephalopathy
*FIP- Very important cause of Multifocal Neurological Signs in Cats
*If you see Cats under 2 Years of Age with CNS signs always have FIP high on the Differential List
Treatment for Cranial Trauma
Treat Shock First: Hetastarch Fluids- Increase Cerebral Perfusion and Decrease Intracranial Pressure
Once Patient is Stable- Elevate Body on a Slanted Board (30 Degrees) to Facilitate CSF Ouflow from the Skull
Mannitol (Once Stable)- Increases Brain Perfusion/Decrease Brain Edema and Intracranial Pressure
Diazepam -Treats Seizures
*Want to Prevent Hypercapnia (Increased PaCO2) and Hypoxia- Increase Intracranial Pressure
Reflex that will be Abnormal in Patients with Myopathies
Flexor Withdrawal Reflex
*The Flexor Withdrawal Reflex will be Weakend in Patients with Myopathies
Cluster of Seizures where the Dog DOES NOT regain full consciousness before Digressing into another Seizure
Status Epilepticus
Cranial Trauma that results in No Morphological Lesion and causes:
Transient Unconsciousness
Confusion/Ataxia for a Few Days
Concussion
Animals with Lumbosacral Malarticulation-Malformation show ____ Motor Neuron Signs in the Hind Limbs
Lower
*Hyporeflexia of the Crianial Tibial Reflex
True/False: Felines are Incidental Hosts to Heartworm with a Low Prevalence. Only 10% of L3 Microfilaria become Adults in Felines (2-4 Adult Worms in Felines)
True
*Heartworms don’t like living in Cats
Type of Disk Disease/Prolapse that is Associated with Disks that Undergo Hyaline Degeneration (Chondrodystrophic Breeds) where the Calcified Disk Explosively Extrudes through the Annulus Fibrosis and leads to Spinal Cord Compression and Tearing of Dorsal Longitudinal Ligaments
Hansen Type I
*By the Time a Dauchshund gets to be 3 years of age, almost all of them have Calcified Disks (Hyaline Cartilage can Calcify)
*Hansen Type I Disc Disease can lead to Dorsal Longitudinal Ligament Tears (Painful) and Spinal Cord Compression
*Hansen Type I- More Common in Small Breeds (Dauchshunds)
Only Two Possible Lesions that will Create Conditions in One Limb
Peripheral Nerve Lesion (On Any Limb)
Unilateral Spinal Lesion between L3-S3
Treatment for Hydrocephalus
Shunts
*Plastic Tube that travels from the CSF to the Abdomen- Excess Fluid that forms in the CSF will drain into the Abdomen, which will release the pressure in the brain
Inflammatory Condition that occurs in Middle Aged Small Breed Dogs that Presents as Disseminated or Focal Neurological Disease characterized by Progressive Seizures and Other Multifocal Problems throughout the Brain (Facial Nerve Paralysis, Vestibular Signs, Sore Neck)
Granulomatous Meningoencephalomyelitis (GME)
*Disseminated Form- Rapidly Progressive and Fatal
*Diagnosis- Based on CSF Tap
*Prognosis- If the patient is just having Seizures with the Focal form they may Live for up to a Year. If Patient has the Focal or Disseminated form with Many Problems they will only Live 1 Week -3 Months
Best Diagnostic Tool in Patients with Cervical Spondylomyelopathy
MRI
Degenerative/Developmental Myopathy where a Whole Litter of Puppies will be Affected around 6 weeks old with Strange Gaits and Muscle Atrophy and Damage, Where Muscle is Broken down and Replaced by Fibrinous Tissue
Dystrophinopathies
*Muscle cells begin to Die with Time
Treatment for Diskospondylitis
Minimal Dysfunction- Antibiotics (Parenteral 5 days + Oral 54 weeks)
Neurological Sign- Hemilaminectomy
*Use a Culture to Determine the Bacteria Present
*It is Difficult for Antibiotics to Penetrate Bone- Need to Give for Extended periods of Time = Parenteral 5 Days and Oral for 54 Weeks. Can Take up to 1 Year of Treatment for Patient to Completely Recover
Most Common Cause of Vertebral Fractures/Luxations in Felines that Leads to Tail Paralysis and Incontinence
Tail Tugs
*Ex. Dog tugs on Cats Tail or Tail gets stuck in the Door
The Spinal Cord will get tugged and the Cauda Equina will Stretch and become Damaged. Damage to the Caudal Nerve will Cause the Tail to be Paralyzed and Damage to the Pudendal Nerve will make the Cat Incontinent with a Lower Motor Neuron Bladder- Rapidly Fatal Disease in Felines
When Forceps are Placed up a Patients Nose, Which Two Cranial Nerves are we Testing
Trigeminal
Facial
*Sensory of the Trigeminal to the Spinal Cord and Facial Nerve Traveling from the Spinal Cord back to the Nose for a Motor Response
Clinical Signs associated with ______ Include:
Mental Depression
Learning Deficits (Never Learns Name)
Seizures/Blindness/Deafness
Tetraparesis (Clumsy, Uncoordinated)
Domed Skull
Hydrocephalus
Laboratory Test that can be used to Diagnose Heartworm that Concentrates the Microfilaria in the Blood for Examination under a Microscope. This Laboratory Technique is not used much anymore because it Produces 10-67% False Negative Results
Concentration Test
*There are a lot of Dogs that have Adult Heartworms but do not have Circulating Microfilaria- False Negatives
Treatment for Brain Herniation
Dexamethasone- Reduces Brain Edema and may Reverse the Herniation
Remove the Underlying Cause
Condition Transmitted by Cuterebra that Migrate into the Brain leading to Non-Progressive signs of Behavoir Changes, Seizures, Unilateral Blindness, Circling and Hemiparesis
Feline Ischemic Encephalopathy
*Usually Recover, Seizures may persist
Clinical Signs of Heartworms in _____ Include:
Asymptomatic (25%)
Respiratory Signs (60%)
Vomiting (38%)
Sudden Death (10-23%)- 1 Worm
Felines
*Respiratory Signs- 50% are Similar to Dogs ( Weight Loss, Cough, Lethargy) but the Other 50% Develop Acute Respiratory Illness
*1/4 of Cats will Die Suddenly with Heart Worm- One Dead worm is enough to Kill a Cat
True/False: For Most Neurological/Spinal Cord Conditions a Definitive Diagnosis will be Made by Myelogram or MRI
True
Clinical Signs of _____ in Swimming/Hunting Dogs:
Mydriasis (Dilated Pupils)
Crusty Noses/Eyes
Distended Bladder
Dry Mucous Membranes
Weight Loss
Absent Pupillary Light Response
Dysautonomia
*Associated with Clostridium Botulinum
*Distended Bladder- Lost the Parasympathetic supply to the Bladder
Patients with Seizures that are Treated with _____, 40% of Patients will have no More Seizures, while 50% of Patients just Experience a Reduction in the Number of Seizures
Phenobarbitol
Reflex that Tests the Femoral Nerve (L4,5)
Patellar Reflex
*Hyperreflexia = Upper Motor Neuron Sign. Clonus- Knee Straightens and then slowely Relaxes. Ex. Lesion at L3, T1 and a Lesion in the Brain Stem would all lead to Upper Motor Neuron Signs
*Lesion at L5 will Result in Lower Motor Neuron Signs- Hyporeflexia and Hypotonus
Which Condition that Causes Tetraparesis/Tetraplegia is Common in 3-18 Month old Great Danes and 5-8 Year Old Dobermans
Cervical Spondylomyelopathy (Canine Wobblers)
26% Of Cats with Myesthenia Gravis have a _____
Thymoma
*If you Remove the Thymus in the Cat, they will get Better
True/False: A Brain Lesion on the Right Hand Side will Affect the Motor Nerves on the Left Side of the Patients Body
True
*The Cerebral Cortex on the Right operates the Left Side of the Body and Vice Versa
*The Brain Stem on the Left Side operates the Left Side of the Body
*There is a Crossover Cranial to the Brainstem- Ex. A Brain Lesion, will lead to a Locomotor Issue on the Opposite side of the Body. Ex. A Brainstem Lesion will lead to Locomotor issues on the Same Side of the Patient
Hydrocephalus is most Commonly ______ in Toy Breeds and Brachycephalic Dogs where the Pressure within the Brain is Progressive and will destroy More and More Neurons with Time
Congenital
Three Pathologies that Cause Lumbosacral Malarticulation-Malformation
Disk Pertrusion (Annulus Fibrosis)
Thickened Interarcuate Ligament (Pressure on Cauda Equina)
Osteophytes (Pressure on Sciatic Nerve)
Decreased or Absent Motor Activity in Both Hind Limbs
Paraparesis/Paraplegia
Treatment for Heartworm
Prophylaxis (Microcylic Lactones)- Stop New infections
*Killing the Heartworms will cause severe Inflammatory reaction in the Lungs so we want the Lungs in the best shape before we Attempt to Kill the Adult Heartworms- We want to Treat the Clinical Signs in the Lungs and Heart Prior to Treating the Adult Heartworm and Microfilaria
What Three Things can be Detected on a Radiograph of a Canine with Heartworm
Right Heart Enlargment
Prominant Pulmonary Artery
Pulmonary Edema
*Radiographs are Very Helpful in Diagnosing Heartworms- Radiographs tell us how bad the Pathology is within the Lungs
*Heart Worms cause Large Dilated Right Hearts with Pulmonary Hypertension
Disease of Small dogs where they Dog develops Tremors in the Head and Limbs that gets worse with Exercise/Excitment but Disappears when the Dog Sleeps
Shaker Dog Disease
Intervertebral Disks occur between the Vertebral Bodies of all Vertebrae except which One?
C1-C2
*Dens is Located between C1-C2
Extracerebral Hemorrhage Occurs in the _____ of the Brain, while Intracerebral Hemorrhage occurs in the _____.
Extracerebral- Cortex
Intracerebral- Brainstem
True/False: When a Patient has been seizure-free for a year, you can Slowely Withdraw them from Treatment
True
*Must Tapper the Dose, cannot just Completely Remove the Drug
True/False: With Cerebellar Signs, Conscious Proprioception and Reflexes are Okay
True
True/False: A Blood Donor Canine has Dirofilaria Immitis Microfilaremia (Microfilaria within the Blood Stream). The Recipient of the Blood Donation will now have Heartworm
False
*The L1 (Microfilaria) cannot go anywhere unless it goes through a Mosquito
*The L3 is the Infective Stage- A Dog cannot be Infected by the L1 or L2 Stages of Dirofilaria Immitis
Best Tools for Diagnosing Vertebral and Spinal Cord Neoplasia
CT/MRI (Best)
*Sometimes can Pick up Tumor Cells within the CSF
How Often should Patients on Prophylaxis Preventative be Checked for Heartworm?
0.5 - 1 Yearly Checks
Hematogenous Bacterial Infection (Staph. Intermedius) of the Cartilagenous Endplates and Disk, Destroying the Disk and the Cartlage leading to an Increased Bone Density (Sclerosis) around the site of the Infection
Diskospondylitis
*Usually Caused by Staph. Intermedius
Radiograph- Lysis, Sclerosis (Increased Density) and Spondylosis (Bridging at the Top)
In Cases of Paraparesis/Paraplegia, where Both Hind Limbs are Affected, the Lesion must be Caudal to ____
T2
*Front Legs will be Normal
In Patients being treated for Seizures with Phenobarbitol or Potassium Bromide, you have to Measure the Patients _____
Blood Levels
*Autoinduction- The Longer the Animal is on Phenobarbitol, the Faster the Body will be able to break down Phenobarbitol
Treatment for Vertebral and Spinal Cord Tumors
Meningiomas/Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors- Remove the Tumor. Give the Patient 6 Months- These Tumors tend to Regrow
Vertebral Tumors (Ex. Osteosarcomas)- Remove for the Time, but Will Regrow after 6-7 Months
Lymphoma (FeLV)- Chemotherapy- Patient may live 7 Months
*Vertebral and Spinal Cord Tumors occur Rarely, but Prognosis is Poor in Most Cases
Which One of these Conditions can Cause Tetraparesis/Tetraplegia?
A. Diskospondylitis
B. Spinal Cord Neoplasia
C. Neck Fractures
D. Luxations
E. Fibrocartilagenous Emboli (FCE)
All of the Above
Treatment for Fibrocartilagenous Emboli
Supportive Therapy- Rest, Physical Therapy, Clean (Incontinent)
*Have to Wait for the Body to Send in Neutrophils and Macrophages to Eat Away the Embolism and Restore the Blood Circulation
*These Patients may have Upper or Lower Motor Neuron Bladders- Phenoxybenzamine/Prazosin to Treat UMN Bladder
Phenylpropanolamine to Treat LMN Bladder
Prognosis for Cranial Trauma
Decreased or Absent Motor Activity in One Limb
Monoparesis/Monoplagia
End-Plate Condition that is Congential in Jack Russells and Fox Terriers, where these Patients Lack Acetylcholine Receptors at their Motor End Plates leading to Flaccid Paralysis
Myasthenia Gravis
*With Exercise these Patients will get Weaker and Weaker until they Collapse
*1/3 Of all the Cases have Focal Myasthenia Gravis that Doesn’t effect the Skeletal muscles- Mainly leading to Megaesophagus- Aspiration Pneumonia
True/False: Postural Reactions help to Localize (Narrow Down) the Location of a Lesion
False
*Postural Reactions just tell us “yes or no” to an Abnormality, they DO NOT Localize Lesions
Treatment for Tail Tugs in Cats (Vertebral Fractures/Luxations)
Give Time for the Cauda Equina to Heal
Tail Amputation
Phenylpropanolamine (PPE)– Lower Motor Neuron Bladder
*Generally These Cats have a Poor Prognosis
Reflex that Tests the Radial Nerve (C7,8)
Extensor Carpi Radialis Reflex
_____ Signs Include:
Wide Based Stance
Truncal Ataxia (Swaying)
Hypermetria (Over Stepping)
Intention Tremor (Head Bob)
Cerebellar Signs
*Truncal Ataxia- These Animals Sway from Side to Side
Condition when Partial Seizures cause Abnormal Behavoir such as Salivation, Agression, Licking/Chewing, and Running/Vocalizing and Trembling
Psychomotor Seizures
*May be associated with Hallucinations
Condition common in Beagles, characterized by Meningeal Arteritis, Hemorrhage and Inflammation in the Cervical Area leading to Fever and Neck Pain
Steroid Responsive Meningitis-Arteritis
*Two Differentials in a Dog with Fever and Neck Pain with Neutrophilia of the CSF: Bacterial Meningioecephalitis and Steroid Responsive Meningitis-Arteritis. If IgA levels are High then its Steroid Responsive Meningitis Arteritis. If IgA levels are Normal/Low then its Bacterial Meningioecephalitis
*Treat Bacterial Meningioecephalitis with Antibiotics and we Treat Steroid Responsive Meningitis-Areteritis with Prednisone
Treatment for Protozoal Polyradiculoneurititis
Clindamycin
True/False: In Heartworm Positive Patients treated with Melarsomine, 5% of Class I and II (Healthy) and 20% of Class III (Critically Ill) Patients will Die
True
If there is a Spinal Cord Lesion within the C6-T2 Area causing Lower Motor Signs to the Front Limb, What will be Happening in the Hind Limbs?
Upper Motor Neuron Signs
*Exaggerated Reflexes
*Tetraparesis- Will not be Able to Walk on the Front or Back Legs
*Side Note- If there was a Peripheral Lesion (Ex. Fractured Humerus) causing Lower Motor Neuron Signs in the Front Limb, we will have Normal Motor Neuron Signs on the Hind Limb
*How you Differentiate if the Lesion is at C6-T2 Spinal Cord or within the Periphery
Drug used for Treatment of Seizures in Patients where Phenobarbital Fails or Patients with Liver Disease. This Drug works by acting on Chloride Channels and Increases the Seizure Threshold
Potassium Bromide
*The Amount of Chloride in the Diet is going to Affect your Bromide- Patients on High Salt (Chloride) Diets will require more Potassium Bromide
*Commonly Potassium Bromide is used as an Add on with Phenobarbitol- we use them together when Phenobarbital isn’t working properly
Two Clinical signs that can be seen with Partial Sensory Seizures, that occur in the Sensory Cortex of the Brain
Fly-Biting
Tail Chasing
Condition characterized by Chloride Channelopathy, where animals can Depolarize their Muscles but not Repolaize them Quickly leading to Prolonged Muscle Contractions. This Condition is Seen in “Fainting Goats”
Myotonia
Test used during Physical Exam to Diagnose Lumbosacral Malarticulation-Malformation, where the Tail is Lifted to see if the Patient is Painful in the L7-S1 Junction
Tail Jack
Treatment for Thoracolumbar Intervertebral Disk Disease is Dependent on the Grade of Disease. What are the Different Grades?
Grade 1- Only have Back Pain (Minor)
Grade 3- Cannot Walk on Hind Legs but as they drag their back legs you will see the legs making an attempt to walk
_____ Motor Neuron Bladder is Created by a Lesion Caudal to L3, and is Characterized by:
Markedly Dilated Bladder
Atonic
Easy to Express
Lower
*The Nerves that operate the Bladder come off Caudal to L3
*Sphincters are Open
Spinal Cord Tumors that Create a “Golf-Tee” Sign
Intradural-Extramedullary
Which Drug works to Decrease the Size of the Bladder in Patients with Lower Motor Neuron Bladder?
Bethanicol
*Gives Tone to the Bladder- Making it Easier to Find and Empty
*Urecholine- Tenses up Detrusor Muscle
Phenylpropanolamine (PPE)- Tightens up the Sphincter
Clinical Signs associated with ______:
Depressed Mentation
Non-Responsive Pupillary Light Reflex
Cranial Nerve Deficits
Tetraparesis
Coma
Respiratory Depression/Arrest
Brain Herniation
*Cranial Nerve Deficits- Ex. Facial Nerve Dysfunction, Weak Jaw tone
Dobermans with Cervical Spondylomyelopathy will have signs of ____ Motor Neuron Bladders
Upper
*Treatment- Phenoxybenzamine or Prazosin
____ Cranial Trauma occurs to the Brain Parenchyma and Blood Vessels resulting in Edema and Hemorrhage. ____ Cranial Trauma occurs as a Result of Hypotension and Hypoxemia that Result in Free Radicals which damage Neuronal Membranes
Primary
Secondary
A Heatworm Patient has been Treated with Melarsomine. Adult Worms die at 3-21 days Post Treatment and can cause Serious Complications at 2-3 Weeks. The Patient is brought into the Clinic with Dyspnea, Cough and Fever. What are the Two most Important Post Adulticide Drugs for Treatment?
Prednisone (Steroid)- Stop Inflammation
Furosemide- Treats Pulmonary Edema
Condition Common in Large/Giant Breed Dogs and Miniature Schnauzers that occurs Most commonly in the Brachial Plexus leading to Ischemic Myelopathy
Fibrocartilagenous Emboli
*Ischemic Myelopathy- Cuts off Blood Supply to a Portion of the Spinal Cord
Treatment for Patients with Grade 4 Intervertebral Disk Disease
Surgery (Dorsolateral-Hemilaminectomy)
*90% of These Patients will Recover with Surgery
Match Pathological Changes caused by Traumatic Nerve Injuries:
A. Cut off Blood Supply to Nerve 1. Neurotmesis
B. Damage to Nerve Axon 2. Neuropraxia
C. Damage to Nerve Axon and Myelin Sheath 3. Axonotmesis
Cut Off Blood Supply to Nerve (Minor)- Neuropraxia
Damage to the Nerve Axon (Loss of Function but Function will Return when the Axon Regrows)- Axonotmesis
Damage to Axon and Myelin Sheath (Nerve does not Regrow)- Neurotmesis
*Traumatic Nerve Injuries, Normally Result a Mixture of all Three
Treatment for Status Epilepticus if the patient is NOT Seizuring and the Liver is Okay
Phenobarbital- IV Loading Dose
*Phenobarbital takes 30 Minutes to kick in- Use Diazepam to control Seizures while you wait for Phenobarbital to take Effect
*Supportive Therapy- Manitol for Brain Edema
Rapidly Recurring Convulsions with no Complete Recovery in Between or if Seizures Persist for Longer than 5 Minutes
Status Epilepticus
Fibrocartilage Blocking Blood Vessels within the Spinal Cord leading to Ischemic Myelopathy
Fibrocartilaginous Emboli
*No Blood will Enter the Spinal Cord in that Particular Area
*60% Occur Post/During Exercise- No History of Trauma in these Animals
Treatment for Vertebral Fractures/Luxations
Treat Shock First- Colloid Fluids
Pain Treatment- Opiods
Spinal Edema Treatment (Once Stable)- 20% Mannitol
Surgial Decompression/Stabilization- Large Dogs (>20kg) get External Coaptation while Small Dogs get Hemilaminectomy with Plates and Pins
Sudden Attack of Sleep when Animals are Stimulated/Excited that is caused by Autonomic Imbalances where the Patients have a Classic Sleep EEG
Narcolepsy
Flexion of the Hind Limbs and Extension of the Front Limbs is a Sign of _______
Decerebellate Rigidity
*Loss of Cerebellum Completely- Severe Lesion in the Cerebellum
We Begin to Treat animals with Seizures, when the Seizures are Occuring Less than Every _______ Weeks
6-8 Weeks
*Antiseizure Drugs are Dangerous. Its best to Wait until the Patient is having more Frequent Seizures before placing the Dog on Medication. If a Patient Only has a Seizure Once a Year, its not worth putting them on dangerous medication to Prevent One seizure a Year
When L5 Microfilaria arrive in the Lungs of _____, it causes a Massive Eosinophilic Pneumonitis leading to Respiratory Dyspnea and Coughing
Felines
*Most L5 Microfilaria Die in the Lungs
*In Felines, Dead Worms set off a massive inflammatory Reaction- Just One Dead Worm is enough to kill a cat- Anaphylaxis, Lung Edema, and Localized Arteritis
Treatment for Degenerative Myelopathy
No Treatment
*Only thing that Helps is Good Nursing Care, Physiotherapy, and Keeping Weight Down. Eventually the Patient will Develop Paraplegia in the Hind Legs and Normally will be Euthanized
_____ Deafness is caused by Congenital Degneration of the Cochlear that is common in Cats with a White Coat and Blue Eyes and Dalmations
Sensorineural
*Congenital- These animals are Born Deaf
*If the Cat has only one Blue eye- Likely the Cat is Unilaterally Deaf on the side of the Blue Eye
*22% of Dalmations are Unliaterally Deaf and 8% of Dalmations are Bilaterally Deaf. Dalmations that are Bilaterally Deaf are normally Euthanized
When you Treat Adult Heartworms (Post-Adulticide), that Dog must be Cage Rested for at Least _____ Thereafter
1 Month
*No Excitment/No Excersize to Decrease Blood Flow through the Lungs
*After Injection of Malarsomine, Worms die 3-21 Days Later- Cage Rest must be for 1 Month
Reflex used to Test the Sciatic Nerve (L6,7, S1)
Cranial Tibial
Treatment for Status Epilepticus if Diazepam and Phenobarbital Don’t Work
IV Pentobarbital (Barbiturate Coma)
*Keep them In Anesthetized state Until No Seizures occur on Recovery
True/False: In Heartworm Disease, The Amount of Damage that happens in the Lungs depends on the amount of Blood flowing through the Lungs
True
*Dog is more Likely to Die Post Adulticide if Running Around- Cage Rest is Essential to Recovery
_____ Motor Neuron Bladder is Created by a Lesion Cranial to L3, Characterized by:
Small Bladder
Incomplete Emptying
Difficult to Express
Upper
*Bladder Sphincter will be Very Tight- Bladder will not Empty Well
In a Patient with Normal Front Legs and Upper Motor Signs in the Hind Limbs (Hyperreflexia), where is the lesion Located?
T2-L3
*Side Note- If this Patient was a German Shephard and you Performed an X Ray and Myelogram or MRI and they were all Normal as well as the CSF, what would be your Diagnosis? Degenerative Myelopathy
Patients with Lumbosacral Malarticulation-Malformation may Display ______ of the Patellar Reflex
Pseudo-Hyperreflexia
*Patellar Reflex can Sometimes have Pseudo-Hyperreflexia
Macrocyclic Lactone that is a Good Microfilaricide and kills 99% of Microfilaria in 1 Day
Milbemycin
*Gets rid of Microfilaria Quickly
Treatment for Narcolepsy
Amphetamines (Ritalin)
*Avoid the Triggers
Large Breed Dog Collapses Immediately After Exercise with No Signs of Pain or Trauma. What is your top Differential?
Fibrocartilagenous Emboli
*Use MRI or CT for Diagnosis
True/False: Prophylaxis for 2-3 Months Pre-Adulticide (Marlarsomine) will Result in a Better Kill Rate of Heartworm
True
75% of Thoracolumbar Intervertebral Disk Diseases Occur between _____
T11-L2
*Right in the Middle of the Back
*Dauchshund will come into the Clinic with Paraparesis/Paraplegia with Upper Motor Signs in the Hind Legs and Upper Motor Neuron Bladder
Treatment for Brachial Plexus Avulsion
No Treatment
*Protect Leg with Bandages, Physiotherapy to Regain Muscle Strength, and Massaging
*Nerves take about 6 Months to Heal- If Motor Activity does Not Return in 6 Months, then Amputate
Three Levels of Altered Mental Status
Depression- Not Interested in External Environment
Stupor- Have to Apply Painful Stimulus to get Attention
Coma- Cannot get the Animals Attention even with Painful Stimulus
Treatment for Steroid Responsive Meningitis-Arteritis
Prednisone
Clinical Signs of ______ Include:
Decreased Flexia (Reflexes)
Decreased Muscle Tonicity
Muscle Atrophy
Monoparesis/Monoplegia
Peripheral Nerve Injuries
*Lower Motor Neuron Signs
Common Viruses that Lead to Cerebellar Infections
Distemper
FIP
Clinical Signs associated with _____ Include:
Hyperesthesia (Back Pain)
Fever
Depression
Weight Loss
Diskospondylitis
*Main clinical signs- Painful Back and a Fever!
*If left Untreated can lead to Proliferation, Spinal Cord Compression and Neurological Signs
*CSF will be Normal in these Patients
Treatment for Brain Neoplasia
Benign/Superficial Meningiomas- Surgical Removal
Dexmathazone/Mannitol- Decrease Cerebral Edema
*Gliomas are Normally Deep in the Brain and cannot be Removed Surgically- Poorer Prognosis
Emergency Home Treatment for Animals with Cluster History of Seizures
Diazepam Gel (Rectally)
4 Possibilities of Which Condition?
Ventral Canal Stenosis
Osteophytes from Malformed Articular Processes
Hansen Type II Disk Prolapses
Interarcuate Ligament Tear
Cervical Spondylomyelopathy
*Osteophytes can Grow Inwardly and put pressure on the Spinal Cord, resulting in Neck Pain and Tetraparesis
*Hansen Type II Disk Prolapses- Particularly Bad in Dobermans
Patients with a _____ Abnormality will have:
Head Tilt to One Side
Falling to One Side
Patient Walking in Circles
_Nystagmus (_Eye Twitches)
Vestibular Disease
Autoimmune Myopathy against the Masticatory Muscles where the Patients Present with Painful Swollen Head Muscles and Refusal to Eat or Open their Mouths (Pseudotrismus)
Masticatory Muscle Myositis
*Pseudotrismus- Inability to Completely Open the Mouth
Brainstem Lesions cause _____ Motor Neuron Signs within the Cranial Nerves on the Side of the Lesion
Lower
Treatment for Peripheral Nerve Injuries
Glucocorticoids- Decrease Inflammation
_*No Actual Treatmen_t- Nerves need time to Heal
*Decompress/Bandages and Physical Therapy (Physiotherapy) and Massage to Regain Muscle Strength
Clinical Signs of Which Condition of Dobermans and Great Danes:
Guarded Neck (Keep Neck Straight)
Hind Limb Paresis/Wobbling (Swaying)
Scuff Back Limbs (Ulcers)
Dysmetria in Front Limbs
Upper Motor Neuron Signs in All Four Limbs
Cervical Spondylomyelopathy
*Guarded Neck- Neck Pain so they keep their necks straight!
*Lesions in the Neck tend to make the hind limbs worse than the front limbs
Dysmetria- Short Choppy Gait- Lack of Coordination of Movement
15% of these Dogs will only present with Neck Pain
Which Condition has these Characteristics:
Progressive Paresis and Ataxia of the Hind Limbs ( Over 6-36 Months)
Common in German Shepards > 8 Years Old
Knucking/Dragging of Hind Limbs
Ataxia
Continent
Normal Pain Response
Degenerative Myelopathy
*Erosions on the Dorsal Digits from Dragging Feet
*Even Though These Patients are moving Poorly on their Hind Limbs, Continence is Spared until Very Late in the Disease. These Patients also have Normal Pain Sensation
True/False: Ivermectin used for Heartworm Prevention is Safe for use in Collies
True
*Heartworm Preventative Only contains 1/10th of the Toxic Dose for Collies- Heartworm Prevention is Safe for Collies
Canines that are Heartworm Positive and present with Congestive Heart Failure. What Drugs do we Use to Treat Clinical Signs?
Furosemide- Diuretic
ACE Inhibitors
Low Sodium
Rare Condition where Staph. Intermedius Infects the Brain via the Hematogenous Route causing Fever, Neck Pain, Rigidity, and Seizures
Bacterial Meningioencephalitis
*Definitive Diagnosis- Culture CSF to determine the Type of Bacteria and treat it with the most appropriate Antibiotic- Poor Prognosis even on Antibiotics
Drug Family that are Powerful Preventatives for Heartworm
Macrocylic Lactones
*Ex. Ivermectin
*70% of Dogs in the US are Unprotected for Heartworms- Not on Macrocylic Lactone Preventatives
Clinical Signs of ______ Include:
Weight Loss
Non-Productive Cough
Dyspnea
Exercise Intolerance
Right Sided-Congestive Heart Failure
Heart Worm
*Dog must have severe Pathology in their Lungs before Right Sided Congestive Heart failure will occur
Touching the Patients Eye, tests which Two Cranial Nerves?
Facial
Trigeminal
*Trigeminal Nerve (Sensory) Travels to the Brainstem and the Facial Nerve (Motor) Travels back to the Eye causing a Blink
Treatment for Tetanus
Acepromazine- Muscle Relaxation
*After a Week the Tetanus will wear off the patient will be Okay
*Antitoxin IV is also available but can cause Anaphalaxis Reactions
*If these Patients don’t relax enough they may not be getting enough Nutrition and a Feeding tube can be used to Feed the Patient
Widespread Seizure where on EEG Abnormal Activity can be seen over the Entire Cortex
Generalized Seizures
*These animals will be Unconscious
*Most Common Generalized Seizures- Tonic Clonic Seizures = Contraction of the Muscles and the Animals will be Unconscious
On Physical Exam, Canines with Heart Worm will Present with:
Decreased Weight
Increased Respiratory Rate
Split ____ Heart Sound
Tracheal Sensivity
Normal Respiratory Sounds/Crackles
S2
*If the Patient is in Right Sided Congestive Heart Failure, they may present with Ascites + Hepatosplenomegaly
Cranial Nerve that Creates Tongue Tone
Hypoglossal Nerve
*No Tongue Tone = Damage to Hypoglossal Nerve
Which of the Following is Incorrect for a Patient with a Lesion in the Spinal Segments C1-C3 (Neck):
A. Good Mental Status- Ex. Knows Name
B. Conscious Proprioception is Intact
C. Tetraparesis/Tetraplegia
D. Normal Cranial Nerves
E. Upper Motor Neuron Signs in Front Limbs
F. Lower Motor Neuron Signs in Hind Limbs
F.
*Upper Motor Neuron Signs will be Present in the Hind and Front Limbs
If you see a Feline with a Spinal Cord problem that is Less than Two years of Age you should think ____. In Felines with Spinal Cord Problems that are Between 2-8 Years Old you should be thinking _____. In Felines with a Spinal Cord Problem that are Over the Age of 8 you should be thinking _____
< 2 Years- FIP
2-8 Years- Lymphoma/Feline Leukemia
> 8 Years- Other Tumors (Ex. Osteosarcomas)
Animals with Lumbosacral Malarticulation-Malformation, will Have What Response to the Flexor Withdrawal Reflex?
Only Withdraws Hip
*Will Not Withdraw the Hock or Stifle due to Sciatic Nerve Damage
Dirofilaria Immitis (Heart Worm) has a Synergistic Relationship with which Bacteria?
Wolbachia Spp.
*Lives in Symbiosis with the Dirofilaria and Helps the Dirofilaria. Wolbachia adds to the Lung Inflammation seen with Dirofilaria Immitis
*Surface Proteins and Endotoxins of the Organisms promote Neutrophil Chemokinesis and Cytokine Production
Most Dauchshunds with Intervertebral Disk Disease will come into the Clinic with Paraparesis/Paraplegia with Upper Motor Signs in the Hind Legs and ___ Motor Neuron Bladder
Upper
Syndrome in Young dogs with a Massive Infection of Heart Worm (70-150), where the Worms back up from the Pulmonary Artery into the Right Atrium causing Tricuspid Insufficiency. Tricuspid Insuficiency leads to Acute Right Sided Heart Failure with Hepatic Congestion, Ascites, Hemolysis, DIC ect.
Post-Caval Syndrome
*Occurs in Dogs that are not on Prophylaxis
*Dog Normally presents with Acute Collapse and Shock
_____ Paralysis occurs in Dogs due to the Toxins of Dermacentor and Ixodes leading to Blocked Nerve Conductions and Blocked Acetylcholine Causing Tetraparesis/Tetraplegia and Lower motor neuron Signs
Tick
*58 Species of Ticks are associated with Tick Paralysis
*Tick Paralysis- Leads to Tetraparesis and Lower Motor Neuron signs, however the Cranial Nerves are Spared
*Patients Recovery Quickly after the Ticks are removed
Drug of Choice for Treatment (70-80%) of Seizure Patients that Enhances GABA and Increases the Seizure Threshold
Phenobarbital
*Metabolized in the Liver- Don’t use in Patients with Liver Disease
*Hepatopathy- Patients on Phenobarbital can develop Liver Cirrhosis
*All Patients taking Phenobarbital will have an Increase in ALP and ALT Levels!- KNOW THIS
A Unilateral Spinal Cord Lesion Caudal to L3 will lead to Monoparesis/Monoplagia in the corresponding Hind Limb, while a Unilateral Spinal Cord Lesion Between C6-T2 will lead to ____
Hemiparesis/Hemiplagia
*Monoparesis- Decreased Motor Function involving One Limb
Hemiparesis- Decreased Motor Function involving a Front and Hind Limb on the Same Side of the Animal
*A Unilateral Lesion from C6-T2 = Hemiparesis- Lower Motor Neuron Signs in the Front Limb and Upper Motor Neuron Signs in the Hind Limb on the Side of the Lesion
True/False: Fibrocartilaginous Emboli can Cause Monoplaresis/Monoplegia or Paraparesis/Paraplegia if the Lesion is Caudal to T2
True
Autoimmune Myopathy that Causes Inflammation of the Extraocular Muscles where the Patients Present with Exopthalmus (Bulging Eyes)
Extraocular Myositis
Peripheral Nerve Injury where the Forelimb is Abducted Caudally or Cranially, Stretching and Tearing the Nerve Roots (C6-T2) which can Cause Monoparesis/Monoplagia
Brachial Plexus Avulsion
*Tearing of the Nerve Roots of the Brachial Plexus- Common in Dogs Hit by Car (HBC)
No Motor Activity going to the Limb- Decreased Tone and Muscle Atrophy (Lower Motor Neuron Signs)
Gene Mutation that is Homozygous in Patients with Degenerative Myelopathy
Superoxide Dismutase 1 Protein
*While all dogs with Degenerative Myelopathy have this Gene Mutation, there are Some Dogs without Degenerative Myelopathy that Also are Homozygous for the Gene Mutation
*Etiology of Degenerative Myelopathy is Unknown, However is Most Likely Genetic in Nature
Condition caused by Neospora Caninum that Damages the Muscles and Lower Motor Neurons Particularly on the Hind Legs
Protozoal Polyradiculoneuritis
Dirofilaria Immitis, the Parasite Responsible for Heartworm, is a Parasite of the ______
Pulmonary Artery
*Mainly see Heartworm in Canine Species (Normally 15 Worms)
_____ Reactions, such as Hopping, Placing, Wheelbarrowing, Extensor Postural Thrust and Hemi-Walking, that are used to Determine if an animal has a Neurological Issue
Postural Reactions
*No Point in testing Postural Reactions in Patients that Present with Abnormalities- Only test Postural Reactions to see if the Patient is Abnormal
*In order for the Patient to Perform Postural Reactions, such as Wheelbarrowing and Hemiwalking, everything must be Intact. Postural Reactions DO NOT help to Localize a lesion, it just tells us whether or not there is an Abnormality/Lesion
3 Phases of Generalized Tonic Seizures
Preictal Phase- Subtle Behavoiral Changes Prior to Seizure (Aura/Prodromal Phase)- Ex. Clingy, Anxious, Hiding
Ictal Phase- Unconscious, Falls, Tonic Phase (Stiff Muscles) followed by Clonic Phase (Running/Paddling Motions)
Postictal Phase- Recovered Consciouness, Depression, Fatigue, Pacing, Neuro Deficits (Patient can be abnromal for 5 Hours after a seizure)
These are all Pathogenesis for ______:
- Damaged Pulmonary Artery Endothelium
- Dyspnea/Cough
- Platelets Adhering- Myointimal Thickening
- Eccentric Hypertrophy of Right Heart
- Potential Right Heart Failure
- Vasconstriction/Bronchoconstriction
Heart Worm
*Dyspnea- Damage to the Endothelium in the Pulmonary Artery will allow Fluid to Travel through the Pulmonary Artery into the Lungs. Causes Difficulty Breathing and Coughing
_*_Basement Membrane of Pulmonary Artery will be exposed- Platelets will attach and form Thrombi. The smooth Muscle walls of the Arteries will get Bigger (Myointimal Thickening) which closes off the Diameter of the Pulmonary Artery and Pressure Overload in the Right Ventricle- Eccentric Hypertrophy
*Worm Release Vasoconstrictors and Bronchoconstrictors
True/False: Urinary Tract Infections are Very Common in Patients with Upper Motor Neuron and Lower Motor Neuron Bladders
True
*If the Bladder is not being Emptied Regularly, it will Result in Infections that can lead to Pyelonephritis
Clinical Signs for Brain Neoplasia in the _____
Depression (Sleepy)
Absent Menace Reflex (Cranial Nerves)
Absent Blink Reflex (Cranial Nerves)
Absent Nose/Ear Twitch Reflex (Cranial Nerves)
Paresis on the Same Side of the Lesion
Brain Stem
*Intelligence is intact but the animal will be Depressed
*Brain Stem Lesion- Depression and Cranial Nerve Abnormalities (All Cranial Nerves run through the Brain stem)
*Paresis- Motor Nerves in the Brainstem are not Functioning. Paresis on the Same Side of the Lesion because Cross over Does not Occur in the Brainstem
What are the Best Macrocyclic Lactones to Kill Heartworm Microfilaria
Moxidectin- Best
Ivermectin- 2nd Best
*If you are going to use Ivermectin, put Doxycyline on at the Same Time- Combination of Ivermectin and Doxycyline kills Microfilaria Quickly
*Milbemycin is Good, but only used Off-Label because it is not Registered as a Microfilaricidal Drug
In All cases of Type 1 Idiopathic Seizures, the CSF should be _____
Normal
Clinical Signs for ______ Include:
Wounds/History of Trauma
Paraparesis/Paraplegia
Neurogenic Shock
Spinal Hyperesthesia (Pain)
Spinal Edema
Shiff-Sherrington Syndrome
Vertebral Fractures/Luxations
*Vertebral Fractures/Luxation most Commonly are Caused by Trauma (HBC) to the Sacroiliac or Thoracolumbar Region
Shiff-Sherington Sydrome- Fracture in the Thoracolumbar Area. Neurons going from the Back Legs to the Front Legs that are Inhibitory. If these Nerves get Damaged then the Back Leg Neurons aren’t Inhibitng the Front Legs leading to a Dog with Stiff Front Legs
Condition Common in Dobermans Characterized by Spinal Cord Compression at the Base of the Neck, Especially around C5-C6 that is also known as Canine Wobblers. There will be Stenosis (Narrowing) of the Vertebral Canal in the Neck leading to Tetraparesis/Tetraplegia
Cervical Spondylomyelopathy
*Particularly seen in Dobermans and Giant Breed Dogs- Tetraparesis
*Marked Stenosis of the Spinal Cord Putting Pressure and Damaging those Nerves. All Dobermans tend to have some Degree of Stenosis
True/False: It is NOT the Number of Heartworms, but Rather the Amount of Blood Flowing past the Heartworms that Dictates the Pathology in the Lungs
True
*The MORE Active the Animal- The WORSE the Pathology. Small Numbers of Worms in Dogs which Exercise regularly cause more severe Pathology than Large Numbers of Worms in Dogs that are Sedentary
*Most Sedentary Dogs are Asymptomatic
Seizures that Disrupt Function in the Area of Cerebrum where they occur
Partial Seizures
*Clinical Signs depend on the location of the Focus in the Brain
*If the Focus is in the Motor Cortex- Chewing Gum Seizures, Contralateral Limb Jerking, Head Turning to one Side
____% of Large Breed Dogs and ____% of Miniature Schnauzers Do Not Recover from Fibrocartilagenous Emboli
65%- Large Breed
22%- Miniature Schnauzers
Treatment for Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors
Surgical Resection
*Normally Involves Removing a Nerve- Decreased Motor Function
*Chemotherapy and Radiation do not Work Well Against MPNST
Condition also known as “Canine Wobblers” that is a Big Problem in Working Dogs where there is Disk Protrusion in the L7-S1 Area of the Spine that puts Pressure on the Cauda Equina (Nerve Endings) that Damages the Sciatic Nerve, Pudendal Nerve, and Caudal Nerve
Lumbosacral Malarticulation-Malformation
Length of the Dirofilaria Immitis (Heart Worm) Life Cycle
App. 6-8 Months
Canines that are Heartworm Positive and present with Moderate/Severe Signs (Weight Loss, Cough, Exercise Intolerance). What Drug do we Use to Treat Clinical Signs in the Lungs?
Prednisolone
*Give Prednisolone over a 2-5 Day Period- Sorts out the Lung Changes
Main Drug for Anticonvulsant Therapy in Cats
Phenobarbital
*Potassium Bromide in Cats- 50% will develope Eosiniphilic Pneumonitis (Feline Asthma) and Renal Insufficiency- Don’t use Potassium Bromide in Cats
Type of Cervical Disc Disease that Occurs 75% in Chrondrodystrophics and Poodles and 25% in Large Breed Dogs (Labs, German Shepards, Rotties)
Type 1
*Calcified Hyaline Cartilage in Chondrodystrophic Breeds
Life Stages of Dirofilaria Immitis (Heartworm)
L1 = Microfilaria
Microfilaria circulates in Body for up to 3 Years
*L1 may be Taken in by a Mosquito- Can Develop inside a Mosquito from an L1 to an L2 or L3 within the Mouth Parts of the Mosquito. When the Mosquito bites another dog, the L3 then can Infect another Dog
*L3 Can move into the Bite Wound from the Mosquito and establish an Infection in the Dog. 8-10 L3 (Heartworm) can be Injected at the Site.
_*_L3 hang around at the Bite site for 3-4 Days, then Molt into L4 and migrate through the subcutaneous tissues. L4’s Molt into L5’s. When they Become L5’s, L5’s Burrow through smooth Muscle and Lodges in the Distal Pulmonary Artery. Once in the Pulmonary Artery, the L5’s Molt into Adults (20cm) and start producing L1’s and the Lifecycle begins again
Macrocyclic Lactone that is a Registered Microfilaricide that kills the L3 and L4 Larvae up to 1 Month of Age
Moxidectin
Placing Foreceps into the Ear of a Patient and Seeing the Ear Twich is Testing which Cranial Nerve?
Trigeminal
*Trigeminal Nerve Travels down to the Brainstem and the Facial Nerve travels back to the Ear causing the Twitch
True/False: If we Pinch the Toe of the Hind Right Limb, the Left Hind Limb should Extend in a Standing Dog
True
*Cross Extensor Reflex- Only occurs if the Dog is Standing
*If the Patient is laying down, the Cross Extensor Reflex should not Occur
*If you see the Cross Extensor Reflex while the Animal is Lying down- Upper Motor Neuron Problem
Decreased/Absent Voluntary Motor Activity in All Four Limbs
Tetraparesis/Tetraplegia
*Caused by Lesions in: Brain, Neck, C6-T2, Peripheral Nerves, and Muscles
50% of Seizures in Felines are _____, mainly Mild Generalized or Partial Seizures
Non-Convulsive
*Do not commonly have Tonic/Clonic seizures in Cats
*Seizure Signs in Cats are more variable
*50% of Seizures in cats are Idiopathic (Type 1) and 50% are Symptomatic (Type 2)
_______ Seizures/Epilepsy commonly occur in 1-5 Year Old Dogs with a Genetic Basis in Golden labs, Border Collies, and German Shephards
Idiopathic
*Epilepsy/Seizures in any Dog
*Epilepsy/Seizures in any Dog > 5 Years Old- Think Neoplasia or Metabolic Disease
*Dobermans DO NOT commonly have Idiopathic Seizures- Need to Work Dobermans up if they come to the clinic Seizuring
Which Drug is Given to Patients with Upper Motor Neuron Bladder to Help Open up the Sphincter?
Prazosin or Phenoxybenzamine
Degenerative Myelopathy leads to ____ Motor Neuron Signs in the Hind Limbs
Upper
*Hyperreflexia, Normal Pain Sensation
*Non Painful Degeneration of the Spinal Cord Axons
Potential Causes of ____ Vestibular Disease:
Neoplasia
Infections- Distemper/FIP
Hypothyroidism
Trauma
Strokes
Central
*In the Brainstem
_______ Stimulate a Powerful Inflammatory Reaction within the Lungs leading to:
Coughing/Dyspnea
Proliferation of Smooth Muscle
Granulomas in Vessel Walls
Thrombus Formation
Acute Right Sided Congestive Heart Failure
Dead Heart Worms
*Most of these Dogs will Die Suddenly (CHF) due to the Increased Inflammatory Response to the Dead Worms
Treatment for Cervical Disk Disease
No Neurological Deficits- Cage Rest + Prednisolone (Pain)
Neurological Deficits- Surgery-Ventral Decompression (Slanted Slot)
Generalized Tonic-Clonic seizures in clinically normal puppies up to 4 months of Age
Juvenile Epilepsy
*Laboratory results are normal
*Treatment- Phenobarbital- Wean off if seizure free after 6 months
In Large Breed Dogs, the Nulceus Pulposus of the Intervertebral Disk will undergo Degeneration into Fibrocartilage. In Small Breed Dogs (Ex. Dauchshunds) the Nucleus Pulposus Degenerates into ______
Hyaline Cartilage
*Hyaline Cartilage Formation occurs when Small Dogs are about 1 Year of Age
* 70% of Thoracolumbar Intervertebral Disk Disease Cases will be Dauchshunds
Type of Disk Disease/Protrusion that is Common in Large Breed Dogs where Fibrocartilagenous Disks Slowly Protrude leading to Thickening of the Annulus Fibrosis causing Spinal Cord Compression and Ruputure of Dorsal Longitudenal Ligaments
Hansen Type 2
*Hansen Type 2- Very Slow Protrusion
Hansen Type 1- Very Fast (Bullet Like)
What Nerve is Injured in these Felines?
Sciatic Nerve
*Dropped Hock
Which Drug can be given in Conjuction with Ivermectin (Prophylaxis) to Significantly Decrease Microfilaria Counts
Doxycycline
*Wolbachia, which are living inside the Heartworms, can be Killed with Doxycycline. Doxycycline Coupled with Ivermectin really Knock down the Number of Microfilaria
_*_Best Treatment for Heartworm- Ivermectin with Doxycycline, followed by Melarsomine
Protocol for Status Epilepticus
1. Stop Seizures- Phenobarbital
2. Sample- FBC (Full blood count), Biochemistry, Urine
3. Stabilize
Condition when a Focus of Neurons in the Cerebral Cortex start Firing Rapidly
Seizures
*If the Firing Neurons stay in the Focus- Partial Seizure
*If the FIring Neurons Spread throughout the Brain- Generalized Seizure
*Most Common Type of Seizures are PROVOKED seizures- Ex. Animal that gets into the Rat Poison. These Seizures are only Temporary
Intervertebral Disks work as Shock Absorbers and Allow Movement of the Vertebral Bodies. What are the Two Parts that Make up a Disk?
Annulus Fibrosis
Nucleus Pulposus
*Annulus Fibrosis- Fibrous Connective Tissue Ring that makes up the Outside of the Disk
*Nucleus Pulposus- Gel-Like Substance located in the Middle of the Disk. Overtime the Nucleus Pulposus Degenerates and forms Fibrocartilage in Large breed Dogs
Type of Cervical Disc Disease that Occurs Mainly in Dobermans and Rottweilers (Large Breed Dogs) at C6/7
Type II
*Most Typical Type in Large Breed Dogs- Canine Wobblers
Condition caused by Degeneration of Sympathetic and Parasymphathetic Ganglia mainly seen in Felines that was Contributed to Clostridium Botulinum
Dysautonomia
*Only 30% Survive- Mainly Knocks out the Parasymphathetic System
Condition with Recurrent Partial or Generalized Seizures
Epilepsy
Type 1 Idiopathic Epilepsy- We cannot make these animals better because we don’t know whats wrong with them- Put on Antiseizure Drugs
Type 2 Symptomatic Epilepsy- Ex. Brain Tumor- Treatment = Treat the Underlying Cause of the Seizures
Condition Common in Older Working Breed Dogs that causes:
Hunched Stance
Flaccid Tail
Incontinent
Sunken Hock
Absent Cranial Tibial Reflex
Decreased Pudendal Reflex
Lumbosacral Malarticulation-Malformation
*Flaccid Tail- Damage to the Caudal Nerve
*Incontinent- Damage to the Pudendal Nerve
*Absent Cranial Tibial Reflex- Damage to Sciatic Nerve
Cranial ____ happens more Often in Cats because they have Less Masticatory Muscle Mass and a Thinner Calvarium than Dogs
Trauma
A Lesion between T2-L3 Spinal Nerves will Result in ___ Motor Neuron Signs to the Hind Limb
Upper
Condition of Dilated Ventricles of the Brain caused by Decreased CSF Flow that is commonly Congenital or due to Neoplasia
Hydrocephalus
*Increased Pressure from CSF Fluid destroys the neurons around the fluid and Destroys the Cerebral Cortex- Intellegance, Behavoir
