Final Exam Flashcards
mutualism
+/+ 2 interactants benefit
mutualism example
ants + acacia: defend from eaters (like giraffes) and other sprouting new plants (that might suck acacia nutrients)clownfish + sea anemonedove and saguaro cactuslichens, fungi, algae
consumption
+/-three types:1. parasitism2. predation3. herbivory
consumption example
mistletoe + juniper: eats small amount of tissue, not necessarily fatal
parasitism
host lives for a while, parasite is smaller than host; lives off of living tissue (eventually host can die)
parasitism examples
ticks on mammals, ascaris round worms in intestines, mistletoe + juniper (eats small amount of tissue, not necessarily fatal)
predation
predator often larger, kills prey outright, eats it.
herbivory
animals eating plants, plant often survives
commensalism examples
frog + bromeliad leafflicker making its home in dead part of living sycamore treefungus that lives on insect without causing harm (ladybug)cattle agrets (birds) eating bugs stirred up by cattle
competition types
intraspecificinterspecific
intraspecific
same species / individuals competing for same limiting resource (studied by population biology: how species populations change over time)
interspecific
different species competing for same limiting resource
niche
pattern of resources and conditions a species tolerates; the role/way species make a living in an environment
habitat vs. niche
habitat: addressniche: occupation
one niche / what happens when species try to inhabit the same niche
only one species can be best in niche. ie, species of paramecium
what happened with paramecium
there was intraspecific competition, population growth/death over time in graph between 3 species; in time, only one species can live with limited resources in the same space, so one species thrives and one dies off significantly; when they do survive, it’s because of resource partitioning
gause’s principle (competitive exclusion principle)
in a test tube, the habitat is not uniform, so there is a zone of competition and certain species thrive in the top portion (more o2) and others in the bottom portion (more solutes)
competitive exclusion
ompetitive exclusion happens in both parts. With only one limiting factor species will compete for the resource with the stronger competitor driving the weaker competitor to extinction. This is called competitive exclusion.
fundamental niche
not competing; range of resources occupied in absence of competition
realized niche
range of resources occupied w/ (in presence of) competition
rocky intertidal
- semibalanus2. chthalamus (small, expanded when semibalanus removed)
character displacement
change in characteristics (morphology/physiology) occurring over generational time because of differentiation
community
a group of species interacting w/each other in one location
food web
eating each other
keystone species
influence the community much greater than its abundance suggests; therefore, its removal causes significant change (strong interaction between keystone species)
4 examples of keystone species
- pisaster ochraceous/mussels2. sea otters/sea urchins3. crabs/mangroves4. wolves/elk
pisaster ochraceous/
eat mussels (top predators), which keeps them in check; this opens up rocky habitat for other species. removal causes reduction in # of species “richness”
sea otters
eat sea urchins (eat all the kelp, predators); when removed, decline of kelp, all other species dependent on kelp (herbivores) would decline
crabs
crabs live there, eat the mangrove leaves (they chew through them) and accelerate nutrient cycling and primary production of plants and phytoplankton; mangroves: tropical salt water estuaries – safety and habitat for fish, nurseries; leaves don’t decompose there easily; when crabs removed: slow nutrient cycling, stops supporting ecosystem
wolves
move elk! Elk don’t graze as heavily on riparian areas (streams); streamside vegetation grows, increased habitat and diversity, lowers water temperature (shade); good for fish! when removed: less habitat, less fish because of increase in water temperature
top-down control
top predators exert control over the entire food web, remove the top predators, mid-level predators explode and eat up the herbivore/producers levels of the trophic pyramid (new concept)
bottom-up control
productivity of the producers determines the number of trophic levels and abundance at those levels (original idea)
trophic cascades
removal of species in food web that results in chain reaction in which the entire food web structure changes
sticky switches/stuck
a change in food web structure to a new stable equilibrium situation; generally not as easy to go back to previous equilibrium condition ex: (fisheries/cod)
Bay Shrimp fishery example
top down control; sharks: top predator: controls abundance of mid-level predators (rays), so the next trophic layer (herbivores, filter feeders like clams and oysters) are able to survive
proportional change for bay shrimp fishery
small: decline (clams)large: abundance increased of rays
removal of top predator results in
trophic cascade
trophic cascade
cascading effect in ecosystem, shift.
atlantic cod fishery
top-down control, trophic cascade;
adult cod
eat herring, mackerel (mid-level predators), eat their own babies and other cod1990’s: crash at the fishery to 1% of levelsmanagers stopped cod fishery, estimating it would take 5-6 years to recover (grow babies into adults)
how long it took actually
20 years to get back 30% recovery
why took so long?
because they were stuck in a new equilibrium
flow
humans eat all top level cod -> mid level predators increased in abundance, herring, mackerel, smaller fish -> eat all juvenile cod and larval cod -> never grow up to be large cod
clements
ordered succession
gleason
chance! dynamic. an element could affect it just by a fluke – another species could have been there first instead, and would have influenced everything afterward!
clementsian model
succession sequence is predictable succession leads to climax community (stable)co-evolved biotic interactions (strong)climate determines the biotic community that exists in a location
gleasonian model
succession sequence is predictable (weak)chance events determine community organization (important)historical legacy (what species got their first) determine community organization (important)communities are temporary associations of speciesclimate determines biotic communitydisturbance - fire - wind - mudslides - are naturally recurring parts of ecosystem
they both agree on these points
climate determines biotic community that exists in an area (strong both)co-evolved biotic interactions (clementsian strong, gleasonian weak)*succession sequence is predictable (clementsian strong, gleasonian weak)
How 2 lines of evidence support gleasonian view of communities
I. ponds and plankton experimentII. tree migration patterns following deglaciation of N. America:
ponds and plankton experiment
a. researchers established 12 artificial ponds + samples over timeb. result: each pond/conclusion was unique 50% species present in all ponds, 50% different combosc. implication: chance colonization events, historical legacy established
tree migration patterns following deglaciation of N. America
I. 20,000YA: spruce + birch evolved separately, NOW: spruce togetherII. 20,000YA: glacial ice sheet; pine + oak existed in small area SE US. NOW: separate (SE US southern pine and PNW oak)
tropical dry (forest)
only in indiawarm all year pronounced dry seasonvegetation: low-growing shrubs10-30ft high tall shrubs grass understorythorny trees w/drought resistant leaves
tropical rainforest
equatorwarm + wet all yearhighest species diversificationvegetation: brought leaf evergreen tree-dwelling animals
tropical savanna
african savannawarm all yearpronounced dry seasonvegetation: grasses, few trees
desert
30* N+S temps vary seasonallylow overall price.vegetation: sparse and non-existent animals: burrowing/nocturnal
temperate coniferous forest
north PNW + chilemoist climatecool summermild wintersvegetation: predom. coniferous forest
temperate deciduous
east coast US, china, northern europe
temperate grasslands
seasonal variations in tempdry seasonvegetation: grasses dominate, trees are few and found in wet areas, fires natural
tundra
above 60-65 N*cold temps all year w/little moisturevegetation: grasses, mosses, lichens, herbs, low shrubs (no trees)animals: migratory birds + animals
boreal forest
just below 60 north and really N europe*seasonal variation tempseverely cold wintersshort cool summersprecipitation year roundvegetation: dominated pine, spruce, firlowest species diversity
mediterranean/chap
san från bay area/italy/s. spaintemps less variable (ocean)summers dry winters wetvegetation: woody shrubs, fires common
biogeography - multidisciplinary
study of geographical distrib. of organismshabitatsenvironmentalhistorical factors that make them
biomes
large recognizable assemblages of plants and animals
ecotones
transition zone between biomes species typical intermingle
ecoregions
oregon has 8EPA + USDA natural resource planning + managementgeographic areas determined by natural landscape featuresgeologyclimatevegetations
Koppen climate classification scheme/based upon
precipitation and temperature throughout the year – a system for defining climates.
climate classifications: mediterranean
coastal cali/europecool mid-latitudecool dry summerhigh pressure maritime influencewettest winter month 3X precip compared to driest month 4 months have temps above 50F/10C
climate classifications: CWA/CWN/CWC
dry winterwet summermiddle mexicointeriors of continents at mid-latitudeshumid climateshort, dry winters
climate classifications: CFA
mid-latitudehumid subtropical climatehot, muggy summersfrequent thunderstormsmild winters, precip from cyclonesrainfall all year equally
5 FACTORS THAT AFFECT CLIMATE ON GLOBAL SCALE
- solar radiation2. air circulation3. ocean circulation4. topography
solar radiation
draw sun & earthgreatest sun @equator at 23.5*N+S (earth orbit)
air circulation
dependent on solar radiation patternconvection cells (hadley)+spinning of earth = surface windsrising air at equator because it’s hotwesterlies, hadley, trade winds (moisture across terrestrial)
ocean circulation
ocean surface is pulled by air circulation patterns, continent gets in way, creates gyres (trash china)
topography
bumps and mtns disrupt air circ.windward side: air from ocean has lots of H20rises over mtns, cools, moisture precipitates (clouds) leeward side: no rain (shadow)
diagram of hadley cells
high to low potential, loses moisture in tropical areas and drops dry air.air rises and coolsprecipitation occurs
South America 4 factors influencing climate and vegetation on four locations on map
- SE tradewinds2. SE tradewinds3. Andes4. pacific subtropical
SE tradewinds
SE (x2): I. moisture going away from content on west sideII. moisture brought to east coast
Andes
blocks moisture
pacific subtropical
pacific subtropical: brings H20 rom west coast of S. Am. (upwelling), less solar radiation @30*S (wet + cool)
Descript NSEW climates of south america and why(hot, wet, cool, dry)
West coast (upper): desert, hot tradewinds stealing moistureEast: cool, dry; at 30* S, no tradewindsSouth tip: wet, cool; lower than 30*S and westerliesNorth (amazon basin): warm wet; high latitude, tradewinds
Oregon climate factors influence areas
- solar radiation: pattern the same whole state; seasonal variation only2. air: westerlies bring moisture west3. ocean: constant temp, cool summers, mild winters on coast; further away from ocean: colder winter, hotter summers4. topography: cascades, blue, coast, klamath ranges; hot air holds more heat, so drops when cooler near mountains; elevated areas are cooler and wet
ecoregion characteristics + species: Coastal
vegetation: thick forested (sitka + douglas spruce, salal understory)animals: roosevelt elk, marbled murrelet, mtn beaver, estuaries, salmon in rivers
ecoregion characteristics + species: East Cascades
vegetation: ponderosa pine, lodgepoleanimals: mule deer, elk, spotted frog, lewis’s woodpecker
ecoregion characteristics + species: West Cascades
vegetation: coniferous, doug fir, maple leaves, moist logs, lakes, streams animals: salamanders, bull trout, pine marten, spotted owl
ecoregion characteristics + species: Willamette Valley
pre-euro settlement.vegetation: oak savanna/prairie, ponds and wetlandsanimals: brush rabbits, bluebirds, meadowlarks, endangered fender’s blue butterfly, pond turtle, american beaver
ecoregion characteristics + species: Klamath mountains
vegetation: redwoods, port orford cedar, lots doug fir;animals: black bear, ringtail, endangered fairy shrimp
ecoregion characteristics + species: North basin
vegetation: sagebrush dominantanimals: sage thrasher, grouse, chukar, gelding’s ground squirrel, pronghorn, black-tailed jackrabbit, wild horses
ecoregion characteristics + species: Columbia basin
vegetation: once sagebrush + wheatgrass grasslands, now all wheat fieldanimals: pockets of natives: loggerhead shrikes, bighorn sheep on bluffs, most golden eagles in OR
Central Oregon
- dry ponderosa2. mixed dry conifer3. mixed wet conifer4. lodgepole5. high elevation forest
dry ponderosa trees
ponderosawestern juniper
mixed dry trees
grand firwhite firponderosa pinelodgepole
lodgepole trees
lodgepolebitterbrushsedges + grassesmulti-canopy types
heat budget is determined by
- amt. radiation hitting 2. amt. radiation reflected back3. amt. heat atmostphere trapped
EACH OF THE FOLLOWING AFFECT TEMP ON EARTH
- milankovitch solar cycles2. ice3. clouds4. water vapor 5. carbon dioxide
milankovitch solar cycles
mostly amt of radiation hitting earth; the amount of sun that reaches the earth over time varies based on 3 astronomical changes (the patterns are the milankovitch cycle);
milankovitch solar cycles caused by
changes in earth’s orbitchanges in tilt of earth (radiation effects seasonality)change in wobble of earth as it rotates with respect to equatorsolar sunspots (quickest)
ice
increase in ice = decrease in absorptiondecreased in ice = increase in absorption
clouds
heat trapped and reflected to outer space;increase in clouds = increase in reflecting radiation + decrease in absorptiondecrease in clouds = decrease in reflection + increase in absorption
water vapor
greenhouse gas, absorbs heat, re-radiates it. increase in water vapor = increase in temperaturedecrease in water vapor = decrease in temperature
carbon dioxide
greenhouse gas; increase in CO2 = increase in temp (heat trapped)decrease in CO2 = decrease in temp
CO2 impact
CO2:small percentage, but significant impact
present atmosphere %N / %02 / %CO2 + temp
78% N / 21% O2 / 0.004% CO2 average temp: 59F / 15C
hypothetically w/o CO2 % + temp
78% N / 21% O2 / 1% other average temp: -4F / -20C
sources + sinks
source: put CO2 in atmospheresink: take CO2 out of atmosphere
CARBON CYCLE: processes that move water and carbon between reservoirs:
photosynthesisdissolutioncombustionrespirationdecompositioncalcificationextraction (pre-combust)sedimentation
CARBON CYCLE: sinks
photosynthesis: sink dissolution: sinkcalcification: sinksedimentation: sink
CARBON CYCLE: sources
combustion: sourcerespiration: sourcedecomposition: sourceextraction (pre-combust): source
Annual cycles on Mauna Loa Hawaii story
13,000ft monitoring station graph (because higher is more accurate):
Mauna Loa Hawaii map shows:
a. long term increase in CO2b. seasonal variation in CO2 because winter = high CO2 (cold) and summer = low CO2 (warm) because of photosynthesis!
Mauna Loa Hawaii implication
CO2 traps heat radiated from earth’s surface
positive feedback loop example
accelerates change (ex. childbirth up pressure, up contraction): a. ↑ CO2 -> ↑ temp -> melting ice/permafrost -> ↑ decomposition (source) -> ↑ CO2b. ↑ water vapor -> ↑ temp -> ↑ melting ice -> ↑ water vapor
negative feedback loop example
reversed change direction (ex. thermostat)↑ CO2 -> ↑ plant growth -> ↑ CO2 capture/sequestered -> ↓ atmospheric CO2 because warmer in arctic, stimulates plant growth
sketch a graph showing temp changing over last 100 million years.
glacial periodscretaceous periodaverage temps future unknown
what happened 10,000YA
last glacial period ended (interglacial period began)
how does current global temp compare to 100 MYA
current temp is lower
how do predictions for doubled CO2 concentrations in future compared to long-term record of climate variability
the predictions future are warmed than any temps observes since ice ages 2 million years ago. current temps are lower than 100 million years ago. the increase currently is exponential; at current rates it’ll take 60-80 years to reach double the amount of CO2 concentrations
high elevation forest
lodgepolehemlock (mtn)pacific silver firgrouse whortle berry beargrasshuckleberrysubalpine fir
