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Biology 212 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

mutualism

A

+/+ 2 interactants benefit

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2
Q

mutualism example

A

ants + acacia: defend from eaters (like giraffes) and other sprouting new plants (that might suck acacia nutrients)clownfish + sea anemonedove and saguaro cactuslichens, fungi, algae

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3
Q

consumption

A

+/-three types:1. parasitism2. predation3. herbivory

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4
Q

consumption example

A

mistletoe + juniper: eats small amount of tissue, not necessarily fatal

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5
Q

parasitism

A

host lives for a while, parasite is smaller than host; lives off of living tissue (eventually host can die)

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6
Q

parasitism examples

A

ticks on mammals, ascaris round worms in intestines, mistletoe + juniper (eats small amount of tissue, not necessarily fatal)

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7
Q

predation

A

predator often larger, kills prey outright, eats it.

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8
Q

herbivory

A

animals eating plants, plant often survives

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9
Q

commensalism examples

A

frog + bromeliad leafflicker making its home in dead part of living sycamore treefungus that lives on insect without causing harm (ladybug)cattle agrets (birds) eating bugs stirred up by cattle

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10
Q

competition types

A

intraspecificinterspecific

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11
Q

intraspecific

A

same species / individuals competing for same limiting resource (studied by population biology: how species populations change over time)

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12
Q

interspecific

A

different species competing for same limiting resource

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13
Q

niche

A

pattern of resources and conditions a species tolerates; the role/way species make a living in an environment

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14
Q

habitat vs. niche

A

habitat: addressniche: occupation

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15
Q

one niche / what happens when species try to inhabit the same niche

A

only one species can be best in niche. ie, species of paramecium

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16
Q

what happened with paramecium

A

there was intraspecific competition, population growth/death over time in graph between 3 species; in time, only one species can live with limited resources in the same space, so one species thrives and one dies off significantly; when they do survive, it’s because of resource partitioning

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17
Q

gause’s principle (competitive exclusion principle)

A

in a test tube, the habitat is not uniform, so there is a zone of competition and certain species thrive in the top portion (more o2) and others in the bottom portion (more solutes)

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18
Q

competitive exclusion

A

ompetitive exclusion happens in both parts. With only one limiting factor species will compete for the resource with the stronger competitor driving the weaker competitor to extinction. This is called competitive exclusion.

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19
Q

fundamental niche

A

not competing; range of resources occupied in absence of competition

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20
Q

realized niche

A

range of resources occupied w/ (in presence of) competition

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21
Q

rocky intertidal

A
  1. semibalanus2. chthalamus (small, expanded when semibalanus removed)
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22
Q

character displacement

A

change in characteristics (morphology/physiology) occurring over generational time because of differentiation

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23
Q

community

A

a group of species interacting w/each other in one location

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24
Q

food web

A

eating each other

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25
Q

keystone species

A

influence the community much greater than its abundance suggests; therefore, its removal causes significant change (strong interaction between keystone species)

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26
Q

4 examples of keystone species

A
  1. pisaster ochraceous/mussels2. sea otters/sea urchins3. crabs/mangroves4. wolves/elk
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27
Q

pisaster ochraceous/

A

eat mussels (top predators), which keeps them in check; this opens up rocky habitat for other species. removal causes reduction in # of species “richness”

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28
Q

sea otters

A

eat sea urchins (eat all the kelp, predators); when removed, decline of kelp, all other species dependent on kelp (herbivores) would decline

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29
Q

crabs

A

crabs live there, eat the mangrove leaves (they chew through them) and accelerate nutrient cycling and primary production of plants and phytoplankton; mangroves: tropical salt water estuaries – safety and habitat for fish, nurseries; leaves don’t decompose there easily; when crabs removed: slow nutrient cycling, stops supporting ecosystem

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30
Q

wolves

A

move elk! Elk don’t graze as heavily on riparian areas (streams); streamside vegetation grows, increased habitat and diversity, lowers water temperature (shade); good for fish! when removed: less habitat, less fish because of increase in water temperature

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31
Q

top-down control

A

top predators exert control over the entire food web, remove the top predators, mid-level predators explode and eat up the herbivore/producers levels of the trophic pyramid (new concept)

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32
Q

bottom-up control

A

productivity of the producers determines the number of trophic levels and abundance at those levels (original idea)

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33
Q

trophic cascades

A

removal of species in food web that results in chain reaction in which the entire food web structure changes

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34
Q

sticky switches/stuck

A

a change in food web structure to a new stable equilibrium situation; generally not as easy to go back to previous equilibrium condition ex: (fisheries/cod)

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35
Q

Bay Shrimp fishery example

A

top down control; sharks: top predator: controls abundance of mid-level predators (rays), so the next trophic layer (herbivores, filter feeders like clams and oysters) are able to survive

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36
Q

proportional change for bay shrimp fishery

A

small: decline (clams)large: abundance increased of rays

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37
Q

removal of top predator results in

A

trophic cascade

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38
Q

trophic cascade

A

cascading effect in ecosystem, shift.

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39
Q

atlantic cod fishery

A

top-down control, trophic cascade;

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40
Q

adult cod

A

eat herring, mackerel (mid-level predators), eat their own babies and other cod1990’s: crash at the fishery to 1% of levelsmanagers stopped cod fishery, estimating it would take 5-6 years to recover (grow babies into adults)

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41
Q

how long it took actually

A

20 years to get back 30% recovery

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42
Q

why took so long?

A

because they were stuck in a new equilibrium

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43
Q

flow

A

humans eat all top level cod -> mid level predators increased in abundance, herring, mackerel, smaller fish -> eat all juvenile cod and larval cod -> never grow up to be large cod

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44
Q

clements

A

ordered succession

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45
Q

gleason

A

chance! dynamic. an element could affect it just by a fluke – another species could have been there first instead, and would have influenced everything afterward!

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46
Q

clementsian model

A

succession sequence is predictable succession leads to climax community (stable)co-evolved biotic interactions (strong)climate determines the biotic community that exists in a location

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47
Q

gleasonian model

A

succession sequence is predictable (weak)chance events determine community organization (important)historical legacy (what species got their first) determine community organization (important)communities are temporary associations of speciesclimate determines biotic communitydisturbance - fire - wind - mudslides - are naturally recurring parts of ecosystem

48
Q

they both agree on these points

A

climate determines biotic community that exists in an area (strong both)co-evolved biotic interactions (clementsian strong, gleasonian weak)*succession sequence is predictable (clementsian strong, gleasonian weak)

49
Q

How 2 lines of evidence support gleasonian view of communities

A

I. ponds and plankton experimentII. tree migration patterns following deglaciation of N. America:

50
Q

ponds and plankton experiment

A

a. researchers established 12 artificial ponds + samples over timeb. result: each pond/conclusion was unique 50% species present in all ponds, 50% different combosc. implication: chance colonization events, historical legacy established

51
Q

tree migration patterns following deglaciation of N. America

A

I. 20,000YA: spruce + birch evolved separately, NOW: spruce togetherII. 20,000YA: glacial ice sheet; pine + oak existed in small area SE US. NOW: separate (SE US southern pine and PNW oak)

52
Q

tropical dry (forest)

A

only in indiawarm all year pronounced dry seasonvegetation: low-growing shrubs10-30ft high tall shrubs grass understorythorny trees w/drought resistant leaves

53
Q

tropical rainforest

A

equatorwarm + wet all yearhighest species diversificationvegetation: brought leaf evergreen tree-dwelling animals

54
Q

tropical savanna

A

african savannawarm all yearpronounced dry seasonvegetation: grasses, few trees

55
Q

desert

A

30* N+S temps vary seasonallylow overall price.vegetation: sparse and non-existent animals: burrowing/nocturnal

56
Q

temperate coniferous forest

A

north PNW + chilemoist climatecool summermild wintersvegetation: predom. coniferous forest

57
Q

temperate deciduous

A

east coast US, china, northern europe

58
Q

temperate grasslands

A

seasonal variations in tempdry seasonvegetation: grasses dominate, trees are few and found in wet areas, fires natural

59
Q

tundra

A

above 60-65 N*cold temps all year w/little moisturevegetation: grasses, mosses, lichens, herbs, low shrubs (no trees)animals: migratory birds + animals

60
Q

boreal forest

A

just below 60 north and really N europe*seasonal variation tempseverely cold wintersshort cool summersprecipitation year roundvegetation: dominated pine, spruce, firlowest species diversity

61
Q

mediterranean/chap

A

san från bay area/italy/s. spaintemps less variable (ocean)summers dry winters wetvegetation: woody shrubs, fires common

62
Q

biogeography - multidisciplinary

A

study of geographical distrib. of organismshabitatsenvironmentalhistorical factors that make them

63
Q

biomes

A

large recognizable assemblages of plants and animals

64
Q

ecotones

A

transition zone between biomes species typical intermingle

65
Q

ecoregions

A

oregon has 8EPA + USDA natural resource planning + managementgeographic areas determined by natural landscape featuresgeologyclimatevegetations

66
Q

Koppen climate classification scheme/based upon

A

precipitation and temperature throughout the year – a system for defining climates.

67
Q

climate classifications: mediterranean

A

coastal cali/europecool mid-latitudecool dry summerhigh pressure maritime influencewettest winter month 3X precip compared to driest month 4 months have temps above 50F/10C

68
Q

climate classifications: CWA/CWN/CWC

A

dry winterwet summermiddle mexicointeriors of continents at mid-latitudeshumid climateshort, dry winters

69
Q

climate classifications: CFA

A

mid-latitudehumid subtropical climatehot, muggy summersfrequent thunderstormsmild winters, precip from cyclonesrainfall all year equally

70
Q

5 FACTORS THAT AFFECT CLIMATE ON GLOBAL SCALE

A
  1. solar radiation2. air circulation3. ocean circulation4. topography
71
Q

solar radiation

A

draw sun & earthgreatest sun @equator at 23.5*N+S (earth orbit)

72
Q

air circulation

A

dependent on solar radiation patternconvection cells (hadley)+spinning of earth = surface windsrising air at equator because it’s hotwesterlies, hadley, trade winds (moisture across terrestrial)

73
Q

ocean circulation

A

ocean surface is pulled by air circulation patterns, continent gets in way, creates gyres (trash china)

74
Q

topography

A

bumps and mtns disrupt air circ.windward side: air from ocean has lots of H20rises over mtns, cools, moisture precipitates (clouds) leeward side: no rain (shadow)

75
Q

diagram of hadley cells

A

high to low potential, loses moisture in tropical areas and drops dry air.air rises and coolsprecipitation occurs

76
Q

South America 4 factors influencing climate and vegetation on four locations on map

A
  1. SE tradewinds2. SE tradewinds3. Andes4. pacific subtropical
77
Q

SE tradewinds

A

SE (x2): I. moisture going away from content on west sideII. moisture brought to east coast

78
Q

Andes

A

blocks moisture

79
Q

pacific subtropical

A

pacific subtropical: brings H20 rom west coast of S. Am. (upwelling), less solar radiation @30*S (wet + cool)

80
Q

Descript NSEW climates of south america and why(hot, wet, cool, dry)

A

West coast (upper): desert, hot tradewinds stealing moistureEast: cool, dry; at 30* S, no tradewindsSouth tip: wet, cool; lower than 30*S and westerliesNorth (amazon basin): warm wet; high latitude, tradewinds

81
Q

Oregon climate factors influence areas

A
  1. solar radiation: pattern the same whole state; seasonal variation only2. air: westerlies bring moisture west3. ocean: constant temp, cool summers, mild winters on coast; further away from ocean: colder winter, hotter summers4. topography: cascades, blue, coast, klamath ranges; hot air holds more heat, so drops when cooler near mountains; elevated areas are cooler and wet
82
Q

ecoregion characteristics + species: Coastal

A

vegetation: thick forested (sitka + douglas spruce, salal understory)animals: roosevelt elk, marbled murrelet, mtn beaver, estuaries, salmon in rivers

83
Q

ecoregion characteristics + species: East Cascades

A

vegetation: ponderosa pine, lodgepoleanimals: mule deer, elk, spotted frog, lewis’s woodpecker

84
Q

ecoregion characteristics + species: West Cascades

A

vegetation: coniferous, doug fir, maple leaves, moist logs, lakes, streams animals: salamanders, bull trout, pine marten, spotted owl

85
Q

ecoregion characteristics + species: Willamette Valley

A

pre-euro settlement.vegetation: oak savanna/prairie, ponds and wetlandsanimals: brush rabbits, bluebirds, meadowlarks, endangered fender’s blue butterfly, pond turtle, american beaver

86
Q

ecoregion characteristics + species: Klamath mountains

A

vegetation: redwoods, port orford cedar, lots doug fir;animals: black bear, ringtail, endangered fairy shrimp

87
Q

ecoregion characteristics + species: North basin

A

vegetation: sagebrush dominantanimals: sage thrasher, grouse, chukar, gelding’s ground squirrel, pronghorn, black-tailed jackrabbit, wild horses

88
Q

ecoregion characteristics + species: Columbia basin

A

vegetation: once sagebrush + wheatgrass grasslands, now all wheat fieldanimals: pockets of natives: loggerhead shrikes, bighorn sheep on bluffs, most golden eagles in OR

89
Q

Central Oregon

A
  1. dry ponderosa2. mixed dry conifer3. mixed wet conifer4. lodgepole5. high elevation forest
90
Q

dry ponderosa trees

A

ponderosawestern juniper

91
Q

mixed dry trees

A

grand firwhite firponderosa pinelodgepole

92
Q

lodgepole trees

A

lodgepolebitterbrushsedges + grassesmulti-canopy types

93
Q

heat budget is determined by

A
  1. amt. radiation hitting 2. amt. radiation reflected back3. amt. heat atmostphere trapped
94
Q

EACH OF THE FOLLOWING AFFECT TEMP ON EARTH

A
  1. milankovitch solar cycles2. ice3. clouds4. water vapor 5. carbon dioxide
95
Q

milankovitch solar cycles

A

mostly amt of radiation hitting earth; the amount of sun that reaches the earth over time varies based on 3 astronomical changes (the patterns are the milankovitch cycle);

96
Q

milankovitch solar cycles caused by

A

changes in earth’s orbitchanges in tilt of earth (radiation effects seasonality)change in wobble of earth as it rotates with respect to equatorsolar sunspots (quickest)

97
Q

ice

A

increase in ice = decrease in absorptiondecreased in ice = increase in absorption

98
Q

clouds

A

heat trapped and reflected to outer space;increase in clouds = increase in reflecting radiation + decrease in absorptiondecrease in clouds = decrease in reflection + increase in absorption

99
Q

water vapor

A

greenhouse gas, absorbs heat, re-radiates it. increase in water vapor = increase in temperaturedecrease in water vapor = decrease in temperature

100
Q

carbon dioxide

A

greenhouse gas; increase in CO2 = increase in temp (heat trapped)decrease in CO2 = decrease in temp

101
Q

CO2 impact

A

CO2:small percentage, but significant impact

102
Q

present atmosphere %N / %02 / %CO2 + temp

A

78% N / 21% O2 / 0.004% CO2 average temp: 59F / 15C

103
Q

hypothetically w/o CO2 % + temp

A

78% N / 21% O2 / 1% other average temp: -4F / -20C

104
Q

sources + sinks

A

source: put CO2 in atmospheresink: take CO2 out of atmosphere

105
Q

CARBON CYCLE: processes that move water and carbon between reservoirs:

A

photosynthesisdissolutioncombustionrespirationdecompositioncalcificationextraction (pre-combust)sedimentation

106
Q

CARBON CYCLE: sinks

A

photosynthesis: sink dissolution: sinkcalcification: sinksedimentation: sink

107
Q

CARBON CYCLE: sources

A

combustion: sourcerespiration: sourcedecomposition: sourceextraction (pre-combust): source

108
Q

Annual cycles on Mauna Loa Hawaii story

A

13,000ft monitoring station graph (because higher is more accurate):

109
Q

Mauna Loa Hawaii map shows:

A

a. long term increase in CO2b. seasonal variation in CO2 because winter = high CO2 (cold) and summer = low CO2 (warm) because of photosynthesis!

110
Q

Mauna Loa Hawaii implication

A

CO2 traps heat radiated from earth’s surface

111
Q

positive feedback loop example

A

accelerates change (ex. childbirth up pressure, up contraction): a. ↑ CO2 -> ↑ temp -> melting ice/permafrost -> ↑ decomposition (source) -> ↑ CO2b. ↑ water vapor -> ↑ temp -> ↑ melting ice -> ↑ water vapor

112
Q

negative feedback loop example

A

reversed change direction (ex. thermostat)↑ CO2 -> ↑ plant growth -> ↑ CO2 capture/sequestered -> ↓ atmospheric CO2 because warmer in arctic, stimulates plant growth

113
Q

sketch a graph showing temp changing over last 100 million years.

A

glacial periodscretaceous periodaverage temps future unknown

114
Q

what happened 10,000YA

A

last glacial period ended (interglacial period began)

115
Q

how does current global temp compare to 100 MYA

A

current temp is lower

116
Q

how do predictions for doubled CO2 concentrations in future compared to long-term record of climate variability

A

the predictions future are warmed than any temps observes since ice ages 2 million years ago. current temps are lower than 100 million years ago. the increase currently is exponential; at current rates it’ll take 60-80 years to reach double the amount of CO2 concentrations

117
Q

high elevation forest

A

lodgepolehemlock (mtn)pacific silver firgrouse whortle berry beargrasshuckleberrysubalpine fir

Biology 212 (4 decks)

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