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deck_3681827 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

2 fundamental needs of all organisms:

A
  1. materials: carbon-carbon backbone (organic) + (inorganic): lipids, proteins, NA, carbs2. energy: ATP
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2
Q

6 most abundant elements:

A

CHNOPS

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3
Q

Net primary productivity (NPP):

A

energy captured - energy used for metabolism (breakdown of glucose) = energy captured in biomass

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4
Q

Where NPP is greatest on earth:

A

where sun, water, iron, phytoplankton is high

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5
Q

energy of sun conversion to chemical energy:

A

1 meter2 area receives 1,000,000 kcal / m2 / year ½ goes to growth + reproduction½ goes to primary productivity (metabolism)1% available solar radiation goes to 10,000 kcal / m2 / year

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6
Q

trophic pyramid:

A

I: primary producers (autotrophs: plants, phytoplankton, algae)II. herbivores (1st order heterotrophs/primary consumers) + decomposers eat dead stuffIII. carnivores (2nd order heterotrophs)IV. top carnivores (3rd order heterotrophs)

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7
Q

detritivores / saphrophytes:

A

worms, insects

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8
Q

where is the electron transport chain in bacteria:

A

cell membrane

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9
Q

the way bacteria and archae get ingredients (energy) for life is:

A

VERY DIVERSE

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10
Q

the way animals get energy for life:

A

ALL THE SAME

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11
Q

electron acceptors:

A

have O because O is an electron hog / high electronegativity

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12
Q

electron donors:

A

have H because when they give up a electron, it results in free proton +, this makes ATP synthesis possible

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13
Q

electron acceptors

A

CO2, NO3, NO2, SO4(2-)

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14
Q

donors

A

H2O, NH3, H2S, CH4, H2, Sugar (lots of H and very little O – C6H1206), proteins (lots of H and very little O)

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15
Q

electron acceptors and donors are all inorganic accept….

A

proteins + sugars

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16
Q

OILRIG

A

oxidation is losing (H), reduction is gaining (H)

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17
Q

phototrophy

A

endergonic / H2O + sun (reduced) -> 02 oxidized

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18
Q

oxidative phosphorylation

A

ADP + P -> ATP

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19
Q

Bacteria + metabolism types + examples of where to find them

A

(See following Q + A)Note: if bottom has 02, then it’s aerobic / photo / organic molecule

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20
Q

Ammonia Oxidizing bacteria AOB

A

have NH3->NO2 in top

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21
Q

Nitrite oxidizing bacteria “nitrifiers”:

A

NO2-NO3 in the top

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22
Q

denitrifiers

A

NO2->N2 / NO3 ->N2 in bottom and organic molecules in top

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23
Q

sulfur bacteria found in hydrothermal vents (archae):

A

H2S -> SO4(2) in top

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24
Q

methanogens

A

in bottom COs->CH4 (end with methane) deep in earth’s crust; energy from top H2 gas

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25
Q

cyanobacteria phytoplankton bacteria:

A

Sunlight in top and ADP->ATP in bottom

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26
Q

sulfate reducers

A

in seawater sediments: sulfalte in bottom SO4(2-)->H2S (poisonous)

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27
Q

phototrophs

A

if sunlight in top

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28
Q

chemoorgano

A

if “organic molecules” in top

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29
Q

chemolitho

A

if inorganic molecules in top

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30
Q

hetero

A

source of carbon-carbon organic->organic

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31
Q

auto

A

source of carbon-carbon inorganic->organic

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32
Q

example of chemooranotrophs:

A

animals, fungi

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33
Q

source of energy for methanogens:

A

hydrogen gas

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34
Q

NOT a source of nitrogen fixation:

A

excretion + dead organisms

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35
Q

photosynthetic protists + cyanobacteria are important because:

A

they’re primary producers

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36
Q

What are the 3 characteristics that make fungi more like animals than plants? i.e. Why are they on the same branch of Eukaryotic life?

A
  1. structural carbs: chitin2. storage carbs: glycogen3. flagella (spores)
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37
Q

fungi different from animals:

A
  1. simple bodies: unicellular (yeasts), multicellular (hyphae individuals make up mycelium collections) septa are partial cell wall2. cells aren’t closed off from each other: cytoplasm isn’t contained: coerocytic; partial cell wall: septa
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38
Q

4 fungal phyla

A

zygomycetesascomycetesbasidiomyceteschytridiomycetes

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39
Q

zygomycetes

A

zygomatic spores (male + female in zygospore, grows sporangia); sporangia produce spores,ie. bread mold (black sporangia)

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40
Q

ascomycetes

A

cup mushrooms: fruiting body; hyphae comes together to form cup; asci: produce spores; ie. morels, lichen (green algae + cyanobacteria)

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41
Q

basidiomycetes

A

classic mushrooms. basidia + gills produce millions of spores; ie. toadstools, puff balls, shelf mushrooms

42
Q

chytridiomycetes

A

aquatic fungi; swimming gametes: spores have flagella; ie. parasitic – kill frogs

43
Q

fungi symbiosis:

A

lichenectomycorrhizaearbuscular mycorrhizae

44
Q

lichen

A

ascomycetes + cyanobacteria / green algae

45
Q

ectomycorrhizae

A

basidiomycetes + plant roots: hyphae surround outside of cells “ecto”=outside

46
Q

arbuscular mycorrhizae

A

zygomycetes + plant roots;hyphae go into the cells (70% of plants have this relationship); “absorptive lifestyle”

47
Q

how fungi break down wood: (extracellular digestion)

A
  1. hyphae: make lignan peroxidase 2.peroxidase: oxidizes (combusts) lignan3.hyphae: exudes cellulase4.cellulose: broken into simple sugars (glucose)5.hyphae: absorb simple sugars for cellular respiration
48
Q

fungal life cycles: meiosis

A

diploid cell divides in half = 4 haploids with 1 allele per 1 gene

49
Q

fungal life cycles: mitosis

A

all genetic material copied and cell divides = 2 identical daughter cells

50
Q

fungal life cycles: fertilization

A

2 haploid cells produce new diploid organism

51
Q

fungal life cycles: haploid

A

1 set of genes for all genetic characteristics (1 set of chromosomes)

52
Q

fungal life cycles: diploid

A

2 sets of genes for all genetic characteristics (2 sets of chromosomes)

53
Q

fungal life cycles: karyogamy

A

2 haploids form 1 diploid nucleus (always follows meiosis)

54
Q

fungal life cycles: plasmogamy

A

2 individuals’ cytoplasm combines (w/o nuclear fusion)

55
Q

fungal life cycles: dikaryotic

A

one cell w/2 nuclei of 2 different genotype (plasmogamy)

56
Q

Uptake

A

NH3/NO3 ->proteins

57
Q

Consumption

A

proteins->aminos

58
Q

Decomposition

A

protein-> NH3 (ammonia)

59
Q

Nitrification I:

A

NH3->NO2 (ammonia oxidation)

60
Q

Nitrification II:

A

NO2->NO3 (nitrite oxidation)

61
Q

Denitrification

A

NO3->N2 and NO2->N2 (turning into N gas)

62
Q

Nitrogen fixation

A

N2-> proteins and N3->proteins (via rhizobium + azotobacter)

63
Q

Dissolution

A

N in soil / H20

64
Q

Run-off/leaching:

A

N in rivers/streamsNO3: very soluble, leaches easily

65
Q

rhizobium

A

n-fixer; symbiosis w/legumes

66
Q

azobacter

A

free-living fixer: cysts protect from O2

67
Q

anabaena

A

aquatic systems; heterocysts have nitrogenase keeping O2 out (cyanobacteria)

68
Q

Rivers & Streams:

A

drinking waterfish habitatrecreationhydroelectric power

69
Q

Lakes

A

drinking waterfish habitatrecreationirrigation

70
Q

Oceans

A

phytoplankton (40% of oxygen supply)absorbs ⅓ CO2 fisheriesrecreation

71
Q

Wetlands:

A

wildlife habitatbuffer flooding (store / release water)improve water qualityreduce erosionincrease biodiversity + productivity

72
Q

Trophic levels: aquatic environments

A

I. primary producers; ex: phytoplanktonII. herbivores (1 order heterotrophs) ex: (animals + small protists) zooplankton III. young fish + minnowsIV. bigger fishV. larger fishVI. sharks

73
Q

Why more trophic levels in aquatic?

A

Fish are more efficient at capturing energy from food they eat in biomass than land creatures. They don’t regulate temp to keep warm = energy savings

74
Q

Wetlands lost since 1850:

A

38%

75
Q

Regulated wetlands activities:

A

filling/dumping dirtalter pre-existing damslevees

76
Q

required to do wetland activities:

A

if permitted, mitigation (doing another restoration elsewhere), legislation

77
Q

Ocean Zones:

A

oceanic photo zoneneriticoceanic aphoticbenthic

78
Q

oceanic photo zone

A

light penetration zone (phytoplankton), pelagic creatures

79
Q

neritic

A

near shore, high nutrients, high energy = high productivity

80
Q

oceanic aphotic

A

no sunlight, no energy, relatively high nutrients, low O2 limits life (upwelling), more diversity than once thought, hydrothermal vents basis for life, autotrophs (sulfur bacteria)

81
Q

benthic

A

bottom substrate, all life attached to bottom, sediments

82
Q

2 sources of nutrients:

A
  1. upwelling: ocean currents bring organic matter up (dead bio) = nutrient-rich filtered2. nutrients from land (rocks), rivers, streams
83
Q

2 outcomes occurring with nutrient additions to aquatic ecosystem:

A
  1. decomp: low O2 = “hypoxia” (dead zone)2. no decomp: CO2 captured in sediments = “carbon sequestration” -> iron added = “ocean fertilization”; algal bloom: from high nutrients => toxic dinoflagellates
84
Q

samples of ecosystems out of balance: Lake Erie

A

industry phosphorus from detergent soaps; algal blooms + dead zones, inedible food. Result: clean water act regulated phosphorus

85
Q

samples of ecosystems out of balance: Gulf of Mexico:

A

N + phosphorus from farm fields to Mississippi river to ocean; algal bloom “jubilee”, O2 free hypoxic dead zone

86
Q

samples of ecosystems out of balance: Oregon Coast Dead Zone:

A

upwelling adding nutrients for phytoplankton, surface waters

87
Q

HABs

A

harmful algal blooms occurring with increased nutrients @ late summer - increased energy; organisms: diatomsdinoflagellatescyanobacteria (anabaena)

88
Q

How ocean acidification occurs:

A

increased CO2 absorbed in oceanin neritic zones; arthropods most affected

89
Q

process of oceanic acidification

A
  1. CO2 absorbed by ocean2. CO2 + H20 makes Carbonic Acid (H2CO3)3. that separates into; H+ and HCO3 (bicarbonate)4. Ca2 + CO3(2-) (Calcium carbonate) makes up skeletons and shells5. H+ from carbonic acid binds with CO3 making it so arthropods can’t make hard shellaffected: corals, lobsters, oysters, prawn, clams, crabs, coralline algae
90
Q

plasmodial slime mold:

A

amoebozoaused to be considered fungisupercell ingests bacteria + protistsproduce stalks

91
Q

euglenid

A

most photosynthetic, secondary endosymbiosis, flagella swim, SWIM FAST!

92
Q

red algae:

A

multicellular marine, plantae, pigments in chloroplasts absorb blue + green, *phycoerythrin pigment

93
Q

dinoflagellates

A

similar to decomposers, perpendicular flagella, distinct grooves

94
Q

brown algae

A

multicellular, marine, photosynthetic olive-green, kelp forests*fucozanthin pigment

95
Q

water molds:

A

formerly fungi, water molds (spores), have cellulose and DNA differs, , irish potato famine

96
Q

diatoms

A

glassy cell walls, settle into sediments, commercially important (record of water through time)

97
Q

glaucophyta

A

blue-green color, similar to ancestor, similar to first ancestor endosymbiotic relationship w/cyanobacteria (glauco-white peptidoglycan covering)

98
Q

green algae:

A

photosynthetic, closely related to plants

99
Q

chlorarachniophytes

A

cytoplasmic projections capture prey; pseudopods, chloroplasts evolved via secondary endosymbiosis of green alga.

100
Q

cyanobacteria

A

formerly referred to as blue-green algae, evolved photosynthesis OLD!

101
Q

stramenophile

A

hairy flagella: water molds, brown algae, and diatoms

Biology 212 (4 decks)

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