deck_3681827 Flashcards
2 fundamental needs of all organisms:
- materials: carbon-carbon backbone (organic) + (inorganic): lipids, proteins, NA, carbs2. energy: ATP
6 most abundant elements:
CHNOPS
Net primary productivity (NPP):
energy captured - energy used for metabolism (breakdown of glucose) = energy captured in biomass
Where NPP is greatest on earth:
where sun, water, iron, phytoplankton is high
energy of sun conversion to chemical energy:
1 meter2 area receives 1,000,000 kcal / m2 / year ½ goes to growth + reproduction½ goes to primary productivity (metabolism)1% available solar radiation goes to 10,000 kcal / m2 / year
trophic pyramid:
I: primary producers (autotrophs: plants, phytoplankton, algae)II. herbivores (1st order heterotrophs/primary consumers) + decomposers eat dead stuffIII. carnivores (2nd order heterotrophs)IV. top carnivores (3rd order heterotrophs)
detritivores / saphrophytes:
worms, insects
where is the electron transport chain in bacteria:
cell membrane
the way bacteria and archae get ingredients (energy) for life is:
VERY DIVERSE
the way animals get energy for life:
ALL THE SAME
electron acceptors:
have O because O is an electron hog / high electronegativity
electron donors:
have H because when they give up a electron, it results in free proton +, this makes ATP synthesis possible
electron acceptors
CO2, NO3, NO2, SO4(2-)
donors
H2O, NH3, H2S, CH4, H2, Sugar (lots of H and very little O – C6H1206), proteins (lots of H and very little O)
electron acceptors and donors are all inorganic accept….
proteins + sugars
OILRIG
oxidation is losing (H), reduction is gaining (H)
phototrophy
endergonic / H2O + sun (reduced) -> 02 oxidized
oxidative phosphorylation
ADP + P -> ATP
Bacteria + metabolism types + examples of where to find them
(See following Q + A)Note: if bottom has 02, then it’s aerobic / photo / organic molecule
Ammonia Oxidizing bacteria AOB
have NH3->NO2 in top
Nitrite oxidizing bacteria “nitrifiers”:
NO2-NO3 in the top
denitrifiers
NO2->N2 / NO3 ->N2 in bottom and organic molecules in top
sulfur bacteria found in hydrothermal vents (archae):
H2S -> SO4(2) in top
methanogens
in bottom COs->CH4 (end with methane) deep in earth’s crust; energy from top H2 gas
cyanobacteria phytoplankton bacteria:
Sunlight in top and ADP->ATP in bottom
sulfate reducers
in seawater sediments: sulfalte in bottom SO4(2-)->H2S (poisonous)
phototrophs
if sunlight in top
chemoorgano
if “organic molecules” in top
chemolitho
if inorganic molecules in top
hetero
source of carbon-carbon organic->organic
auto
source of carbon-carbon inorganic->organic
example of chemooranotrophs:
animals, fungi
source of energy for methanogens:
hydrogen gas
NOT a source of nitrogen fixation:
excretion + dead organisms
photosynthetic protists + cyanobacteria are important because:
they’re primary producers
What are the 3 characteristics that make fungi more like animals than plants? i.e. Why are they on the same branch of Eukaryotic life?
- structural carbs: chitin2. storage carbs: glycogen3. flagella (spores)
fungi different from animals:
- simple bodies: unicellular (yeasts), multicellular (hyphae individuals make up mycelium collections) septa are partial cell wall2. cells aren’t closed off from each other: cytoplasm isn’t contained: coerocytic; partial cell wall: septa
4 fungal phyla
zygomycetesascomycetesbasidiomyceteschytridiomycetes
zygomycetes
zygomatic spores (male + female in zygospore, grows sporangia); sporangia produce spores,ie. bread mold (black sporangia)
ascomycetes
cup mushrooms: fruiting body; hyphae comes together to form cup; asci: produce spores; ie. morels, lichen (green algae + cyanobacteria)