Bio unit 1 Flashcards
2 fundamental needs of all organisms:
- materials: carbon-carbon backbone (organic) + (inorganic): lipids, proteins, NA, carbs2. energy: ATP
6 most abundant elements:
CHNOPS
Net primary productivity (NPP):
energy captured - energy used for metabolism (breakdown of glucose) = energy captured in biomass
Where NPP is greatest on earth:
where sun, water, iron, phytoplankton is high
energy of sun conversion to chemical energy:
1 meter2 area receives 1,000,000 kcal / m2 / year ½ goes to growth + reproduction½ goes to primary productivity (metabolism)1% available solar radiation goes to 10,000 kcal / m2 / year
trophic pyramid:
I: primary producers (autotrophs: plants, phytoplankton, algae)II. herbivores (1st order heterotrophs/primary consumers) + decomposers eat dead stuffIII. carnivores (2nd order heterotrophs)IV. top carnivores (3rd order heterotrophs)
detritivores / saphrophytes:
worms, insects
where is the electron transport chain in bacteria:
cell membrane
the way bacteria and archae get ingredients (energy) for life is:
VERY DIVERSE
the way animals get energy for life:
ALL THE SAME
electron acceptors:
have O because O is an electron hog / high electronegativity
electron donors:
have H because when they give up a electron, it results in free proton +, this makes ATP synthesis possible
electron acceptors
CO2, NO3, NO2, SO4(2-)
donors
H2O, NH3, H2S, CH4, H2, Sugar (lots of H and very little O – C6H1206), proteins (lots of H and very little O)
electron acceptors and donors are all inorganic accept….
proteins + sugars
OILRIG
oxidation is losing (H), reduction is gaining (H)
phototrophy
endergonic / H2O + sun (reduced) -> 02 oxidized
oxidative phosphorylation
ADP + P -> ATP
Bacteria + metabolism types + examples of where to find them
(See following Q + A)Note: if bottom has 02, then it’s aerobic / photo / organic molecule
Ammonia Oxidizing bacteria AOB
have NH3->NO2 in top
Nitrite oxidizing bacteria “nitrifiers”:
NO2-NO3 in the top
denitrifiers
NO2->N2 / NO3 ->N2 in bottom and organic molecules in top
sulfur bacteria found in hydrothermal vents (archae):
H2S -> SO4(2) in top
methanogens
in bottom COs->CH4 (end with methane) deep in earth’s crust; energy from top H2 gas
cyanobacteria phytoplankton bacteria:
Sunlight in top and ADP->ATP in bottom
sulfate reducers
in seawater sediments: sulfalte in bottom SO4(2-)->H2S (poisonous)
phototrophs
if sunlight in top
chemoorgano
if “organic molecules” in top
chemolitho
if inorganic molecules in top
hetero
source of carbon-carbon organic->organic
auto
source of carbon-carbon inorganic->organic
example of chemooranotrophs:
animals, fungi
source of energy for methanogens:
hydrogen gas
NOT a source of nitrogen fixation:
excretion + dead organisms
photosynthetic protists + cyanobacteria are important because:
they’re primary producers
What are the 3 characteristics that make fungi more like animals than plants? i.e. Why are they on the same branch of Eukaryotic life?
- structural carbs: chitin2. storage carbs: glycogen3. flagella (spores)
fungi different from animals:
- simple bodies: unicellular (yeasts), multicellular (hyphae individuals make up mycelium collections) septa are partial cell wall2. cells aren’t closed off from each other: cytoplasm isn’t contained: coerocytic; partial cell wall: septa
4 fungal phyla
zygomycetesascomycetesbasidiomyceteschytridiomycetes
zygomycetes
zygomatic spores (male + female in zygospore, grows sporangia); sporangia produce spores,ie. bread mold (black sporangia)
ascomycetes
cup mushrooms: fruiting body; hyphae comes together to form cup; asci: produce spores; ie. morels, lichen (green algae + cyanobacteria)
basidiomycetes
classic mushrooms. basidia + gills produce millions of spores; ie. toadstools, puff balls, shelf mushrooms
chytridiomycetes
aquatic fungi; swimming gametes: spores have flagella; ie. parasitic – kill frogs
fungi symbiosis:
lichenectomycorrhizaearbuscular mycorrhizae
lichen
ascomycetes + cyanobacteria / green algae
ectomycorrhizae
basidiomycetes + plant roots: hyphae surround outside of cells “ecto”=outside
arbuscular mycorrhizae
zygomycetes + plant roots;hyphae go into the cells (70% of plants have this relationship); “absorptive lifestyle”
how fungi break down wood: (extracellular digestion)
- hyphae: make lignan peroxidase 2.peroxidase: oxidizes (combusts) lignan3.hyphae: exudes cellulase4.cellulose: broken into simple sugars (glucose)5.hyphae: absorb simple sugars for cellular respiration
fungal life cycles: meiosis
diploid cell divides in half = 4 haploids with 1 allele per 1 gene
fungal life cycles: mitosis
all genetic material copied and cell divides = 2 identical daughter cells
fungal life cycles: fertilization
2 haploid cells produce new diploid organism
fungal life cycles: haploid
1 set of genes for all genetic characteristics (1 set of chromosomes)
fungal life cycles: diploid
2 sets of genes for all genetic characteristics (2 sets of chromosomes)
fungal life cycles: karyogamy
2 haploids form 1 diploid nucleus (always follows meiosis)
fungal life cycles: plasmogamy
2 individuals’ cytoplasm combines (w/o nuclear fusion)
fungal life cycles: dikaryotic
one cell w/2 nuclei of 2 different genotype (plasmogamy)
Uptake
NH3/NO3 ->proteins
Consumption
proteins->aminos
Decomposition
protein-> NH3 (ammonia)
Nitrification I:
NH3->NO2 (ammonia oxidation)
Nitrification II:
NO2->NO3 (nitrite oxidation)
Denitrification
NO3->N2 and NO2->N2 (turning into N gas)
Nitrogen fixation
N2-> proteins and N3->proteins (via rhizobium + azotobacter)
Dissolution
N in soil / H20
Run-off/leaching:
N in rivers/streamsNO3: very soluble, leaches easily
rhizobium
n-fixer; symbiosis w/legumes
azobacter
free-living fixer: cysts protect from O2
anabaena
aquatic systems; heterocysts have nitrogenase keeping O2 out (cyanobacteria)
Rivers & Streams:
drinking waterfish habitatrecreationhydroelectric power
Lakes
drinking waterfish habitatrecreationirrigation
Oceans
phytoplankton (40% of oxygen supply)absorbs ⅓ CO2 fisheriesrecreation
Wetlands:
wildlife habitatbuffer flooding (store / release water)improve water qualityreduce erosionincrease biodiversity + productivity
Trophic levels: aquatic environments
I. primary producers; ex: phytoplanktonII. herbivores (1 order heterotrophs) ex: (animals + small protists) zooplankton III. young fish + minnowsIV. bigger fishV. larger fishVI. sharks
Why more trophic levels in aquatic?
Fish are more efficient at capturing energy from food they eat in biomass than land creatures. They don’t regulate temp to keep warm = energy savings
Wetlands lost since 1850:
38%
Regulated wetlands activities:
filling/dumping dirtalter pre-existing damslevees
required to do wetland activities:
if permitted, mitigation (doing another restoration elsewhere), legislation
Ocean Zones:
oceanic photo zoneneriticoceanic aphoticbenthic
oceanic photo zone
light penetration zone (phytoplankton), pelagic creatures
neritic
near shore, high nutrients, high energy = high productivity
oceanic aphotic
no sunlight, no energy, relatively high nutrients, low O2 limits life (upwelling), more diversity than once thought, hydrothermal vents basis for life, autotrophs (sulfur bacteria)
benthic
bottom substrate, all life attached to bottom, sediments
2 sources of nutrients:
- upwelling: ocean currents bring organic matter up (dead bio) = nutrient-rich filtered2. nutrients from land (rocks), rivers, streams
2 outcomes occurring with nutrient additions to aquatic ecosystem:
- decomp: low O2 = “hypoxia” (dead zone)2. no decomp: CO2 captured in sediments = “carbon sequestration” -> iron added = “ocean fertilization”; algal bloom: from high nutrients => toxic dinoflagellates
samples of ecosystems out of balance: Lake Erie
industry phosphorus from detergent soaps; algal blooms + dead zones, inedible food. Result: clean water act regulated phosphorus
samples of ecosystems out of balance: Gulf of Mexico:
N + phosphorus from farm fields to Mississippi river to ocean; algal bloom “jubilee”, O2 free hypoxic dead zone
samples of ecosystems out of balance: Oregon Coast Dead Zone:
upwelling adding nutrients for phytoplankton, surface waters
HABs
harmful algal blooms occurring with increased nutrients @ late summer - increased energy; organisms: diatomsdinoflagellatescyanobacteria (anabaena)
How ocean acidification occurs:
increased CO2 absorbed in oceanin neritic zones; arthropods most affected
process of oceanic acidification
- CO2 absorbed by ocean2. CO2 + H20 makes Carbonic Acid (H2CO3)3. that separates into; H+ and HCO3 (bicarbonate)4. Ca2 + CO3(2-) (Calcium carbonate) makes up skeletons and shells5. H+ from carbonic acid binds with CO3 making it so arthropods can’t make hard shellaffected: corals, lobsters, oysters, prawn, clams, crabs, coralline algae
plasmodial slime mold:
amoebozoaused to be considered fungisupercell ingests bacteria + protistsproduce stalks
euglenid
most photosynthetic, secondary endosymbiosis, flagella swim, SWIM FAST!
red algae:
multicellular marine, plantae, pigments in chloroplasts absorb blue + green, *phycoerythrin pigment
dinoflagellates
similar to decomposers, perpendicular flagella, distinct grooves
brown algae
multicellular, marine, photosynthetic olive-green, kelp forests*fucozanthin pigment
water molds:
formerly fungi, water molds (spores), have cellulose and DNA differs, , irish potato famine
diatoms
glassy cell walls, settle into sediments, commercially important (record of water through time)
glaucophyta
blue-green color, similar to ancestor, similar to first ancestor endosymbiotic relationship w/cyanobacteria (glauco-white peptidoglycan covering)
green algae:
photosynthetic, closely related to plants
chlorarachniophytes
cytoplasmic projections capture prey; pseudopods, chloroplasts evolved via secondary endosymbiosis of green alga.
cyanobacteria
formerly referred to as blue-green algae, evolved photosynthesis OLD!
stramenophile
hairy flagella: water molds, brown algae, and diatoms
