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final exam Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

list the asexual and sexual spores of fungi and given an example of an organism which exhibits each type

A

asexual: arthrospores, blastospores, chlamydospores
sexual: ascospore, basidiospores, zygospore

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2
Q

thick-walled, broad-based yeast

A

blastomyces dermatiditis

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3
Q

spherules filled with endospores

A

coccidioides imitis

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4
Q

thick-walled barrel shaped arthrospores

A

coccidioides imitis

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5
Q

spiny tuberculate macroconidia

A

histoplasma capsulatum

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6
Q

brown sclerotic bodies

A

chromomycoses dematiaceous fungi

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7
Q

thick-walled spindle shaped macroconidia

A

microsporum canis

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8
Q

colony has a red reverse

A

trichophyton rubrum

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9
Q

thin-walled club-shaped macroconidia in clusters

A

epidermophyton

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10
Q

produces germ tube

A

candida albicans

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11
Q

causes epidemic scalp ringworm

A

trichophyton tonsurans

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12
Q

broad, non-septate hyphae in tissue

A

mucor or rhizopus

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13
Q

brown, gritty deposits in sputum

A

aspergillus

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14
Q

multiple buds in tissue

A

paracoccidioides

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15
Q

causes phycomycoses

A

mucor or rhizopus

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16
Q

species of rickettsia, mode of transportation, and disease caused for test

A

rocky mountain spotted fever (RMSF)
deer tick
rickettsia rickettsii

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17
Q

how do rickettsia differ from chlamydia?

A

rickettsia need an arthropod vector

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18
Q

what diseases are caused by chlamydia and how are they spread?

A

psittacosis-aerosol

NGU- sexually

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19
Q

burkitt’s lymphoma

A

epstein-barr

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20
Q

infectious mononucleosis

A

epstein-barr

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21
Q

large, red intranuclear inclusions

A

cytomegalovirus

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22
Q

negri bodies

A

rabies

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23
Q

shingles

A

varicella zoster

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24
Q

definitive host

A

host in which sexual stage of life cycle occurs

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25
Q

intermediate host

A

host in which asexual stage of life cycle occurs; larval stage

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26
Q

what are the four classes of protozoa and their motility?

A

sarcodina- pseudopods
ciliata- cilia
mastigophora- flagella
sporozoa- non motile

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27
Q

sluggish, random motility

A

entamoeba coli

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28
Q

fine, even peripheral chromatin

A

entamoeba histolytica

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29
Q

oval cyst has large, blot-like karyosome

A

endolimax nana

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30
Q

large glycogen vacuole stains deeply with iodine

A

iodamoeba butschlii

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31
Q

lacks a cyst form

A

DF, TV, EG

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32
Q

troph is bilaterally symmetrical

A

giardia lamblia

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33
Q

pear shaped troph with jerky motility

A

trichomonas vaginalis

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34
Q

cst is lemon shaped with “nipple” on end

A

chilomastix mesnili

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35
Q

how are most protozoan diseases transmitted

A

fecal oral route ingesting the cyst

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36
Q

what morphological form of the blood and tissue flagellates is intracellular?

A

LD body or leishmanial forms

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37
Q

which species exist in this form in human cells?

A

all leishmania and trypanosoma cruzii

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38
Q

trypanosoma gambiense

A

tsetse fly

west african sleeping sickness

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39
Q

trypanosoma cruzi

A

kissing/reduvid bug
visceral leishmaniasis
chagas disease

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40
Q

t. modesiense

A

east african sleeping sickness

tsetse fly

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41
Q

leishmania donovani

A

kalaazar

sand fly

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42
Q

leishmania braziliensis

A

espundia

sand fly

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43
Q

leishmania tropica

A

oriental sore / baghdad boils

sand fly

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44
Q

describe the principle and interpretation of the sabin-feldman dye test

A

in a positive test, toxoplasma gondii will not take up the dye. in absence of the antibodies it will stain blue

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45
Q

what is the first intermediate host of all human flukes?

A

snails

46
Q

sheep liver fluke

A

fasciola hepatica

47
Q

largest fluke found in man

A

fasciolopsis buski

48
Q

ova often confused with Diphyllobothrium latum

A

paragonimus westermani

49
Q

egg has prominent shoulders and resembles a light bulb

A

chlonorchis siensis

50
Q

bladder fluke associated with bladder cancer

A

schistosoma hematobium

51
Q

ova can appear in the stool or sputum

A

paragonimus westermani

52
Q

hydatid cyst

A

larval stage of echinococcus granulosis

tapeworm larvea large bladder filled cyst

53
Q

proglottid

A

individual segments of a tapeworm

54
Q

neck

A

narrowest part of the tapeworm, located just behind the scolex

55
Q

rostellum

A

fleshy extension of scolex that has 1 or 2 rows of hooks

56
Q

scolex

A

head of a tapeworm may have suckers (4) bothria (2) or hooks; organ for attachment

57
Q

strobila

A

general term for entire tapeworm

58
Q

diphyllobothrium latum

A

definitive host : man
intermediate host: freshwater fish
diagnostic stage: egg
infective stage: plerocercoid

59
Q

taenia saginata

A

definitive host: man
intermediate host: cow
diagnostic stage: egg
infective stage: cysticercus bovis

60
Q

taenia solium

A

definitive host: man
intermediate host: pig
diagnostic stage: egg
infective stage: cysticercus cellulosae

61
Q

hymenolepsis nana; dwarf tapeworm

A

definitive host: man
intermediate host: non
diagnostic stage: egg
infective stage: fully embryonated egg

62
Q

hymenolesis dimunata

A

definitive host: man
intermediate host: grain beetle, flea
diagnostic stage: egg
infective stage: cystercoid

63
Q

echinoccus granulosus

A

definitive host: canines
intermediate host: sheep
diagnostic stage: hydatid cyst which is found in man
infective stage: egg

64
Q

how can taenia saginata and teania solium be differentiated?

A

eggs are indistinguishable
saginata has more branches in proglottid
man can be infected by solium eggs
differentiated by scolex solium has “soul patch”

65
Q

how can hymenolepsis nana and dimunata be differentiated?

A

H. dimunata eggs are larger and have no polar filaments

66
Q

what are spicules?

A

associated in nematode with ejaculating duct-necessary for reproduction

67
Q

how does the life cycle of nematodes differ from that or trematodes?

A

nematodes have a more simple life cycle, 1 host and external environment and can alternate between free living and parasitic

trematodes have at least 1 if not 2 intermediate hosts

68
Q

ascaris lumbricoides

A 
definitive host: man
intermediate host: none
diagnostic stage: egg
infective stage: embryonated egg
common name: roundworm
69
Q

enterobius vermicularis

A 
definitive host: man
intermediate host: none
diagnostic stage: egg
infective stage: embryonated egg
common name: pinworm
70
Q

necator americanus

A 
definitive host: man
intermediate host: none
diagnostic stage: egg
infective stage: filariform larvae
common name: hook worm
71
Q

strongyloides stercoralis

A 
definitive host: man
intermediate host: none
diagnostic stage: rhadbitiform larvae
infective stage: filariform larvae
common name: threadowrm
72
Q

trichinella spiralis

A 
definitive host: man
intermediate host: pig
diagnostic stage: encysted larvae
infective stage: encysted larvae in muscle
common name: pork tapeworm
73
Q

trichuris trichiuria

A 
definitive host: man
intermediate host: none
diagnostic stage: egg
infective stage: embryonated egg
common name: whipworm
74
Q

how can the rhabditiform larvae of hookworm and strongyloides be differentiated?

A

hookworm has the longer buccal cavity

75
Q

how are infection due to these organisms usually acquired?

A

penetration of skin by filariform larvae

76
Q

in the life cycle of strongyloides, what do the terms autoinfection, direct development, and indirect development refer to?

A

person infects themselves; like hookworm rhabditiform directly develops into filariform; rhabditiform develops into a free living adults

77
Q

what is visceral larval migrans and what is it caused by?

A

toxocara canis

78
Q

what is cutaneous larval migrans (or creeping eruption)

A

ancylostoma braziliense

79
Q

list several species of protozoa or helminthes which can be diagnosed by observation of a stained blood smear

A

plasmodium, trypanosoma, leishmania, microfilarial larva (brugia)

80
Q

list several distinctive features of filarial worms

A

presence of nuclei helps to ID larvae born alive
some have sheath derived from eggshell
have periodicity
females give birth to live larvae

81
Q

how do Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia Malaya differ?

A

both cause elephantiasis and live in lymphatic system
brugia has a much higher number of microfilaria in the blood stream
bancrofti is sheathed malaya is not
malaya has more microfilarial larvae

82
Q

brugia malaya

A

intermediate host: mosquito
specimen needed for diagnosis: blood
disease caused: elephantiasis
diagnostic stage: microfilaria

83
Q

dracunculus medinnesis guniae worm

A

intermediate host: cyclops/copepod
specimen needed for dx: skin
disease caused: draunculosis
diagnostic stage: rhabditiform larvae

84
Q

loa loa

A

intermediate host: chrysops fly (deer fly)
specimen needed for dx: blood
disease caused: loiasis (severe eye disease)
diagnostic stage: microfilaria

85
Q

onchocerca volvulus

A

intermediate host: simulium fly (black fly)
specimen needed for dx: skin
disease caused: river blindness
diagnostic stage: microfilaria

86
Q

wuchereria bancrofti

A

intermediate host: mosquito
specimen needed for dx: blood
disease caused: elephantaisis
diagnostic stage: microfilaria

87
Q

if an ova and parasite exam can not be preformed right away what procedure should be followed?

A

perform quick macro and micro exam add preservative and refrigerate within 30 minutes

88
Q

what preservative is usually used for trichrome stain?

A

PVA

89
Q

what is the main use of a permanent stained smear?

A

to see protozoan cysts and trophs

90
Q

list the 2 major concentration procedures and the principle of each

A

formalin ether- sedimentation

zinc sulfate- flotation

91
Q

what is the specific gravity of the solution employed in the flotation method?

A

1.18

92
Q

if negative results were obtained using the zinc sulfate method, what would be the best course to follow if the doctor still felt the patient had a parsasitic disease?

A

repeat using formalin ether

93
Q

what parasite often causes pneumonitis in children?

A

ascaris

94
Q

in which 2 parasitic infections is autoinfection most common?

A

pinworm, strongyloides

95
Q

list several species of parasites which can be transmitted by contaminated drinking water

A

E. histolytica, all schistosomes

NOT HOOKWORMS

96
Q

list several environmental or climatic factors which are important in the spread and/or prevention of parasitic infections

A

temp, sand, soil, controlling insect population, water filtration

97
Q

bilhariasis

A

any schistosome

98
Q

blackwater fever

A

plasmodium falciparum

99
Q

guinea worm

A

dracunculus medinesis

100
Q

thread worm

A

strongyloides stercoralis

101
Q

eye worm

A

loa loa

102
Q

whip worm

A

trichuris trichiura

103
Q

P. falciparum

A

split ring forms

104
Q

P. ovale

A

oval, irregular fimbriated RBC

105
Q

P. malariae

A

9 merozoites

106
Q

P. vivax

A

RBCs enlarged, infects retics, schufners granules

107
Q

schistosoma species

A

intermediate host:
common name: blood fluke
infective stage: penetration of hosts skin by circaria

108
Q

clonorchis siensis:

A

common name: chinese liver fluke
intermediate host: fish
infective stage: eating infected fish

109
Q

fasciolopsis buski

A

common name: intestinal fluke
intermediate host: water plants
infective stage: eating infected water plants (watercress)

110
Q

paragonimus westermani

A

common name: lung fluke
intermediate hosts: snails
infective stage: eating infected freshwater crustaceans

special clinical microbiology (7 decks)

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