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exam 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

symbiosis

A

mutualism and commensalism

permanent association of two organisms that can’t exist independently

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2
Q

mutualism

A

both organisms benefit

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3
Q

commensalism

A

one organism benefits the other is unharmed

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4
Q

facultative parasite

A

live both a free living and a parasitic existence during their life cycles

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5
Q

obligate parasite

A

completely dependent upon host for existence

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6
Q

what do ectoparasites cause?

A

infestation (flea, lice, etc. OUTside)

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7
Q

what do endoparasites cause?

A

infections (worms, INside)

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8
Q

definitive host

A

host in which the sexual stage of the life cycle occurs

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9
Q

intermediate host

A

host in which the asexual stage of the life cycle occurs

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10
Q

reservoir host

A

animals other than man which harbor human parasites

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11
Q

what are the requirements for transmission of a parasitic infection?

A

source of infection, mode of transmission, the presence of a susceptible host

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12
Q

what are the functions of ectoplasm of protozoan?

A

excretion, movement, obtaining food/phagocytize, protection

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13
Q

what are the functions of the endoplasm of protozoan?

A

reproduction, digestion

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14
Q

sarcodina (amoeba)

A

pseudopods (extension of ectoplasm)

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15
Q

ciliate

A

cilia

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16
Q

mastigophora

A

flagella

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17
Q

sporozoa

A

non-motile

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18
Q

what is a trophozoite?

A

(troph) the actively reproducing motile feeding stage (easily destroyed by unfavorable conditions, and can become a cyst in unfavorable conditions)

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19
Q

what is a cyst?

A

inactive, nonmotile, nonfeeding stage with protective cell wall (infective stage)

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20
Q

what is the most important parasitic amoeba?

A

entamoeba histolytica

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21
Q

where does Entamoeba histolytica live?

A

large intestines (colon)

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22
Q

describe the troph form of E. histolytica

A

exhibits progressive directional movement
contains one nucleus with a central karyosome
even-staining peripheral chromatin
may contain ingested RBC

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23
Q

describe the cyst form of E. histolytica

A

contains up to 4 nuclei and has cigar-shaped chromotoidal bars

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24
Q

what makes entamoeba gingivalis different from E. histolytica

A

gingivalis lives in the mouth and has no cyst stage

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25
Q

where does entamoeba coli live?

A

large intestine (colon)

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26
Q

describe the troph form of E. coli

A

exhibits sluggish random motility
contains one nucleus with an eccentric karyosome
uneven peripheral chromatin
contains ingested bacteria

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27
Q

describe the cyst form of E. coli

A 
contains up to 8 nuclei 
chromatoid bars (if present)
irregular with splintered cells
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28
Q

where does Endolimax nana live?

A

large intestine

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29
Q

how is Endolimax nana recognized?

A

characteristic nuclear structure (has a large eccentric karyosome “lump of coal”) seen in both the troph and cyst stages

cyst: can be ovoid
contains up to 4 nuclei
no chromatoidal bars

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30
Q

what does Entamoeba hartmanii look like?

A

entamoeba histolytica only smaller

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31
Q

is entamoeba hartmanii a pathogen?

A

no

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32
Q

what non-pathogen looks exactly like E. histolytica?

A

E. hartmanii

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33
Q

how is Iodamoeba butschlii most easily recognized?

A

in cyst form by the presence of a large glycogen body which will stain a golden brown with iodine

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34
Q

this parasitic amoeba can be a slight intestinal pathogen and causes mild diarrhea

A

dientamoeba fragilis

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35
Q

how is dientamoeba fragilis characterized?

A

only amoeba with two nuclei in troph stage

no cyst stage

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36
Q

name the parasites without a cyst stage

A

dientamoeba fragilis
entemoeba gingivalis
trichomonas vaginalis

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37
Q

what are Charcot-Leyden cystals?

A

refractile, long spicules produced by trauma to the GI tract that are indicative of the presence of intestinal parasites, particularly Entamoeba histolytica (causative agent of amebiasis)

38
Q

what are composed of the granules of ruptures eosinophils?

A

Charcot-Leyden cystals

39
Q

Name a species of free living amoeba that can cause a rapidly fatal form of meningitis in patients who have gone swimming and/or diving in stagnant water ponds

A

Naegleria fowlerii

40
Q

how are naegleria fowlerii best observed?

A

by examining CSF in a hemocytometer

41
Q

name the only parasitic member of the ciliate class

A

balantidium coli

42
Q

balantidium coli is normally a parasite of what animal?

A

hogs

43
Q

describe the troph form of balantidium coli

A

large organism with cilia containing a funnel shaped depression, a kidney bean macronucleus and smaller pear shaped micronucleus

44
Q

describe the cyst form of balantidium coli

A

also large but is more rounded and lacks external cilia

45
Q

name the most important parasitic flagellate

A

giardia lamblia

46
Q

what is the usual habitat of Giardia lamblia

A

doudenum

47
Q

describe the troph form of giardia lamblia

A 
bilaterally symmetrical 
pear shaped with oval concave ventral sucking disc,
2 nuclei
rod-like axostyle
numerous flagella
"falling-leaf" motility
48
Q

describe the cyst form of giardia lamblia

A

oval with up to 4 nuclei

49
Q

Chilomastix mesnili is what kind of flagellate?

A

commensal

50
Q

describe the troph form of chilomastix mesnili

A

distinct lateral curve to its body
single nucleus
cytostome

51
Q

describe the cyst form of chilomastix mesnili

A

lemon-shaped

single nucleus and cytostome

52
Q

what is the most common species of trichomonas?

A

trichomonas vagilis

53
Q

what is the largest species of trichomonas

A

trichomonas vagilis

54
Q

where does trichomonas vagilis inhabit?

A

urogenital system of both males and females

55
Q

describe the troph form of trichomonas vagilis

A

comparable in size to a seg

has prominent undulating membrane

56
Q

describe the cyst form of trichomonas vagilis

A

no cyst form

57
Q

how is T. vagilis transmitted?

A

sexual contact

58
Q

what are some problems associated with trichomonas vaginalis if left untreated?

A

sterility

59
Q

what specimen is trichomonas vaginalis most often isolated from?

A

urine

60
Q

what is an axostyle?

A

“backbone” of cell, gives support

61
Q

what is a blepharoplast?

A

conrols movement of flagella

62
Q

what is a cytostome?

A

cell “mouth” where particulate matter enters

63
Q

what is an undulating membrane?

A

motion of UM can direct particulate matter in cytostome

64
Q

in what class is Isospora belli? what is another name for an organism found in this class?

A

sporozoa

AKA cocidian

65
Q

where does Isospora belli live?

A

intestine of man and other animals

66
Q

Review the structure and characteristic host of the 4 morphological forms of blood flagellates?

A

Insects: crithidial form and leptomonad
Vertebrates: leishmanial form- no flagella (inracellular)
trypanosomal form- long anterior flagella iwth a central nucleus

67
Q

which form is also known as the Donovan ( or L-D) body?

A

leishmanial form

68
Q

All leishmanial occur in man as?

A

intracellular inclusions in macrophages

69
Q

this organism also occurs in man as intracellular inclusion in macrophages

A

trypanosoma cruzii

70
Q

what is the main invertebrate host of leishmania?

A

several species of sand flies

insect vectors

71
Q

what parasite causes African sleeping sickness?

A

trypanosoma gambiense - West African

trypanosoma rhodesiense - East African

72
Q

how is African sleeping sickness transmitted?

A

tsetse fly

73
Q

african sleeping sickness affects…

A

the CNS in the chronic form

74
Q

what is the vector of trypanosoma gambiense

A

sleeping sickness

tsetse fly

75
Q

what is the vector of trypanosoma cruzii

A

chagas disease

kissing bug

76
Q

what is the vector of leishmania donovani

A

kala-azar
visceral leishmaniasis LD bodies
sand flies

77
Q

what is the vector of Leishmania braziliensis

A

espundia

sand fly

78
Q

what is the vector of Leishmania tropica

A

oriental sore, Baghdad/Deli boils

sand flies

79
Q

characteristics of plasmodium vivax

A

prefers retics
RBC’s enlarged
Shuffner’s granules

80
Q

characteristics of

plasmodium flaciparum

A

applique forms and crescent shaped gametocytes
multiple infected cells are common
blackwater fever

81
Q

plasmodium ovale

A

cells are oval and fimbriated (irregular)

82
Q

plasmodium malariae

A

rosette appearance of merozoites and band trophozoites

83
Q

when is plasmodium motile?

A

when the microgametes undergo exflagellation- the sperm produced possess flagella for a brief period until fertilization occurs

84
Q

in plasmodium falciparum infections, complications of malaria are due to what? what is this form of malaria called and why?

A

vascular obstruction caused by “sticky” parasites in the capillary beds

called “black water fever” due to severe hematuria that occurs

85
Q

what are some general symptoms of malaria?

A

cyclic chills and fever
headaches
muscular aches
nausea

86
Q

what other protozoan can be confused with plasmodium falciparum? why are they easily confused? why must they be differentiated?

A

babesia microti due to its appearance in a peripheral blood smear
troph form of falciparum appears in a ring form and babesia appears as a maltese cross that looks similar to the ring form

must be differentiated due to the fact that malaria drugs are toxic and will have no affect on babesia

87
Q

how can toxoplasma gondii be contracted?

A

contact with infected cat feces

88
Q

how is toxoplasma gondii diagnosed?

A

serological techniques

classic test is Sabin-Feldman dye test

89
Q

what is the causative agent of a leading cause of death among AIDS patients

A

pneumocystis carinii (PCP pneumonia)

90
Q

pneumocystis carinii is likely to infect

A

immunocompromised patients

91
Q

this intestinal sprozoan can cause mild GI disturbances in man and other vertebrates

A

cryptosporidium which can not be killed by chlorination

92
Q

what is the best indentification test for cryptosporidium

A

acid fast stain on dried smears of a fecal speciemn- oocysts of this organism are acid-fast

special clinical microbiology (7 decks)

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