exam 2

Question 1

symbiosis

Answer 1

mutualism and commensalism

permanent association of two organisms that can’t exist independently

Question 2

mutualism

Answer 2

both organisms benefit

Question 3

commensalism

Answer 3

one organism benefits the other is unharmed

Question 4

facultative parasite

Answer 4

live both a free living and a parasitic existence during their life cycles

Question 5

obligate parasite

Answer 5

completely dependent upon host for existence

Question 6

what do ectoparasites cause?

Answer 6

infestation (flea, lice, etc. OUTside)

Question 7

what do endoparasites cause?

Answer 7

infections (worms, INside)

Question 8

definitive host

Answer 8

host in which the sexual stage of the life cycle occurs

Question 9

intermediate host

Answer 9

host in which the asexual stage of the life cycle occurs

Question 10

reservoir host

Answer 10

animals other than man which harbor human parasites

Question 11

what are the requirements for transmission of a parasitic infection?

Answer 11

source of infection, mode of transmission, the presence of a susceptible host

Question 12

what are the functions of ectoplasm of protozoan?

Answer 12

excretion, movement, obtaining food/phagocytize, protection

Question 13

what are the functions of the endoplasm of protozoan?

Answer 13

reproduction, digestion

Question 14

sarcodina (amoeba)

Answer 14

pseudopods (extension of ectoplasm)

Question 15

ciliate

Answer 15

cilia

Question 16

mastigophora

Answer 16

flagella

Question 17

sporozoa

Answer 17

non-motile

Question 18

what is a trophozoite?

Answer 18

(troph) the actively reproducing motile feeding stage (easily destroyed by unfavorable conditions, and can become a cyst in unfavorable conditions)

Question 19

what is a cyst?

Answer 19

inactive, nonmotile, nonfeeding stage with protective cell wall (infective stage)

Question 20

what is the most important parasitic amoeba?

Answer 20

entamoeba histolytica

Question 21

where does Entamoeba histolytica live?

Answer 21

large intestines (colon)

Question 22

describe the troph form of E. histolytica

Answer 22

exhibits progressive directional movement
contains one nucleus with a central karyosome
even-staining peripheral chromatin
may contain ingested RBC

Question 23

describe the cyst form of E. histolytica

Answer 23

contains up to 4 nuclei and has cigar-shaped chromotoidal bars

Question 24

what makes entamoeba gingivalis different from E. histolytica

Answer 24

gingivalis lives in the mouth and has no cyst stage

Question 25

where does entamoeba coli live?

Answer 25

large intestine (colon)

Question 26

describe the troph form of E. coli

Answer 26

exhibits sluggish random motility contains one nucleus with an eccentric karyosome uneven peripheral chromatin contains ingested bacteria

Question 27

describe the cyst form of E. coli

Answer 27

``` contains up to 8 nuclei chromatoid bars (if present) irregular with splintered cells ```

Question 28

where does Endolimax nana live?

Answer 28

large intestine

Question 29

how is Endolimax nana recognized?

Answer 29

characteristic nuclear structure (has a large eccentric karyosome "lump of coal") seen in both the troph and cyst stages cyst: can be ovoid contains up to 4 nuclei no chromatoidal bars

Question 30

what does Entamoeba hartmanii look like?

Answer 30

entamoeba histolytica only smaller

Question 31

is entamoeba hartmanii a pathogen?

Answer 31

no

Question 32

what non-pathogen looks exactly like E. histolytica?

Answer 32

E. hartmanii

Question 33

how is Iodamoeba butschlii most easily recognized?

Answer 33

in cyst form by the presence of a large glycogen body which will stain a golden brown with iodine

Question 34

this parasitic amoeba can be a slight intestinal pathogen and causes mild diarrhea

Answer 34

dientamoeba fragilis

Question 35

how is dientamoeba fragilis characterized?

Answer 35

only amoeba with two nuclei in troph stage | no cyst stage

Question 36

name the parasites without a cyst stage

Answer 36

dientamoeba fragilis entemoeba gingivalis trichomonas vaginalis

Question 37

what are Charcot-Leyden cystals?

Answer 37

refractile, long spicules produced by trauma to the GI tract that are indicative of the presence of intestinal parasites, particularly Entamoeba histolytica (causative agent of amebiasis)

Question 38

what are composed of the granules of ruptures eosinophils?

Answer 38

Charcot-Leyden cystals

Question 39

Name a species of free living amoeba that can cause a rapidly fatal form of meningitis in patients who have gone swimming and/or diving in stagnant water ponds

Answer 39

Naegleria fowlerii

Question 40

how are naegleria fowlerii best observed?

Answer 40

by examining CSF in a hemocytometer

Question 41

name the only parasitic member of the ciliate class

Answer 41

balantidium coli

Question 42

balantidium coli is normally a parasite of what animal?

Answer 42

hogs

Question 43

describe the troph form of balantidium coli

Answer 43

large organism with cilia containing a funnel shaped depression, a kidney bean macronucleus and smaller pear shaped micronucleus

Question 44

describe the cyst form of balantidium coli

Answer 44

also large but is more rounded and lacks external cilia

Question 45

name the most important parasitic flagellate

Answer 45

giardia lamblia

Question 46

what is the usual habitat of Giardia lamblia

Answer 46

doudenum

Question 47

describe the troph form of giardia lamblia

Answer 47

``` bilaterally symmetrical pear shaped with oval concave ventral sucking disc, 2 nuclei rod-like axostyle numerous flagella "falling-leaf" motility ```

Question 48

describe the cyst form of giardia lamblia

Answer 48

oval with up to 4 nuclei

Question 49

Chilomastix mesnili is what kind of flagellate?

Answer 49

commensal

Question 50

describe the troph form of chilomastix mesnili

Answer 50

distinct lateral curve to its body single nucleus cytostome

Question 51

describe the cyst form of chilomastix mesnili

Answer 51

lemon-shaped | single nucleus and cytostome

Question 52

what is the most common species of trichomonas?

Answer 52

trichomonas vagilis

Question 53

what is the largest species of trichomonas

Answer 53

trichomonas vagilis

Question 54

where does trichomonas vagilis inhabit?

Answer 54

urogenital system of both males and females

Question 55

describe the troph form of trichomonas vagilis

Answer 55

comparable in size to a seg | has prominent undulating membrane

Question 56

describe the cyst form of trichomonas vagilis

Answer 56

no cyst form

Question 57

how is T. vagilis transmitted?

Answer 57

sexual contact

Question 58

what are some problems associated with trichomonas vaginalis if left untreated?

Answer 58

sterility

Question 59

what specimen is trichomonas vaginalis most often isolated from?

Answer 59

urine

Question 60

what is an axostyle?

Answer 60

"backbone" of cell, gives support

Question 61

what is a blepharoplast?

Answer 61

conrols movement of flagella

Question 62

what is a cytostome?

Answer 62

cell "mouth" where particulate matter enters

Question 63

what is an undulating membrane?

Answer 63

motion of UM can direct particulate matter in cytostome

Question 64

in what class is Isospora belli? what is another name for an organism found in this class?

Answer 64

sporozoa | AKA cocidian

Question 65

where does Isospora belli live?

Answer 65

intestine of man and other animals

Question 66

Review the structure and characteristic host of the 4 morphological forms of blood flagellates?

Answer 66

Insects: crithidial form and leptomonad Vertebrates: leishmanial form- no flagella (inracellular) trypanosomal form- long anterior flagella iwth a central nucleus

Question 67

which form is also known as the Donovan ( or L-D) body?

Answer 67

leishmanial form

Question 68

All leishmanial occur in man as?

Answer 68

intracellular inclusions in macrophages

Question 69

this organism also occurs in man as intracellular inclusion in macrophages

Answer 69

trypanosoma cruzii

Question 70

what is the main invertebrate host of leishmania?

Answer 70

several species of sand flies | insect vectors

Question 71

what parasite causes African sleeping sickness?

Answer 71

trypanosoma gambiense - West African | trypanosoma rhodesiense - East African

Question 72

how is African sleeping sickness transmitted?

Answer 72

tsetse fly

Question 73

african sleeping sickness affects...

Answer 73

the CNS in the chronic form

Question 74

what is the vector of trypanosoma gambiense

Answer 74

sleeping sickness | tsetse fly

Question 75

what is the vector of trypanosoma cruzii

Answer 75

chagas disease | kissing bug

Question 76

what is the vector of leishmania donovani

Answer 76

kala-azar visceral leishmaniasis LD bodies sand flies

Question 77

what is the vector of Leishmania braziliensis

Answer 77

espundia | sand fly

Question 78

what is the vector of Leishmania tropica

Answer 78

oriental sore, Baghdad/Deli boils | sand flies

Question 79

characteristics of plasmodium vivax

Answer 79

prefers retics RBC's enlarged Shuffner's granules

Question 80

characteristics of | plasmodium flaciparum

Answer 80

applique forms and crescent shaped gametocytes multiple infected cells are common blackwater fever

Question 81

plasmodium ovale

Answer 81

cells are oval and fimbriated (irregular)

Question 82

plasmodium malariae

Answer 82

rosette appearance of merozoites and band trophozoites

Question 83

when is plasmodium motile?

Answer 83

when the microgametes undergo exflagellation- the sperm produced possess flagella for a brief period until fertilization occurs

Question 84

in plasmodium falciparum infections, complications of malaria are due to what? what is this form of malaria called and why?

Answer 84

vascular obstruction caused by "sticky" parasites in the capillary beds called "black water fever" due to severe hematuria that occurs

Question 85

what are some general symptoms of malaria?

Answer 85

cyclic chills and fever headaches muscular aches nausea

Question 86

what other protozoan can be confused with plasmodium falciparum? why are they easily confused? why must they be differentiated?

Answer 86

babesia microti due to its appearance in a peripheral blood smear troph form of falciparum appears in a ring form and babesia appears as a maltese cross that looks similar to the ring form must be differentiated due to the fact that malaria drugs are toxic and will have no affect on babesia

Question 87

how can toxoplasma gondii be contracted?

Answer 87

contact with infected cat feces

Question 88

how is toxoplasma gondii diagnosed?

Answer 88

serological techniques | classic test is Sabin-Feldman dye test

Question 89

what is the causative agent of a leading cause of death among AIDS patients

Answer 89

pneumocystis carinii (PCP pneumonia)

Question 90

pneumocystis carinii is likely to infect

Answer 90

immunocompromised patients

Question 91

this intestinal sprozoan can cause mild GI disturbances in man and other vertebrates

Answer 91

cryptosporidium which can not be killed by chlorination

Question 92

what is the best indentification test for cryptosporidium

Answer 92

acid fast stain on dried smears of a fecal speciemn- oocysts of this organism are acid-fast