Final Exam Flashcards
1
Q
nuchal crest
A
attachment point for nuchal muscles, which hold the head up
2
Q
Australopithecus anamensis
A
- found by M Leaky in 1994
- found at three different sites at Lake Turkana, Kenya
- 4.2-3.9 mya
- mix of primitive and derived features, definitely bipedal (tibia morphology)
3
Q
why is A. anamensis considered part of the hominid line?
A
- intermediate dentition
- bipedality based on tibia
- bipedality is not questioned
4
Q
why is A. anamensis potentially australopithecus?
A
- small body
- small brain
- prognathism
- mosaic features
- much too early for it to be homo
5
Q
Australopithecus afarensis
A
- found by Don Johanson
- found all over east Africa
- 3.9-3 mya
- “Lucy” 40% complete, 3.2 mya
- brain size 380-430 ccd
6
Q
A. afarensis compared to pan and homo
A
- primitive features, small brain, prognathic, strong nuchal crest
- derived features: intermediate sized canines
- short legs
7
Q
Laetoli footprints
A
- found by Mary leaky
- found in Laetoli, Tanzania
- 3.5 mya
- 3 individuals
- proved habitual bipedality
- A. afarensis
8
Q
sexual dimorphism in A. afarensis
A
- highly dimorphic or two species?
- 3.9-3 mya in east africa
- evidence for bipedality and climbing
- descendant of A. anamensis
9
Q
Australopithecus bahrelghazali
A
- found by Brunet
- found in Chad
- about 3.5 mya
- represented by a maxilla fragment only
10
Q
Kenyanthropus platyops
A
- M leakey in 1998
- west lake turkane, Kenya
- 3.5 mya (contemporaneous with A. afarensis)
- incredibly fragmented
- mosaic features in an unusual combination
- expanded matrix distortion
11
Q
Sterkfontein
A
- south african
- limestone site in Gautney province
- many Australopithecus and Homo remains
- 1/3 of homo remains ever found
12
Q
Gladysvale cave
A
- first excavated by Phillip tobais in 1946, who found a baboon fossil
- yielded A. africans and A robust us remains
13
Q
Australopithecus africanus
A
- found by Raymond Dart in 1924
- found in South african rock quarry “tuang child”
- estimated to be 5-6 years old
14
Q
traits of A. africanis
A
primitive traits
-poscranially similar to A. afarensis
derived traits
-less prognathic
-rounded cranium
-slightly larger brain
derived traits shared with modern humans
-large molars (but smaller than later australopiths)
-strong lower jaw
-nasal pillars (only present in south african specimens)
15
Q
“Mrs Ples”
A
- discovered by Broom in 1947 near sterkfontein
- most complete A afarensis ever found
- considered by some to be the south african counterpart of Lucy
16
Q
Piltdown hoax
A
-1912 piltodown man “found”
-hailed as evidence that humans evolved in England
-1923 questioned by Weidenrich
-1949 fluorine analysis indicates it as recent
1953 publicly exposed as a hoax
17
Q
Robust Australopithecines
A
-decrease in anterior tooth size
-increase of posterior tooth size, increase in enamel thickens
facial features
-flared zygomatics
-dish face
cranial features
-sagital crest
-larger cranial capacity
-post-orbital constriction
-cranial anatomy thought to be an adaptation for hard object eating
18
Q
Australopithecus aethiopis
A
- aka paranthropus aethiopicus
- found by Allan Waler in 1985
- found in West Lake Turkane, Africa
- 2.7-2.5 mya
- brain size 400 cc
19
Q
primitive traits of A. aethiopus
A
- temporalmandibular joint similar to A afarensis
- relatively prognathic
- large anterior tooth sockets, similar forum magnum position
20
Q
robust traits of A. aethiopus
A
- large molars
- large sagital crest
- dish face
21
Q
Australopithecus boisei
A
- found by M leaky
- found in Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania
- East African
- 2.3-1.2 mya
- the “hyper robust” robes
- biggest post canine dentition of any hominin
- brain size of 500-550 cc
22
Q
Australopithecus robustus
A
- found by Broom
- found in Sterkfontein, South Africa
- 2.0-1.5 mya
- anterior nasal pillars (like A. africanus)
- 530 cc
- sagital crest, flaring cheeks like A bosei
- very similar to A. boisei but perhaps less extreme
- is it a regional variant of the East African robusta?
- is it a sister taxa (not directly related)
- evolutionary dead end, went extinct
23
Q
Australopithecus gar hi
A
- named 1999
- found by White
- found in Bouri, Ethiopia
- means “surprise” in Ethiopia
- interesting anatomy
- large cheek teeth, anterior teeth are also large
- premolars and molars are bigger than A robust us, but smaller than A boisei
- very large canines
- doesnt fit in to any other species
24
Q
primitive traits of A. garhi
A
- small brain
- very prognathic
25
derived traits of A garhi
long legs relative to arms
26
derived traits of A garhi not shared with modern humans
- teeth larger than other gracile australopiths
| - sagittal crest
27
A garhi as first tool makers?
- 1999 White and Afsaw found fossilized remains of animals in association with stone tools
- bones date around 2.5 mya
- bones have cut marks
- if was first tool maker, it's not uniquely homo behavior
28
Australopithecus sediba
- 2008 Berger found two partial skeletons, Malapa cave RSA
- 2 mya or younger
- 420 cc brain size
- mix of australopithecine like and Homo-like traits
29
what characterizes the genus Homo?
- absolute brain size of 600 cc or more (leakys lower limit)
- possession of language
- ability to manufacture stone tools (earliest appear at 2.6 mya)
- possession of modern, human-like precision grip
30
Homo habilis
- Olduvai gorge 2.4-1.5 mya
- found by Louis and Mary Leaky in 1962 and 1964
- 630cc brain size
- "handy man"
- one important derived character that devides it from Australopithecus is the increase in size of anterior teeth and decrease in size of post canines
31
Homo habilis at East Turkana
- 1.8-144 mya
- robust face large back teeth
- possibly lived contemporaneously with Australopithecine species for 1 million years
- 775 cc cranial capacity
32
Homo rudolphensis
- discovered by Richard Leaky's team and Koubi 1972
- 1.9 mya
- 750-775 cc brain size
- large zygomatic bones, large back teeth
- basically bigger everything than H habilis
33
H habilis as a junk taxon
- many specimens
- highly variable morphology
- adaptive radiation
- are the hablines just a trash bin?
- most people recognize at least two species
- are the Australopithecus habilis
34
Archaeology of Early Homo: Oldowan stone tool industry
- earliest stone tool industry
- 2.6-1.7 mya
- lower paleolithic/early stone age
- also called mode 1
- manufacturers: A. garhi, H. habilis (?)
35
Osteodontokeratic Industry and the "killer ape" hypothesis
- Raymond Dart's less successful idea
- proposed tool kit of the australopithecines
- based on a jagged animal bone found
- hypothesis is now defunct
36
Homo erectus
- H. erectus hominins represtent a different grade of evolution than their more ancient predecessors (such as the australopithecines)
- grade isn't necessarily based on closeness of evolutionary relationship, but it does contrast organisms in a useful way
37
discovery of Asian Homo erectus
- first hominin to leave Africa
- discovered by Eugene Dubois in 1891 in Trinil, Indonesia
- "Java man"
- Panthropithecus erectus
- more finds at Zhoukoudian, China
- firmly established population by 1.7 mya
38
Davidson Black
- studied remains from Zhoukoudian, China
- lots of impressive material
- named species Sinanthropus pikensis
- specimins lost in buildup to WWII
- African species found much later in time, but do predate Asian specimens
39
Homo erectus as a new type of hominin
- east african specimens date 1.8 mya
- oldowan tool users
- lived in lake shorts, riversides, forests and grasslands
- meat eaters, scavengers rather than hunters
40
life and times of Homo erectus
- left africa about 1.8 mya
- from Kenya, they headed north and out of Africa
- earliest site, Dmanisi, Georgia
- earliest fossil sites are found on the island of java, Indonesia
41
common morphological traits of H. erectus
```
body size
-100 lbs average, 5'6"
-sexually dimorphic
-robust, heavily built
brain size and crania
-700-1250 cc
-thich cranium bone, large brow ridges, little forehead development
-cranium wider at base, compared with earlier or later forms
-sagittal keel
Homo erectus cranial anatomy
-thich cranial bone
-supraorbital torus
-occipital torus
-saggital keel (in asian species)
dental anatomy
-shovel shaped incisors
postcranail anatomy
-larger body size
-longer femur
```
42
East Lake Turkana 1.7 mya
- 848 cc cranial capacity
| - no longer the "oldest" H erectus found, but the oldest from Africa
43
Nariokotma (turkana) boy
-1.5 mya
8-12 yrs old
-880-910 cc brain size
44
Homo erectus remains in Gona area, Ethiopia
Date 1.3 mya
- small, apx 81 lbs
- female pelvis remains, first H erectus pelvis found
- very wide birth canal, including large-brained infants possible in uterus
45
Dmanisi 1.8-1.7 mya
- first possible emigrants out of africa
- 600-780 cc cranial capacity
- low brains case, wide base, saggital keeling
- now considered H erectus also
- Dmanisi H erectus
- most recently discovered cranium Dmnanis, almost totally lacking in teeth
46
Homo floresinesis
- discovered in 2003 on Flores
- one cranium
- partial skeletons of 9 individuals
- small body and brain
- thought to inhabit Flores from 90-13 kya
- crude stone tools
47
traits of Homo florensis
- no chin
- double mandibular torus (A. boisei trait)
- occiptial torus
- rotation of second premolar but 90 degrees
- congenital absence of upper 3rd molar
48
what are Homo florensis?
- pathological modern humans?
- a ne species?
- homo erectus meets island dwarfism
49
The Pleistocene
- ice age
- at least 15 major and 50 minor glacial advances documented in Europe
- climate, floral and faunal shifts impacted hominins
- middle 780-25 kya
- upper 25-10 kya
50
Glaciations
- confined to northern latitudes
- most dramatic effects in europe and northern asia
- climate fluctuates in asia and africa
- africa is drier
- changing food resources affect the hominins in africa and block migration routes
51
Interglacial periods
- temperatures are warmer, ice melted, and glaciers retreat towards polar regions
- interglacials on northern latitudes are associated with warmer temperature, while in souther latitudes the climate becomes wetter
52
what were the earliest "premodern" humans like?
```
H erectus characteristcs
-large face
-projecting brow
-low forehead
-thick cranial vault
more modern conditions
-increased brain size
-more rounded brain case
-more vertical nose
-less angled occipital
```
53
Homo heidelbergensis
- found in Germanh at Mauer in 1907
- 600-200 kya
- 1200-1400 cc brain size
- archaic homo sapiens?
54
H erectus --> H heidelbergensis
- brain expansion to 1200-1400 ccd
- H erectus: pentagonal cranium, narrower occipital angle
- H heidelbergensis: rounded cranium, widest point is higher up on the cranium, more open occipital angle
- another junk taxon?
55
Key premodern human fossils from africa (H. heidelbergensis)
```
Bodo, Ethiopia
-earliest example of H heidelbergensis, huge
-600 kya
-likely evidence of butchering
Kabwe, Zambia
-200-400 kya
-nearly complete skull, mosaic of features
-achulean tools
-cutmarks = cannibalism?
-1285 cc brain size
-massive brow ridge
-low vault
-prominent occipital torus
-very robust post crania
```
56
MP tools and culture
- advanced achulean technology
- some work in wood
- exploitation of marine resources
- simple dwellings
- cannibalism?
57
Schoningen, Germany
- 4 wooden spears found in mine
- 400 kyo
- oldest wooden artifacts
- oldest known weapons
- found with butchered wild horses
- Hominins as active hunters
58
Neandertal origins
- earliest "proto-neandertal" traits appeared in the mid-pleistocene with H heidelbergensis
- 350-135 kya: specimins with mixed H. h and Neandertal traits
- 135-35 kya: specimens with full suite of Neandertal traits (classic neandertals)
- 35-24.5 kya: specimens with mixed neandertal and AMH traits
59
Neandertal origins
- 135 kya: earliest full Neandertals
| - gradual accumulation of Neandertal traits
60
Accretion model
- gradual accumulation through time of Neandertal characters
| - no spitting event, Neandertals arose via anagensis
61
Homo neandertalensis
- skulls found in 1829 and 1848, but were not recognized as nonhuman
- 1856: neandertal 1 discovered
- different anatomy: large brains, reduction in robusticity
- opposition of virchow and boule
62
Neandertals 75-27 kya
- 1520 cc cranial capacity, low, long and bulging cranium
- occiptial bun
- marked occipital angle absent
- vertical (ish) forehead
- arching brow ridges, not straight ban
63
Suite of Neandertal Traits
1. en bombe cranium
2. suprainicae fossa
3. long, low cranium
4. retreating mandibular symphesis (no chin)
5. supraorbital torus (browridge) projects at midline
6. retromolar space
7. occipital bun
8. hugh nose (both wide and projecting)
9. no canine fossa
64
Neandertal postcrania
- broad, barrel chests
- conical rib cage
- ovoid glenoid fossa on scapula
- very robust muscle attachments
- femora curved front to back
- short distal limb line segments
- reflections of Bergmann's and Allens rules
65
Bergmann's rule (1847) body size patterns
higher latitudes have higher body weight than lower latitudes
66
Allen's rule (1877) limb proportions
those in cold climates tend to have shorter limbs than those in warm climates
-surface to volume ratio
67
Krapina, Croatia (130-110 kya)
1000 stone tools or flakes
| 1000 fragments representing around 70 individuals
68
Vindija, Croatia (42-32 kya)
- faunal, cultural, hominin remains
- smaller brow ridges
- slight chin development
- is there a link between vindija Neandertals and modern H sapiens?
69
Tabun cave, Israel (120-110 kya)
- female skeleton
| - contemporaneous with early modern H. sapiens found in nearby skeletons
70
Shanidar cave, Iraq
- male, 30-45 years old
- 5'7"
- 1600cc brain size
- trauma probably causing blindness
- severely damaged right arm, probably useless
- damage to legs
- right arm lower part and hand were missing
- would have had to have been cared for
71
Discoveries in central asia
- Teshile, Task Uzbekistan
- Neandertal child associated with moustrian tools
- Altai mountains, southern siberia 44-37 kya
- DNA analyses indicate Neadertal genetic pattern
- finger bone
72
-Neandertal technology
-mode 1: oldowan
-mode 2: acheulean
-mode 3: prepared core technology
many different types
Neandertals use several types of tools under the umbrella of stone tools
73
Settlements of Neandertals
- most of the mousterian culture lived in open sites, caves, and rock shelters
- winbreaks of poles and skin were placed at the cave opening for protection against severe weather
- fire was tool used for cooking, warmth, light and keeping predators at bay
74
subsistence of neandertals
- included hunting glare mammals, although less efficiently than modern humans
- no png distance weapons made more prone to serious injury
- exploited marine resources, gathering shellfish and hunting seals and dolphins
75
speech and symbolic behavior of Neandertals
- when fully modern language emerged will depend on recent genetic evidence
- neandertals were not limited by neurological differences
- positioning of vocal tract indicates speaking ability
- shape of hyoid bone is the same
- probably used pigment and jewelry for personal adornment
- probably capable of modern behavior
76
burials of neandertals
- deliberately buried their dead as early as 90,000 years ago at Tabun
- disposal of the dead evidenced at sima de los huesos, spain, dated to 400,000 years ago
- how modern humans differ from neandertals in terms of specific genes, genes are becoming known
77
Lagar Velho, Portugal
```
-no definite neandertal specimens have been found later than 30 kya
Lapedo child
-rock shelter
-24 kya
-4 yr old child
-grave goods
-some neandertal traits
```
78
Fate of the Neandertals
- iberian peninsula = "last refugia"
- latest sites are in spain and portugal
- several extinction hypotheses (outcompeted by AMH, extinction by violence, absorbed into AMH population by interbreeding)
79
modern human anatomy
- gracile anatomy (cranial and postcranial)
- brow ridges and other cranial features were not well developed
- house shaped skull
- large mastoid process
- canine fossa
- prominent chin
80
Omo Kibish Ethiopia (195 kya)
presence of a chin and modern cranial characteristics
81
Huerto, Ethiopia (160-154 kya)
- complete and incomplete crania older than equally modern H sapiens cranium
- 1450 cc cranial capacity
- heavy skull, arching brow ridge
- projecting occiptial protuberance
- "near modern"
- H sapiens idaltu (?)
- supports African origin of modern humans
82
multiregional model
- milford walpoff
- after initial dispersal of H erectus, humans evolved across world at once
- gene flow between populations
- no single locations where modern humans evolved first
83
recent african origin model
- chris stringer
- out of africa, replacement model
- replaced earlier hominin populations
- little to no gene flow or interbreeding
84
Reasons RAO could be correct
-anatomically odern humans appear in africa at the Levant 190-180 kya
-archeological and paleontological data from europe suggest co-occupation of te contingent by H neandertal and H sapiens 30 kya
but does that mean that neandertals contributed no genes to subsequent human populations?
85
partial replacement
- proposed by gunter brauer
| - earliest dates for African modern homo sapiens
