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Anthropology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

culture

A

sum of total learned traditions, values and beliefs that groups of people and a few highly intelligent animals have accumulated

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2
Q

participant observation

A

immersive study of culture

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3
Q

archaeology

A

the study of the material culture of past human societies

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4
Q

linguistics

A

study of the origin and use of language

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5
Q

physical/biological anthropology

A

the study of humans as biological organisms, considered in an evolutionary framework

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6
Q

human variation

A

terms of possible adaptive significance

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7
Q

anthropometry

A

study of the body and bones, and what information you take from that

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8
Q

skeletal biology

A

how bones affect movement, development of movement and what hormones affect that

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9
Q

paleopathology

A

study of disease in ancient human populations

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10
Q

paleoanthropology

A

the study of the fossil record of ancestral humans, look at changes in bone structure over time or the material culture over time

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11
Q

phylogenetics

A

ancestor dependent relationships

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12
Q

great chain of being

A

everything had one fixed form, hierarchy of species would never be changed

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13
Q

archbishop james Usher

A

came up with the idea to find the exact date of creation, looking to religion for explanation (sunday october 3 404 bc)

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14
Q

Carolus Linnaeus

A

father of taxonomy, classified by physical characteristics

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15
Q

Linnaean classification

A

domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

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16
Q

holotype

A

single physical example of an organism

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17
Q

Georges Louis Leclerc

A

law: despite similar environments, different regions have unique plants and animals, animals that migrate to a new place with a new climate change

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18
Q

Jean Baptiste Lamarck

A

inheritance of acquired characteristics

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19
Q

Georges Cuvier

A

naturalist and paleontologist, idea of catastrophism, first to introduce the idea of extinction

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20
Q

James Hutton

A

uniformitarianism, same geological processes we observe today were operating in the past

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21
Q

Charles Lyell

A

influenced by Hutton’s work, erosion, flooding all change the earth but change it at a gradual and constant pace, earth has to be old

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22
Q

Alfred Russel Wallace

A

came up with the idea that species change over time, rejected artificial selection as being related to natural selection, first one to propose that natural selection acts on individuals

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23
Q

Wallace Effect

A

natural selection can contribute to the reproductive isolation of incipient species by encouraging barriers to hybridization to form

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24
Q

Thomas Huxley

A

Darwins bulldog, stood up for Darwin, coined term “agnostic”

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25
Darwin's Theory
life on earth arose by evolution (descent with modification), the mechanism of evolution is natural selection, natural selection has no goals it is just a response to the current environment
26
reproductive success
number of offspring individual produces that live to reproductive age, contribute genetic material to the next generation
27
selective pressures
environmental factors that affect individuals reproductive success
28
Scopes trial of 1925
illegal to teach Darwinian evolution in schools
29
Gregor Mendel
father of the science of genetics, combined plant breeding and statistics, only had one phenotype to work with in garden pea experiments
30
allele
one or two forms of a gene
31
homozygous
two of the same allele at the same locus on a gene
32
heterozygous
two different alleles at the same locus on a gene
33
dominance
Mendel's principal, the relationship between two variant alleles of a single gene in which one allele masks the other
34
principle of segregation
Medel's principle, alleles occur in pairs because chromosomes occur in pairs
35
principal of independent assortment
Mendel's principle, the distribution of one pair of alleles into gametes does not influence the distribution of another pair
36
Mendelian inheritance
traits due to a single gene, traits are discreet
37
polygenic inheritance
traits due to multiple genes, traits are continuous
38
mulitfactorial inheritance
trait results from the action of genes and the environment
39
polygenic inheritance
characteristics that are governed by alleles at two or more loci, and each locus has an influence on the phenotype
40
heritability
the proportion of total phenotypic variability observed for a given trait can be ascribed to certain genetic factors
41
concordant
twins share a certain character
42
discordant
twins are dissimilar for that specific trait
43
pleiotropy
genes tend to have lots of functions
44
the Modern Synthesis
emphasized that mutation and natural selection contributed to evolution
45
secondary sex characteristics
traits that distinguish between sexes but aren't directly related to reproduction
46
sexual dimorphism
a phenotypic difference between males and females of the same species
47
stabilizing selection
selection against extremes and the individuals in the middle do well
48
disruptive selection
both extremes do well, but the mean does not, this can lead to speciation, it is the rarest form of selection
49
directional selection
one extreme does well and the other does not, population moves in one direction but can change directions
50
mutations
changes or mistakes in the copying of DNA, mutation rates are very slow
51
genetic drift
random loss or fixation of alleles from one generation to the next, not to be confused with mutation, has a big effect on smaller, more isolated populations
52
founder effect
new population is not representative of the larger population
53
gene flow
flow of alleles from one group to another through matings across population boundaries
54
macroevolution
refers to large scale evolutionary forces
55
classification
the ordering of organisms into categories, such as orders, families and genera, to show evolutionary relationships
56
homologous traits
structures that are shared by species on the basis of descent form a common ancestor
57
analogous traits
structures that look similar and have similar functions, but don't share an ancestral source
58
homoplasy
the process that leads to the development of analogous traits
59
analogies
similarities produced as separate evolutionary responses to roughly similar functional demands
60
evolutionary systematics
traditional approach, ancestors and descendants are traced through time, analysis of homologous characteristics
61
cladistics
attempts to make rigorous evolutionary relationships based solely on analysis oh shared derived characters
62
similarities
both are interested in tracing evolutionary relationships and in constructing classifications, both recognize that organisms must be compared using specific features, both approaches focus on homologous characters
63
differences
how characters are chosen, which groups are compared, interpretation of results
64
plesiomorphies
ancestral traits
65
symplesiomorphies
shared ancestral traits
66
apomorphies
derived traits
67
synapomorphies
shared derived traits
68
problems with evolutionary systematics
analyzing ancestral traits is not very informative, it's subjective
69
cladistics
focuses on characters that distinguish particular evolutionary lineages, derived traits
70
monophyletic
lineages sharing a common ancestor (clades)
71
paraphyletic
group consists of all the descendants of a hypothetical closest common ancestor minus one of more monophyletic groups of descendants
72
speciation
the evolutionary process by which new biological species arise, most basic process of evolution
73
three basic species questions
are the species real, what are they, why do they exist
74
biological species concept
emphasizes interbreeding and reproductive isolation
75
bse criticisms
does not account for hybridization, does not apply to asexually reproducing species, does not apply to paleospecies
76
geographic isolation
isolation caused by a geographical barrier
77
behavioral isolation
behavioral differences that interfere with mating
78
mate recognition
may not recognize other organism as a mate
79
intraspecific variation
defines variation accounted for by individual age, sex, etc
80
splitters
researchers who claim that speciation occurred frequently during hominid evolution
81
lumpers
assume speciation was less common and see much variation as being infraspecific
82
fossils
traces of ancient organisms that occur in many ways
83
perimineralization
empty spaces within an organism that fill with mineral rich groundwater which deposits minerals
84
casts/molds
organism is completely disolved, organism shaped hole in a rock
85
geological time scale
used by scientists to have something generalized for time periods
86
paleozoic
first vertebrates appear, all of the continents were still together
87
mesozoic
reptiles were the dominant land vertebrates, 83% of all things on the planet became extinct
88
cenozoic
tertiary and quaternary periods, 7 epochs paleocene, eocene, oligocene, miocene, pliocene, pleistocene and holocene
89
ecological niches
positions of species within their physical and biological environments together makes up the ecosystem
90
mammalian evolution
cenozoic era=age of mammals, underwent adaptive radiation after extinction of dinosaurs, developed large neocortex, longer periods of growth than reptiles
91
heterodent
mammal characteristic, teeth consists of incisors, canines, premolars and molars
92
endothermic
constant internal body temp
93
monotremes
primitive, egg laying mammals
94
marsupials
born in a fetal state, complete development in a maternal pouch
95
placental
longer gestation to allow for complex central nervous system, maternal development period
96
generalized characteristics
adapted for many functions, hands
97
specialized characteristics
limited to a narrow set of functions, feet
98
adaptive radiation
species or group will diverge into as many variations as adaptive potential and available niches will allow

Anthropology (3 decks)

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