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Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

primate characteristics

A

fur (body hair), longer gestational period followed by live birth, homeothermy, increased brain size, capacity for learning and behavioral flexibility

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2
Q

limbs and body plan of primates

A

tendency towards erect posture, prehensile hands and feet, tactile pads in ends of digits

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3
Q

diet and teeth of primates

A

lack of dietary specialization across order, generalized dentition

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4
Q

sight of primates

A

color vision, stereoscopic vision, forward facing eye sockets, visual information is transported to both hemispheres of the brain, organized into three dimensional images

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5
Q

stereoscopic vision

A

two fields of vision in each eye overlap, increased depth perception

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6
Q

brain of primates

A

expansion into visual and association areas of neocortex, expansion into areas associated with sensory and motor functions

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7
Q

maturation of primates

A

more efficient fetal nourishment, longer gestation, reduced number of offspring, delayed maturation, longer life span

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8
Q

learning of primates

A

greater dependence on flexible and learned behaviors, social groups and permanent association of adult males

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9
Q

behavior of primates

A

diurnal, persimmons can be nocturnal though

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10
Q

arboreal hypothesis of primate adaptation

A

most important factor in the evolution of primates, life in trees, prehensile hand is adapted to climbing trees, variety of foods

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11
Q

visual predation hypothesis of primate adaptation

A

primates may have first adapted to shrubs and stuff, forward-facing eyes enabled primates to judge distance when grabbing for insects

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12
Q

angiosperm radiation hypothesis of primate adaptation

A

flowering plants may have influenced primate evolution, suite of primate anatomical traits are a result of a demand for fine tactile and visual senses

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13
Q

primate teeth

A

omnivorous, incisors, canines, premolars and molars

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14
Q

dental formula of humans/apes/old world monkeys

A

2-1-2-3 (I-C-P-M)

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15
Q

dental formula of new world monkeys

A

2-1-3-3

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16
Q

locomotion of primates

A

most are quadrepedal, so they use all four limbs in their locomotion, arm seining and brachiation are common among apes

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17
Q

prehensile tails

A

found only among new world monkeys

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18
Q

old classification scheme

A

based on evolutionary systematics, prosimions like lemurs, lorises, tarsiers and anthropoids which are monkeys apes and humans

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19
Q

newer scheme

A

based on cladisitcs, strepsirhines (lemurs and lorises) and haplorhines (tarsiers, monkeys, apes and humans)

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20
Q

lemurs

A

exclusively found on madagascar, only primate native to madagascar, lots of different lemurs (60 species), either nocturnal or diurnal, arboreal and terrestrial, quadrupeds, vertical clingers and leapers, solitary or can live in groups up to 25

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21
Q

lorises

A

found on the african mainland, tarsiers: nocturnal, leapers and climbers, highly specialized, closely related to monkeys and apes but have a dry nose

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22
Q

anthropoids (monkeys, apes, and humans)

A

larger brain and body size, reduced reliance on sense of smell, increased reliance on vision, greater degree of color vision, bony plate on the back of the eye socket, blood supply to the brain is different that that of lemurs and lorries, fused mandible, longer gestation and maturation periods, generalized dentition, increased parental care, more mutual grooming

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23
Q

monkeys

A

represent about 85% of all primate species, divided into two groups separated by geography and 40 million years of evolutionary history

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24
Q

new world monkeys (platyrrhine=flat nosed)

A

approximately 70 species, outward facing nostrils, size diet and ecological adaptation vary, some possess prehensile tails, all are diurnal except for owl monkeys, semibrachiators, most live in mixed-sex groups of all ages

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25
old world monkeys (catarrhine=downward facing nostrils)
wide range of habitats (cercopithicade) cercopithecus: more omnivorous with cheek pouches, arboreal, mostly found in africa colobines: mainly eat leaves most are quadrapedal, primarily arboreal, sexual dimorphism, sexual swelling in females, ischial callosines
26
homoplasy between two groups of monkeys
owm and nwn have been separated for 40 million years, both arose in africa from a common ancestor, new world species rafter over on some land things
27
differences between apes and humans vs monkeys
larger body size, absence of tail, lower back is shorter and more stable, arms longer than legs (except for humans), anatomical differences in the shoulder joint, more complex behavior, more complex brain and cognitive ability, increased point of infant development and dependency
28
gibbons and siamangs (lesser apes)
live in southeast asia, smaller than other apes, not a lot of sexual dimorphism, brachiators, eat fruit, leaves, flowers, and insects, monogamous, very territorial
29
great apes
orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, bonobos, humans
30
orangutans
borneo and sumatra, almost completely arboreal, high level of sexual dimorphism, solitary, frugerious
31
gorillas (gorilla gorilla)
largest of the living primates, confined to the forest regions of central africa, males are up to 2100 lbs and females are up to 200 lbs, primarily terrestrial, knuckle walkers, one large silverback males, some females, offspring
32
chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)
equatorial africa, anatomically similar to gorillas, knuckle waking on the ground and brachiation in the trees, omnivores, large, fluid communities of as many as 50 controlled by an alpha male
33
bonobos (Pan paniscus)
only found in area south of zaiz river, population believed to only number a few thousand individuals, exploit the same foods as chimps, including occasional small mammals, male-female bonds constitute the societal core, sexuality includes frequent copulation throughout the females estrous cycle
34
humans (Homo sapiens)
only living species in family hominidae, typical primate teeth, dependence on vision for orientation to the world, flexible limbs and graspable hands, omnivorous diet, cognitive abilities are there exult of dramatic increases in brain size, bipedal
35
endangered primates
over half of living primates are endangered, habitat destruction, hunting for food, live capture for export or local trade
36
key questions of primate evolution
1. which patters of nonhuman primate behavior are the most important for understanding human evolution? 2. how are humans unique from primates? - which taxa are best? - humans share 98% of dna coding with chimpanzees
37
human behavioral shift
spending more time on the ground, exploiting other tools, selections for further adaptations, while other hominids were responding to different environmental pressures
38
classic study in 1960s
hominins are proposed to have similar social structure to that of baboons
39
brain and body size of humans
one characteristic that differentiates humans from other mammals
40
index of encephilization
relationship between brain and body size, central component of recent human evolution
41
cortex/neocortex
the correct covers the cerebral hemispheres and receives sensory information, expansion of the cortex in primates have been accounted for much of increase of brain size, in humans corte is reasoning, complex problem solving forethought and language, neocortex is more recently evolved and is involved in higher mental functions
42
language
nonhuman mammals haven't been considered capable of communication about external events, nonhuman animals use a closed system of communication
43
early models for cultural behavior,
learned, not passed biologically, human children/young primates learn lots of knowledge through observation rather than instruction
44
anthropocentric
viewing honhuman organisms in terms of human capability and emphasizing human importance over everything else
45
questions about fossil primates
1. what were the oldest primates like and how do they compare to the most primitive of the living primates? 2. who are the oldest members of the super family hominoidea and how do they compare to their modern counterparts?
46
derived traits of fossiles
orthograde (upright) body posture, forward facing eyes
47
eurochanta
superorder designated for the sister orders of tree shres, flying lemurs and primates
48
diversification of early mammals
took place in a global, tropical climate, and accompanied the emergence of modern plants, exact regions and precise pressures that caused adaptations are not known, earliest primate fossil evidence is 56 mya and earliest primate molecule evidence is 50-90 mya
49
cenozoic
``` PLEASE paleocene EXCUSE eocene OLIVER oligocene MY miocene PITIFUL pliocene PALE pleistocene HOMBRE holocene ```
50
paleocene
65 million hers ago, early primate-like mammals (plesiadapaforms)
51
eocene
55.8 million years ago, first true primates (prosimians)
52
oligocene
33 million years, early catarrhines, precursors to monkeys and apes
53
miocene
23 million years ago, monkeys and apes emerge, first human-like creatures emerge
54
pliocene
5.3 million years ago, early humans diversify
55
pleistocene
1.8 million years ago, early homo develops
56
holocene
0.01 million years, current epoch
57
crown group
all the taxa that come after the major speciation event
58
stem croup
the taxa in a clade before a major speciation even
59
origin of primates time period
between 90 and 65 million years ago
60
archaic primates
major radiation of archaic primates, plesiadapaforms, occurred 65-52 million years ago, best known from fossils found in the american west
61
purgatorius
found in montana in deposits thought to be 63 million hers old, diurnal insectivores
62
plesiadapae
chipmunk sized mammals, incisors were not continuously growing and did not self sharpen like those of a rodent, perhaps lived on leaves and fruit, originated in north american and colonized in europe via a land bridge across greenland
63
carpolestes
fruit stealer
64
altialtlasius
possible earliest known primate from a handful of teeth in morocco, no other terrestrial mammals are known from this time in africa, comparisons are therefore difficult
65
early eocene primates emerge
55.8-33 million years ago, mammals existed with distinct primate features, greater index of encephilization, postorbital bar, nails instead of claws, opposable big toe, features suggest adaptation to warmer and wetter climate
66
early eocene primate features
chinese fossils have three features: forward rotation of eyes, cranium shows small eye sockets, all weighing less than 1 oz
67
continental isolation of early primates
north american and asia were connected and shared species, africa antarctica australia and south america were all isolated by water, rapid diversification for all mammals
68
lemur-like adapoids
most primitive or euprimate, amphithecids of asia
69
afridapids
largest non anthropoids primate mown from afro arabia
70
adapis
first nonhuman fossil primate named, fist described by georges cuvier who believed "man" did not exist, primitive dental formula (2.1.43), wet nose, quadruped
71
lorisoids
earliest example of stresirhine, found in late eocene deposits of the fane depression, indicate stem strepsirhines initially evolved on the african mainland
72
tarsier-like omomyids
earliest haplorhinne group, 55 million years ago, found in asia, europe and north america
73
true anthropoids
most fossils are from oligocene, fayum depression
74
y-5 molar pattern
molars that have 5 cusps, oriented in a manner forming a y-shaped groove patter on the surface
75
bilophodonty
molars that have four cups in a rectangle pattern
76
paleoprimatologist
a person who specializes in the study of the nonhuman primate fossil record
77
parapithecus
antrapoids most commonly related to the ancestry of New World monkeys
78
aegyplopithecus
genus has historically been proposed as the ancestor of both old world monkeys and hominids
79
saddanius
recently proposed as last ancestor of both own and hominids
80
homunculus
middle miocene descendent of the earliest platyrrhine radiation
81
old world monkeys vs ape characteristics
old world monkeys: narrow nose and palate, smaller brain, bilophodont molars, smaller average body size, longer torso, shorter arms, tails
82
proconsul
africa, 20-27 million years ago, fruit eating, probably lived in rainforest to open woodland, 10-150 lbs, generalized cranium, y-5 dental pattern, adapted to quadrupedal locomotion, no tails
83
pliopithecus
europe, 19 million years ago, diet of relatively tough foods, found the skull of a female, no sagital crest, temporaral lines, suspensory locomotion, short tail
84
dryopithecus
12-9 million years ago, long arms, large hands, long fingers, arboreal, brachiators, diet of fruits and leaves, y-5 molars
85
anoiapithecus
heavy brow ridge, low forehead, large canines, very short face, flat faced
86
ouranopithecus
powerful jaws, small canines, thick molars, diet of hard foods, sexual dimorphism compatible to modern gorilla
87
sivapithecus
70-150 lbs, india, palesitine, nepal, arboreal
88
hominin
earliest evidence of hominins dates back to the end of the miocene era and includes dental and cranial pieces
89
distinctive characteristics of early hominins
bipedal locomotion, large brain size, toolmaking behavior
90
mosaic evolution
a pattern of evolution in which the rates of evolution in one functional system may vary from those in other systems
91
hominoids
all humans and apes
92
homins
reflects evolutionary relationships
93
biocultural evoltuion
archaeologists study material culture, culture is an adaptive strategy involving cognition, politics, social and economic aspects
94
taphonomy
the study of the decay of organisms one time, and for fossilization of organic material
95
context
the environmental eating where an archaeological trace is found
96
primary context
the setting in which the trace was originally deposited
97
olduvai gorge
excavations from 1930s to wary 1980s, paleontological evidence of more that 150 species of extinct animals
98
relative dating
whether or not an object is older or younger than anoterh object, not an idea dating method
99
chronometiric
exact daating
100
statigraphy (relative)
law of superposition, lower stratum is older than a higher stratum, but disturbances can shift objects
101
fluorine analysis (relative)
applies to bones to asses the amount of fluorine in groundwater incorporated during fossilization
102
dendrochronology (relative)
tree ring dating, dating based on the analysis of tree rings in wood, about one ring per year
103
potassium/argon
1-5 million year range, decay of potassium into argon gas, best examples include ricks heated extremely high like by volcanic activities
104
carbon 14
only works with organic materials, 1,000-60,000 year range, might be useful sometimes
105
thermoluminesence
relies upon the principle of radiometric decay, stone contains trace amounts of radioactive elements, heating the stone releases the displaced beta particles that glow
106
biostrataphy
faunal correlation
107
pre-australopithecus
earliest possible hominins, 6-4.4 million years ago
108
australopithecines (genus Australopithecus)
diverse forms 4.2-1.2 million years ago
109
genus homo
tool users, several species, 2-present
110
facial prognathism
the degree the which the face projects in front of the brain cape
111
sectorial premolar complex
a combination of canine and first premolar teeth that forms a self sharpening apparatus
112
diastema
space between two teeth
113
postcanine megadontia
big back teeth
114
parabolic dental arcade
like humans
115
u shaped dental arcade
like apes
116
pre-australopithecus, 3 debated genera
sahelantrhopus, orrarin, ardipithecus
117
sahelanthropus tenadensis
named july 2002, location chad, estimated age 6-7 million years old, cranial remains only, dated using index fossils, facially resembles younger species and has smaller canines but the location of forensum magnum and the brain size, u shaped dental arcade, could be an ancestor to living gorillas if not a hominin
118
orrorin tugenesis
millenium man, discovered in 2000 named in 2001 location western kenya, estimated age 6 million years old
119
genus ardipithecus
ardipithecus kadabba and ar. ramidus discovered in 1994 (ramidus) and 2004 (kadabba) found by white, afar triangle ne ethiopia, may be as old as 5.8 million years old (kaddabba) but solid evidence for 4.4 (ramidus)
120
genus arditpithecus pan or ar??
not pan because anterior position of forearm magnum, smaller canines, no functioning honing complex, post cranial megadontia which is not a pan trait, no ar. because not fully bipedal, opposable big tied, long arms, thinner enamel on teeth

Anthropology (3 decks)

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