Final Exam Flashcards
electron
atomic particle with a negative charge
free radical
particle with an unnatural number of electrons
dimer
molecule composed of two monomers
rough ER (function)
synthesizes lipids
covalent bond
sharing of electrons between atoms
(CH2O)n
molecular formula of a carbohydrate
cilia
moves material over surface of a cell
mitochondrion
ATP producing organelle
catalyst
speeds up chemical reactions
amino acid
has a carboxyl, amino and r-group
solute
particles dissolved in a solvent
ribosome
binds to RNA and synthesizes protiens
isotonic
equal osmotic pressure on both sides
matrix
material between cells in a tissue
lysosome
vesicle containing digestive enzymes
how many electrons are found only in the second electron shell of an atom?
8
what tissue type has superficial cells connected to a basement membrane?
epithelial
which organelle is responsible for the synthesis of ATP molecules?
mitochondria
which atomic bond involves the transfer of electrons from one atom to another?
ionic bond
which molecule is organic: H2O CO2 NH3 CH4
CH4
what type of tissue has the ability to contract?
muscle
which concept is part of cell theory:
all cells came from pre-existing cells;
cells were derived from non-living molecules billions of years ago;
all cells possess a nucleus with genetic material;
all cells perform photosynthesis
all cells came from pre-existing cells
what is the function of cholesterol in the body?
main component of steroid hormones
what type of cell transport does NOT need ATP?
osmosis
which of the following substances is a carbohydrate: sucrose maltase keratin cholesterol
sucrose
what molecule is made of a large lipid and a small protein?
proteolipid
which of these organelles has a double phospholipid bilayer: rough ER nucleus golgi apparatus flagella
nucleus
which organelle is responsible for the synthesis of cellular carbohydrates?
golgi apparatus
which property of water allows humans to lose large quantities of heat through the evaporation of sweat?
thermal stability
what is the name of the organelle that organizes the shape of the cytoskeleton?
centrioles
True/False:
stratified squamous epithelial tissue is often used for secretion
False
True/False:
substances that dissolve in water are hydrophobic
false
True/False:
a cell that grows to twice its former volume has twice its former surface area
false
True/False:
a mole is a number equal to 5.02x10^23
false
True/False:
cytosol is the gelatinous fluid component of cytoplasm
true
True/False:
proteins are responsible for cellular movement
true
True/False:
RNA molecules are smaller than DNA molecules
true
True/False:
for a triglyceride to be saturated, all three fatty acids in it have to be saturated
true
True/False:
in osmosis, solute particles move from low to high concentations
false
True/False:
particles in a colloidal mixture are less than 1nm in size
false
carbon has an atomic number of 6, oxygen has number 8, and hydrogen has 1. calculate the weight of one mole of the triglyceride C55H101O6
ANSWER
what are the three types of subatomic particles and what charges do they have?
proton (+)
neutron (0)
electron (-)
draw an atom with an atomic number 12 and atomic weight 24. fill in the electron shells and label the number of protons and neutrons
SEE TEST
what is the matrix of a tissue and what is it composed of?
ANSWER
what is the Fluid Mosiac Theory of cell membranes?
ANSWER
Name and describe the shapes of cells found in epithelial issue
squamous: flat shaped, the nucleus is on top, similar shape to a fried egg
columnar: tall cells, nucleus is in the middle
cubodial: square/ cube shaped, the nucleus is in the middle
define the conformation of a protein
ANSWER
define the denaturation of a protien
ANSWER
what is the name of the structure that anchors cilia and flagella to a cell?
ANSWER
what are the 3 most common elements of the body?
hydrogen, carbon, oxygen
what are the 3 types of cartilage and how tough or elastic are they?
ANSWER
what is the difference between integral and peripheral proteins?
ANSWER
define hydrophilic
molecules that bind/ form bonds with water
define hydrophobic
molecules that do not bind/ form bonds with water
define amphiphillic
molecules that have the ability to bind/ form bonds with water or not
what are the 3 protein filaments that make up the cytoskeleton and which is the thickest?
ANSWER
what do the prefixes mono-, poly-, and oligo- mean?
mono: one
poly: many
oligo: few
why are saturated fats solid and unsaturated fats liquid at room temperature?
ANSWER
explain why a larger surface area-to-volume ratio is good for a cell and how that limits cell size.
ANSWER
how many amino acid types are found in human proteins an how many amino acids in a chain make up a protein?
there are 20 amino acid types that are found in human proteins. a combination of 50 amino acids make up a chain.
what are the differences between symports, antiports, and uniports?
symports: brings 2 things into the same direction
antiports: brings things into 2 different directions
uniports: allows things to pass through a membrane in one direction
what is a hydration sphere?
ANSWER
what is the difference between synthesis, decomposition, and exchange reactions?
synthesis: two or more smaller molecules are joined together to make a larger molecule (A+B –> AB)
decomposition: a larger molecule is broken up into at least 2 smaller molecules (AB –> A+B)
exchange: a molecule is broken down into at least 2 parts but the elements are also exchanged (AB+CD –> AC+BD)
Describe the cell actions during pinocytosis
ANSWER
Describe the cell actions during phagocytosis
ANSWER
Describe the the cell actions during excocytosis
ANSWER
list the 6 physical properties of water
solvency cohesion thermal stability adhesion polarity chemical reactivitiy
explain the differences in shape and function of microvilli, cilia, and flagella
ANSWER
list the 7 functions of proteins in the body
ANSWER
** Compare and contrast diffusion and osmosis. Describe how particles flow in each, way they move the way they do and under what conditions they both reach equilibrium.
ANSWER
** describe the 4 levels of protein structure including what bonds are formed in each and why it makes those bonds.
ANSWER
Hematoma
blood clot
stratum corneum
epidermal layer of dead keratnized cells
endosteum
lines the medullary cavity of long bones
tendon
connects muscle to bone
exocrinw
gland that secretes through a duct
hair shaft
portion of the hair outside the epidermis
Haversian canal
carries blood vessels and nerves through compact bone
hyperplasia
tissue growth through cell multiplication
hypodermis
mostly composed of adipose tissue
synarthrosis
non moveable joint
gomphosis
tooth socket joint
multiaxial
allows movement in 3 planes
solubility product
necessary for calcium deposition
bursae
contains synovial fluid and cushions outside out joints
fibrosis
replacement of damaged cells with FCT
which bone shape do the vertebrae have?
irregular
which layer of the epidermis is only found in thick skin
stratum lucidum
what are the fibers of collagen that extend into bone matriz from the periosteum called?
perforating fibers
what type of tissue change involves sudden death due to loss of blood supply?
infarction
what type of movement can be performed with a ball-and-socket joint?
circumduction
which cell does not come from an osteogenic cell: osteoblasts osteoclasts fibroblasts chondroblasts
osteoblasts
which is not a pigment found in the integument? hemoglobin carotene melanin myoglobin
myogloblin
in bone tissue, what is the name of the chamber the osteocytes sit in?
lacunae
what is an example of a cartilaginous joint?
between vertebral bodies
where will you find the zone of hypertrophy?
in the metaphysis
which of the following is not one of the formed elements of blood adipocytes erythrocytes leukocytes platlets
adipocytes
which gland type produces earwax?
cercuminous
which hormone reduces blood calcium by stimulating osteoblasts?
calcitonin
which is not a feature of a synovial joint: synarthrosis meniscus joint capsule synovial fluid
synarthrosis
what is the smooth muscle bundle that causes hairs to stand on end?
arrector pili
True/False:
skin and bones are constantly growing new tissue
true
True/False:
the periostieum of a bone and the tendon of a muscle are made of the same tissue
true
True/False:
in thin skin, there are no sweat glands
false
True/False:
eumelanin produces red/ blond hair
false
True/False: third class levers have a high mechanical advantage
false
True/False:
inversion and eversion are motions of the hands
false
True/False:
all synovial joints are diarthroses
false
True/False:
lanugo hair is found on fetuses
true
True/False:
yellow marrow is only found in the epiphyses of bones
false
True/False:
all diarthrosis are synovial joints
true
put the following in chronological order: osteoblast, spongy bone, osteogenic cell, osteoid tissue, compact bone.
osteogenic cell osteoblast osteoid tissue spongy bone compact bone
Draw a hair in lateral view and in cross section and label the following parts: shaft, root, bulb, and then medulla, cortex and cuticle
SEE DRAWING
define abduction
movement away from the midline of the body
define adduction
movement towards the midline of the body
define flexion
bending motion that decreases the angle
define extension
extending motion that increases the angle
name the 3 stages of hair growth and what occurs in each stage
anagen: new hair follicle begins to grow
catagen: old hair follicle dies and new follicle grows within the same spot
telegen: resting stage. old hair is pushed out by new hair
name the 4 cutaneous glands and what they secrete
merocrine- sweat
- apocrine- sweat
- sebaceous- sebum
- ceruminous- earwax
in what organs are calcitriol, calcitonin, and parathyroid hormones made?
ANSWER
name the three cell types found in the stratum basale of the epidermis and what their functions are.
ANSWER
what are the three types of cartilage?
hyaline
fibrocartilage
elastic cartilage
what are the three types of muscle tissue?
skeletal muscle tissue
cardiac muscle tissue
smooth muscle tissue
what are the organic and inorganic components of bone matrix?
organic: 1/3, protein and collagen
inorganic: 2/3, hydroxipate, calcium, phosphate and sodium
what is the difference between amphiarthroses, diarthroses, and synarthrosis?
amphiarthroses: some movement
diarthroses: broad movement
synarthrosis: no movement (little, if any)
describe or draw a first class lever
EFR, RFE
the fulcrum is in the middle
describe or draw a second class lever
FRE, ERF
the resistance is in the middle
describe or draw a third class lever
REF, FER
the effort is in the middle
what is the difference between sereous, mucous and cytogenic glands?
ANSWER
what is the difference between appositional and interstitial growth?
appositional: the cells are near the surface and grow towards the surface
interstitial growth: cells are in the middle and grow in both directions (ex. scar tissue)
name the pairs of bones that form a condyloid joint
ANSWER
