Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A&P1 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

review for exam #2

1
Q

What are the functions of connective tissue?

A 
Binding of organs
support (bones of the body)
physical protection (trauma)
immune protection
movement
storage
heat production
transport
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the difference between FCT and the other connective tissues (cartilage, bone, blood)?

A

FCT has more fibers than ground substance within the matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the cell types found in FCT? What are the fiber types?

A 
fibroblasts
macrophages
leukocytes
plasma
mast cells
adipocytes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the fiber types found in FCT?

A

collagenous
reticular
elastic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the most common protein fiber in the body?

A

collagen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the ground substance in FCT?

A

stuff that occupies the space between cells and fibers.

Gelatinous consistency, made of proteoglycans and glycoprotiens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the difference between loose and dense FCT?

A

in loose FCT much of the space is taken up by ground substance. (in dense, more fiber)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the three types of loose FCT?

A

collagenous
reticular
elastic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the two types of dense FCT?

A

regular and irregular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

define fibroblasts

A

a connective tissue cell that produces collagen fibers and ground substance.
(the only type of cell in tendons and ligaments)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

define chondroblasts

A

cell that grows cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

define osteoblasts

A

bone forming cell that arises from an osteogenic cell, deposits bone matrix and eventually becomes an ostetocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the difference between cartilage and the other types of connective tissue?

A

cartilage has little to no blood vessels and has a flexible rubbery matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are the three types of cartilage?

A

hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which is strongest type of cartilage?

A

Fibrocartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

which type of cartilage is the most elastic?

A

elastic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the two types of bone?

A

spongy & compact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where will you find spongy bone?

A

in the heads of long bones

and the middle layer of flat bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the function of a Haversian canal?

A

to allow blood vessels and nerves to travel through the bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are lamellae?

A

spaces where cells can develop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is an osteon?

A

a central canal and its surrounding lamellae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is an osteocyte?

A

mature bone cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How does an osteocyte get nutrients if it is entrapped in solid calcium crystal matrix?

A

cannaliculi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

layer of FCT covering the surface of a bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the formed elements of blood?

A

(make up blood: plasma, cells, and cell fragments)

erythrocytes- RBC
Leukocytes- WBC
platlets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the ground substance of blood?

A

plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the three parts of a neuron? What are their functions?

A

soma- cell body, contains the nucleus
dendrites- short, branched processes extending from the soma to receive signals from other cells
axon- nerve fiber, transmits signals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are neuroglia?

A

glial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the different functions of neuroglia and neurons?

A

Neuroglia: protect and assist neurons - (housekeeping for neurons) provide support, chemical and immune protection

Neurons: receive and transmit information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the three types of muscle cells?

A

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Where will you find each type of muscle cell?

A

Skeletal: attached to bones
Cardiac: heart
Smooth: hollow parts of the body (stomach, blood vessels)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

How is each type of muscle cell shaped?

A

skeletal: long, striated, multiple nuclei
cardiac: “Y” shaped, intercalated discs
smooth: 1 nuclei, squamous shaped

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are the three types of intercellular junctions?

A

Tight, Desmosome, Gap

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is an intercalated disc?

A

gap junctions and desmosomes that join two cardiac muscle cells end to end

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is a gland?

A

a cell or organ that secretes substances for use somewhere else or for elimination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are the two types of glands based on destination of secretions?

A

Endocrine gland & Exocrine Gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are the three types of secreted material?

A

sereous, mucous, cytogenic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What are the two methods of secretion?

A

Merocrine, holocrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is the difference between secretion and excretion?

A

secretion: useful to the body
excretion: waste product, not useful

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What are membranes?

A

layer of tissue used to line an organ or cover something

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is the difference between cutaneous, mucous and serous membranes?

A

Cutaneous: skin (outside)
Mucous: internal, lines passageways that open to the exterior
Serous: internal. lines the insides of some body cavitites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is the difference between hypertrophy and hyperplasia?

A

Hypertrophy: enlargement of preexisting cells
Hyperplasia: cell growth through multiplication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

How are hypertrophy and hyperplasia similar?

A

both are an enlargement of cells

one is by numbers, the other by size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is the difference between atrophy, necrosis and apoptosis?

A

Atrophy: shrinkage in tissue because of cell size or number
Necrosis: premature, pathological death of a tissue due to trauma, toxins, or infection
apoptosis: programmed cell death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

How are atrophy, necrosis and apoptosis similar?

A

the cell is becoming smaller

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What is the difference between regeneration and fibrosis?

A

regeneration is the making of the same type of cell

fibrosis is the replacement of cells with collagen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

How are regeneration and fibrosis similar?

A

cells die

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What are the parts of the integumentary system?

A

the skin, hair, nails, and glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What are the functions of skin?

A 
resistance to trauma and infection
other barrier functions
Vitamin D synthesis
sensation
thermo-regualtion
nonverbal communication
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What is the difference between skin types? (Thick/Thin)

A

thick skin covers the palms, soles of feet, surfaces of fingers and toes. contains sweat glands
thin skin covers the rest of the body, contains hair follicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What are the 2 layers of the skin?

A

epidermis

dermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What is the hypodermis?

A

underlies the dermis but isn’t a true layer of the skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

SKIN:

What occurs in those layers and what tissues will you find there?

A

ANSWER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What are the 5 strata of the epidermis?

A 
stratum basale
stratum spinosum
stratum granulosum
stratum lucidum
strartum corneum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What cells will you find in the strata of the epidermis?

A

stem, melanocytes, tactile (merkal) cells, dendritic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What pigments color the skin and hair?

A

melanin, carotene, hemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What is horripilation?

A

goosebumps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

How do hair and nails grow similar to skin?

A

older cells/ strands of hair are pushed out by newer cells/ strands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

How does follicle shape affect hair growth?

A

the shape of the follicle determines what kind of hair you will have (wavy, curly, straight, etc.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What are the three types of hair on humans?

A

Lanugo
Vellus
Terminal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

What are the three sections of a hair?

A

Bulb
Root
Shaft

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What are the three stages of hair growth and what happens in each?

A

anagen, catagen, telegen

anagen: stem cells from the bulge in the follicle multiply and travel downward, pushing the dermal papilla deeper into the skin and forming the epithelial root sheath.
catagen: mitosis in the hair matrix ceases and sheath cells below the bulge die. The hair is now known as a club hair.
telegen: the papilla reaches the bulge, the hair goes into a resting period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

What cells are nails made of?

A

dead cells filled with keratin fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

What are the functions of nails?

A

tools, manipulation, protect from impact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

What are the sections of a nail?

A

Free edge, nail body, nail groove, nail fold, lunule, cuticle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Where will you find the various cutaneous gland types?

A

Apocrine: groin, anal region, armpit, areola
merocrine: palms, soles, forehead

67
Q

What is produced in apocrine and merocrine sudoriferous glands?

A

sweat

apocrine: hair

68
Q

What is produced in ceruminous, sebaceous, and mammary glands?

A

ceruminous: earwax
sebaceous: sebum (oily secretion)
mammary glands: milk

69
Q

What are the 7 functions of the skeletal system?

A 
support
protection
movement
electrolyte balance
acid-base balance
blood formation
70
Q

What are the 4 bone shapes?

A

Long, Short, Flat, Irregular

71
Q

What is the difference between spongy and compact bone?

A

spongy bone has visible spaces within it, compact bone does not

72
Q

Where is spongy bone found?

A

at the heads of bones

73
Q

Where is compact bone found?

A

outer shell of bones (makes medullary category)

74
Q

What are the structures in an osteon?

A

osteocyte, cannilicucli, lamellae

75
Q

What is the difference between epiphyses and diaphyses?

A

epiphyses: heads of the bones (ends)
diaphyses: the shaft of the bone (middle part in between epiphyses

76
Q

What is the medullary cavity?

A

cavity/ space that contains the bone marrow

77
Q

What are nutrient foramina?

A

tiny wholes in the bones that allow blood vessels to pass through

78
Q

What is the difference between periosteum and endosteum?

A

periosteum is the layer that externally covers a bone. the endosteum is inside the bone and lines the internal marrow cavity.

79
Q

What are perforating fibers?

A

collagen fibers that are continuous with the tnedons that bind muscle to bone and extend & penetrate into the bone matrix

80
Q

Why is the periosteum so important for bone growth?

A

it contains an inner osteogenetic layer that contains bone forming cells

81
Q

What are osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts?

A

types of bone cells

82
Q

Function of osteogenic cells

A

stem cells that that give rise to most other bone cells

83
Q

Function of osteoblasts

A

creates bone

84
Q

Function of Osteocytes

A

reabsorb or deposit bone matrix

85
Q

Function of Osteoclasts

A

dissolves bone

86
Q

What are the different marrow types and where are they found?

A

red & yellow

inside the marrow cavity of long bones, paces in spongy bone and larger central canals

87
Q

How is bone made during intramembranous ossification? ****

A

ANSWER

88
Q

How is bone made during Endochondral ossification? ****

A

ANSWER

89
Q

What is metaphysis and what happens in its 5 zones?

A

Metaphysis: the transition of cartilage to bone at each end of the primary marrow category

Zone of reserve Cartilage: consists of hyaline cartilage that hasn’t shown signs of transforming
Zone of cell proliferation: chondrocytes multiply and arrange into longitudinal columns of flattened lacunar
Zone of cell hypertrophy: chondrocytes cease division and enlarge
Zone of calcification: minerals are deposited in the matrix between the columns of lacunae and calcify the cartilage
Zone of bone deposition: the walls of the lacunae break down and chondrocytes die. blood vessels invade, osteoblasts line up

90
Q

What is the difference between appositional and interstitial growth?

A

appositional: cells are near the surface and grow towards it

interstitial growth: cells are in the middle and grow outwards

91
Q

What minerals make up bone matrix?

A

1/3 organic and 2/3 inorganic matter

organic: collagen and protein-carbohydrate complexes
inorganic: hydroxyapatite, calcium carbonate, lesser amounts of magnesium, sodium, potassium, fluoride, sulfate, carbonate, and hydroxide ions

92
Q

What is a calculus?

A

ANSWER

93
Q

What are the effects of hypocalcemia and hypercalcemia?

A

hypocalcemia: calcium deficiency
hypercalcemia: blood calcium excess

94
Q

What substances are secreted by osteoclasts?

A

blood stem cells, hydrogen ions

95
Q

What are the hormones involved in bone remodeling?

A

calcitriol, calcitonin, PTH

96
Q

Where are the hormones involved in bone remodeling produced?

A

ANSWER

97
Q

What are the functions of these the hormones involved in bone remodeling? What mechanisms do they initiate?

A

ANSWER

98
Q

What are the steps in bone fracture repair?

A
  1. clot blood
  2. add stronger fibers
  3. add cartilage
  4. surround cartilage with bone shell
  5. covert cartilage to bone shell
  6. remodel back to original bone
99
Q

What is the difference between synarthroses, amphiarthroses and diarthroses?

A

the amount of movement
synarthroses- little to no movement
amphiarthrose- some movement
diarthroses- a lot of movement

100
Q

What is the difference between fibrous joints, cartilaginous joints and synovial joints?

A

ANSWER

101
Q

What is the difference between sutures, gomphoses and ligaments?

A

sutures: immovable or slightly moveable fibrous joints that bind the bones of the skull
gomphoses: the attachment of teeth to the jaw
ligaments: bing bonds together

102
Q

What is the difference between synchondroses and symphyses?

A

synchondroses: joint in which the bones are connected by hyaline cartilage
symphyses: two bones that are joined by fibrocartilage

103
Q

What are the features of a synovial joint?

A

a point where 2 bones are separated by a narrow, encapsulated space filled with lubircating synovial fluid

104
Q

What are the tissues that make up the joint capsule?

A

fibrous?

105
Q

What is synovial fluid?

A

a lubricant

106
Q

Where is synovial fluid made?

A

synovial joint cavity and bursae

107
Q

What is the function of synovial fluid?

A

nourishes the articular cartilages, removes their wastes and makes synovial joint movements friction free.

108
Q

What is a meniscus?

A

a cartilage extended inward to the knee joint

109
Q

What is a bursa?

A

a fibrous sac filled with synovial fluid located between adjacent muscles where a tendon passes over a bone or between bone and skin

110
Q

Where are the meniscus and bursa found?

A

in the knee

111
Q

What are the 6 synovial joint shapes based on movement?

A 
ball & socket
condylar
saddle
plane (gliding)
hinge
pivot
112
Q

How many planes can each of the 6 synovial joints move in?

A 
ball & socket: 2+
condylar: 2
saddle: 2
plane (gliding): 2
hinge: 1
pivot: 1
113
Q

What are the 3 lever types?

A

1st, 2nd, and 3rd class

114
Q

List an example of each type of lever in the body

A

1st: atlanto-occipital joint of the neck
2nd: depressing the mandible
3rd: musculoskeletal

115
Q

which type of lever is most common?

A

3rd class

116
Q

What are the ligaments found in the knee joint?

A

ACL, MCL, PCL, LCL

117
Q

What knee bone do the quadriceps attach to?

A

Patella (kneecap)

118
Q

where would you find compact bone?

A

the external surfaces of all bones

119
Q

intramembraneous

A

within the membrane

120
Q

endochondral

A

made within the cartilage

121
Q

synarthroses

A

little to no movement

122
Q

amphiarthroses

A

limited movement

123
Q

diarthroses

A

broad movement

124
Q

Example of a ball & socket joint

A

shoulder or hip

125
Q

Example of a condylar joint

A

radiocarpal joint of the wrist

126
Q

Example of a saddle joint

A

trapeziometacarpal joint at the base of the thumb

127
Q

Example of a plane/ gliding joint

A

between the carpal and tarsal bones of the wrist and ankle

128
Q

Example of a hinge joint

A

elbow, knee

129
Q

Example of a pivot joint

A

radioulnar joint at the elbow

130
Q

Define: Flexion

A

movement that decrease a joint angle usually in the sagittal plane

131
Q

Facts about flexion

A

common at hinge joints

in ball & socket joints: means to raise the limb in front of you

132
Q

Extension

A

straightens a joint an generally returns a body part to the zero position

133
Q

hyperextension

A

further extension of a joint beyond the zero position

134
Q

Range of Motion (3 parts)

A

shape of bone
muscle tone
tightness of tendon

135
Q

abduction

A

the movement of a body part in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body

136
Q

Adduction

A

movement in the frontal plane back to the midline

137
Q

elevation

A

movement that raises a body part vertically in the frontal plant

138
Q

depression

A

lowers a body part in the same plane

139
Q

protraction

A

anterior movement of a body part in the transverse plane

140
Q

retraction

A

posterior movement

141
Q

circumduction

A

one end of the appendage remains stationary while the other end makes a circular motion

142
Q

rotation (medial or lateral)

A

describes a movement in which a bone turns on its long axis

143
Q

supination

A

the movement that the palm to fave anteriorly or upward

144
Q

pronation

A

turns the palm posteriorly or downward

145
Q

Flexion in the neck

A

forward bending movements

146
Q

hyerexstension in the neck

A

looking up or bending backwards

147
Q

in biting, the mandible is

A

protracted

148
Q

after biting the mandible is

A

retracted

149
Q

chewing involves a grinding action with a side to side movement called

A

lateral excursion and medial excursion

150
Q

Ulnar flexion

A

tilting of the hand towards the the pinky

151
Q

radial flexion

A

tilting of the hand towards the thumb

152
Q

thumb =

A

opposition

153
Q

dorsiflexion

A

movement that elevates the toes by pulling the foot upwards

154
Q

plantar flexion

A

movement of the foot so the toes point downward

155
Q

inversion

A

movement that tips the soles medially, somewhat facing each other

156
Q

eversion

A

tips the soles laterally, facing away from each other

157
Q

First Class Levers

A

RFE or EFR

158
Q

where is the fulcrum in a first class lever

A

in the middle

159
Q

Second Class lever

A

ERF or FRE

160
Q

in a second class lever what is in the middle

A

the resistance

161
Q

third class lever

A

REF or FER

162
Q

in a third class lever, what is in the middle

A

the effort

163
Q

ROM is determined by:

A

structure of the articular surfaces, strength and toughness of ligaments and joint capsules, and action of the muscles and tendons

164
Q

muscle tone

A

state of tension in resting muscles

A&P1 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions