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A&P1 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

questions from study guide #3

1
Q

What are the 5 functions of the muscular system?

A 
movement
stability
control body openings
heat production
glycemic control
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2
Q

What are the connective tissues in muscle?

A

endomysium
perimysium
epimysium
fascia

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3
Q

What is a fascicle?

A

sheet of connective tissue

determine the strength of a muscle and the direction of pull

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4
Q

What is the difference between endomysium, perimysium, and epimysium?

A

endomysium: thin sleeve of loose connective tissue that surrounds each muscle fiber
perimysium: thicket connective tissue sheath that wraps muscle fibers into fascicles (bundles)
epimysium: fibrous sheath that surrounds the entire muscle

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5
Q

What is the difference between deep fascia and superficial fascia?

A

answer

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6
Q

What is the difference between the origin, insertion, and belly of a muscle?

A

answer

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7
Q

What are the 5 muscle shapes?

A

fusiform, parallel, triangular, pennate, circular

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8
Q

What is the trade-off in strength versus range of motion?

A

answer

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9
Q

What are direct and indirect attachments of muscles?

A

indirect: muscle ends before the bone, gap is bridged by a tendon
direct: red muscular tissue seems to directly emerge from the bone

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10
Q

What is a tendon?

A

answer

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11
Q

What is an aponeurosis?

A

answer

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12
Q

What is a retinaculum?

A

answer

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13
Q

What are the 4 muscle actions?

A

prime mover
synergist
antagonist
fixator

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14
Q

For a specific motion, what is an example of each muscle action in the body?

A

answer

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15
Q

What are intrinsic and extrinsic muscles?

A

intrinsic: contained within a particular region; both the origin and the intersection are there
extrinsic: acts upon a certain region but its origin is elsewhere

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16
Q

What are the 5 characteristics of muscle tissue?

A 
responsiveness
conductivity
contractility 
extensibility
elasticity
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17
Q

What are the elastic components of muscle tissue?

A

endomysium
perimysium
epimysium

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18
Q

What are the sarcolemma, sarcoplasm, sarcoplasmic reticulum, and sarcomeres?

A

sarcolemma: plasma membrane
sarcoplasm: cytoplasm
sarcoplasmic reticulum: smooth ER
sarcomeres:

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19
Q

What is being stored inside the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

answer

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20
Q

What is a transverse tubule?

A

tubular infolding that penetrate through the cell and open onto the other side

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21
Q

What is a myofibril?

A

long protein bundles

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22
Q

What are myofilaments?

A

each myofibril bundled; parallel protein filaments

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23
Q

From what precursor cells are muscle cells formed?

A

answer

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24
Q

What are the names of thin and thick filaments?

A

thick (myosin molecules)
thin- F actin
G actin

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25
Q

What is titin?

A

answer

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26
Q

What is dystrophin?

A

answer

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27
Q

What filaments are troponin and tropomyosin attached to?

A

thin

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28
Q

Function of troponin

A

answer

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29
Q

Function of tropomyosin

A

answer

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30
Q

How do actin and myosin act upon one another in a sarcomere?

A

answer

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31
Q

Draw a sarcomere with all the bands and zones.

A

draw

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32
Q

What is the difference between a motor neuron and a motor unit?

A

answer

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33
Q

What is the difference between large and small motor units?

A

small motor units: for fine control

large motor units: for strength

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34
Q

where will you find a large motor unit

A

gastrocnemius

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35
Q

where will you find a small motor unit

A

muscles of eye movement

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36
Q

What is the point of connection between a neuron and a muscle fiber?

A

nueromuscular junction (NMJ)

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37
Q

What are the structures of a synapse?

A

nerve fiber and target cell

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38
Q

How is a nerve impulse transferred across a neuromuscular junction?

A

answer

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39
Q

What is acetylcholine and acetylcholinesterase?

A

acetylcholine: (ACh) key molecule, ligand
acetylcholinesterase: (AChE) enzyme, decomposes ACh

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40
Q

How is an action potential created in a cell membrane?

A

answer

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41
Q

What are the steps involved in Excitation?

A
  1. A nerve signal arrives at a synaptic knob and stimulates voltage-regulated Ca2+ gates to open; calcium ions enter the synaptic knob.
  2. Ca2+ stimulates exocytosis of synaptic vesicles, which release ACh into the synaptic cleft.
  3. ACh diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to receptor proteins on the sarcolemma.
  4. The receptors are ligand-gated ion channels that bind two ACh molecules to open.
    a. When the gates are opened, Na+ diffuses into the cell and K+ diffuses out. The sarcolemma reverses polarity from –90 mV to +75 mV, it then falls back again as K+ diffuses out.
    b. This rapid fluctuation in membrane voltage at the motor end plate is called end-plate potential (EPP).
  5. Areas adjacent to the NMJ have ion-specific voltage-gated ion channels that open in response to the EPP, allowing flow of Na+ in and K+ out, generating an action potential.
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42
Q

What are the steps involved in Excitation-contraction coupling?

A

steps from excitation and then…

  1. A wave of action potentials spreads from the end plate in all directions, and enters the T tubules, continuing down them into the sarcoplasm.
  2. Action potentials open voltage-gated ion channels in the T tubules.
    a. These gates are linked to calcium channels in the terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR).
    b. When the channels in the SR open, Ca2+ diffuses out of the SR and into the cytosol down its concentration gradient.
  3. Calcium binds to the troponin of the thin filaments.
  4. The troponin–tropomyosin complex changes shape, exposing active
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43
Q

What are the steps involved in Contraction?

A

steps from excitation- contraction followed by…

  1. Myosin ATPase hydrolyzes ATP that is bound to the myosin head. The energy released activates the head by changing its shape into a “cocked” position.
  2. With ADP and phosphate still bound, the activated myosin head binds to an exposed active site on the thin filament, forming a cross bridge.
  3. Myosin releases the ADP and phosphate and flexes into a bent, low energy shape, tugging the thin filament along with it. This is called the power stroke.
  4. Upon binding to another ATP, myosin releases the actin. It is now prepared to repeat the process by hydrolyzing the ATP and recocking (the recovery stroke). It will then attach to a new active site farther down.
    a. When one myosin releases an actin, many other heads on the same thick filament are still bound to actin on the thin filament so it does not slide back.
    b. Even though the muscle fiber contracts, the myofilaments do not become shorter; instead, the thin filaments slide over the thick ones.
    c. The cycle of power and recovery is repeated many times by each myosin head, at a rate of about five strokes per second, and each stroke consumes one molecule of ATP.
44
Q

What are the steps involved in relaxation?

A
  1. Nerve signals stop arriving at the NMJ, so the synaptic knob stops releasing ACh.
  2. As ACh dissociates from the receptor, AChE breaks it down; the synaptic knob reabsorbs the fragments, but now no new ACh replaces that which is broken down.
  3. Active transport pumps in the SR begin to pump Ca2+ from the cytosol back into the cisternae.
    a. The Ca2+ in the cisternae binds to a protein called calsequestrin and is stored until stimulation occurs again.
  4. As Ca2+ dissociates from troponin, it is pumped into the SR and not replaced.
  5. Tropomyosin moves back into position, blocking the active sites of the actin filament and preventing myosin binding.
45
Q

What is the length-tension relationship of muscle?

A

the amount of tension a muscle generates depends on how stretched or contracted before it was stimulated

46
Q

What is muscle tone?

A

continual adjustment of length of resting muscles in a state of partial contraction

47
Q

What is a muscle twitch?

A

answer

48
Q

What is the latent period?

A

a delay between the onset of the stimulus and the onset of a twitch

49
Q

What is internal tension and external tension?

A

internal tension: force generated in the onset of a twitch

external tension: when the muscles are taut

50
Q

What affects the contraction strength of a muscle twitch?

A

varies with stimulation frequency
stimuli arriving closer together
amount of Ca2+
how stretched the muscle was before stimulation

51
Q

What is recruitment?

A

continual stimulation to get more nerve cells to fire

52
Q

What is treppe?

A

staircase phenomenon

53
Q

What is tetanus?

A

sustained muscle contraction

54
Q

What is the difference between isometric and isotonic contraction?

A

isometric: muscle stays the same length, there is no movement
isotonic: muscle tension stays the same

55
Q

What is the difference between concentric and eccentric isotonic contraction?

A

concentric: muscle shortens
eccentric: muscle lengthens

56
Q

What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

A

aerobic respiration: requires a constant supply of oxygen; produces more ATP
anaerobic: no oxygen

57
Q

Which is more efficient at generating ATP for each glucose molecule- aerobic or anaerobic respiration?

A

aerobic

58
Q

Which is faster- aerobic or anaerobic respiration?

A

anaerobic

59
Q

Which produces more toxic waste products- aerobic or anaerobic respiration?

A

anaerobic

60
Q

What is the phosphagen system?

A

atp and CP

61
Q

What is the difference in anatomy and function between slow and fast twitch fibers?

A

slow twitch muscles last longer

slow twitch muscles are red, fast twitch muscles are white

62
Q

What are the sources of muscular fatigue?

A 
build up of lactic acid
accumulation of K+ in the ECF
ADP/ Pi accumulation
fuel depletion
loss of electrolytes
63
Q

What factors affect strength of muscular contraction?

A

answer

64
Q

How do smooth muscle fibers differ from skeletal muscle fibers in anatomy?

A

answer

65
Q

How is a smooth muscle cell stimulated by the nervous system?

A

answer

66
Q

What are varicosities?

A

beadlike swellings on the nerve fibers of smooth muscle

67
Q

What are dense bodies?

A

protein plaques that take the place of z discs

68
Q

What are multiunit smooth muscle and single-unit smooth muscle?

A

multiunit: in some large arteries and pulmonary air passages (bronchioles)
single-unit: myocites are electrically couple to each other by gap junctions

69
Q

Where is the calcium kept for smooth muscle contraction?

A

extracellular fluid

70
Q

What is the difference between sensory, motor and interneurons?

A

sensory:
motor:
interneurons:

71
Q

What are the 3 characteristics of nervous tissue?

A

answer

72
Q

What is the difference between a neuron, a nerve and a ganglion?

A

neuron is a nerve cell

nerve is

73
Q

What is the difference between the CNS and PNS?

A

central and peripheral
central contains brain and spinal cord
peripheral contains everything else except the brain and spinal cord

74
Q

Which of these divisions are part of the autonomic nervous system?

A

answer

75
Q

Draw a multipolar neuron and label all of its structures.

A

DRAW

76
Q

What is the difference between multipolar, bipolar, unipolar and anaxonic neurons?

A

multi- 1 axon, multiple dendrites
bipolar- 1 axon, 1 dendrite
unipolar- 1 process
anaxonic- no axon, multiple dendrites

77
Q

What are the neuroglia?

A

supportive cells

78
Q

neuroglia- What do each of them do and where are they found?

A

oligodendrocytes: makes myelin, wraps around nerve fibers
microglia: small macrophages for the CNS
ependymal: lines the internal cavities of the brain and spinal cord, produce CSF
astrocytes: form framework for nervous tissue, tissue of the brain
satellite: surround the somas of the ganglia, regulate chemical environment
schwann: envelope fibers of the PNS, produce myelin

79
Q

Why is myelin so important in the nervous system?

A

speeds up nerve conduction

80
Q

How does an axon regenerate in the PNS?

A

answer

81
Q

How is a membrane potential changed in a neuron?

A

answer

82
Q

What is the difference between local and action potentials?

A

their location, gate type, and propterties

83
Q

Where are action and local potentials found and what are their characteristics?

A

action: found on the axon, all or none, non decremental, irreversible, voltage gated ion channels
local potentials: found on the dendrites and soma, reversible, ligand gated ion channels

84
Q

What is the refractory period?

A

a period of time after a nerve or muscle cell has responded to a stimulus in which it cannot be re-excited by a threshold stimulus

85
Q

What is a synapse?

A

a junction between two nerve cells, consisting of a minute gap across which impulses pass by diffusion of a neurotransmitter

86
Q

Where are the synapses on a neuron cell?

A

the ends of the neuron

87
Q

What are the four forms of neurotransmitters and what is the difference between them and neuromodulators?

A

acetycholine (Ach), amino acids, monoamines, neuropeptides.

Neuromodulators are hormones

88
Q

What are the steps involved in cholinergic synaptic transmission?

A

answer

89
Q

What is the difference between ionotropic and metabotropic effects?

A

answer

90
Q

What are the three means of removing neurotransmitters from a synapse?

A

re-uptake
diffusion
degradation

91
Q

What is an EPSP?

A

excitatory postsynaptic potential

any voltage change that raises the membrane potential closer to the threshold

92
Q

What is an IPSP?

A

inhibitory postsynaptic potential

any voltage change that hyper polarizes the membrane and makes it more negative than the RMP

93
Q

What is summation?

A

process of adding up the EPSP’s and IPSP’s and responding to their net effect

94
Q

What is the difference between temporal and spatial summation?

A

temporal: a single synapse generates EPSP’s so quickly that there is a cumulative effect
spatial: EPSP’s from multiple synapses add up to the threshold

95
Q

How are qualitative and quantitative information encoded in neural signals?

A

Quantitative (2): recruitment, another neuron is stimulated

Qualitative:

96
Q

What are the anatomical structures of the brain? (Check the lab list of structures)

A

answer

97
Q

What are the three meninges?

A

dura mater forms
arachnoid mater
pia mater

98
Q

Which of the meniges is most superficial and deepest?

A

superficial:

99
Q

What are the ventricles?

A

fluid filled chamber of the brain or heart

100
Q

What are the choroid plexi?

A

spongy masses of blood capillaries

101
Q

What are the 3 functions of cerebrospinal fluid?

A

bouyancy
protection
chemical stability

102
Q

Where does cerebrospinal fluid come from?

A

epedmya, a type of nueroglia

103
Q

Why is it important to keep whole blood from touching the CNS?

A

answer

104
Q

What is the difference between the blood-brain barrier and the blood-CSF barrier?

A

answer

105
Q

What are the anatomical structures of the spinal cord and spinal nerves?

A

answer

106
Q

How many spinal nerve pairs are there?

A

31

A&P1 (3 decks)

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