Final Exam 2024 Flashcards
Suspension of a person’s liberty by a significant
physical or psychological restraint is which one of
the following terms?
a) Arrest
b) Detention
c) Apprehension
d) Answer not supplied
Detention
Investigative detention Is a situation where
reasonable grounds to arrest a person are absent
a) True
b) False
True
Which One of the following precedent setting
cases does not involve Investigative Detention as
per the lecture in class?
a) R vs Mann
b) R vs Suberu
c) R vs Grant
d) R vs Oickle
R vs Oickle
Which of the following statements is not part of
Section 10 of the Charter of Rights when arrested?
a) to be informed promptly of the reasons therefore
b) to retain and instruct counsel without delay and to
be informed of that right; and
c) to have the validity of the detention determined by
way of habeas corpus and to be released if the
detention is not lawful.
d) to appear in court in a timely fashion and a fair
trial.
to appear in court in a timely fashion and a fair trial.
Which of the following terms is defined as that
which establishes or tends to establish a person’s
guilt?
a) Confession
b) Inculpatory
c) Exculpatory
d) Hold Off Duty
Inculpatory
A Voir Dire is held after the completion of a Trial.
a) True
b) False
False
The responsibility to prove the voluntariness of a
statement for the purpose of the court process is
which one of the following?
a) Officer in charge
b) Crown Attorney
c) Judge
d) Defence Attorney
Crown Attorney
When establishing voluntariness of a statement
the operating mind has a low threshold according
to course content.
a) True
b) False
True
The interview of Colonel Williams took place in
which of the following locations?
a) Orillia – OPP Headquarters
b) Ottawa Police Station
c) Peterborough – OPP Detachment
d) Toronto Police Headquarters
Ottawa Police Station
The Confession of Colonel Williams video
revealed the following facts, which one statement
is incorrect.
a) His DNA was at one or more of the scenes.
b) His tire tracks were at the scene of one or more of
the scenes.
c) His shoe prints were at the scene of one or more of
the crimes
d) He was responsible for the death of three victims.
He was responsible for the death of three victims.
Reasonable grounds is defined as a set of ______
or _______ that exceeds mere suspicion, which
one statement is correct.
a) ideas, incidents
b) incidents, events
c) facts, circumstances
d) evidence, facts
facts, circumstances
Reasonable grounds is further defined as and
which, if true, would lead an ordinary, prudent and
cautious person to have a ___________ as to the
identity of the accused and/or as to a suspect
having committed a breach or violation of statute
law. Which one statement is correct.
a) strong belief
b) reasonable doubt
c) mere suspicion
d) answer not supplied
strong belief
The case governing the admissibility of the
results of a polygraph test is which one of the
following?
a) R vs. Oickle
b) R vs. Suberu
c) R vs. Grant
d) R vs. Beland
R vs. Beland
Creating a complete electronic record of
interviews allows for confidence in the
admissibility of the statement in a judicial
process.
a) True
b) False
True
inculpatory statements can be admissible after a
failed polygraph test depending upon the
circumstances.
a) True
b) False
True
Nothing should be admitted into evidence unless
it is relevant to the charge according to case law.
a) True
b) False
True
Officer notebooks prepared in relation to their
duties are the property of?
a) The Officer
b) The City
c) The Police Service
d) The Province
The police service
The Qualities of a Good Investigator as listed in
Module One are all but one of the following?
a) Creative
b) Attention to detail
c) Motivated
d) Experienced
Experienced
The Jian Gomeshi Video had how many
complainants provide evidence during the trial?
a) 2
b) 3
c) 4
d) 1
3
A theory is a tentative idea or explanation about
how something happened or about how something
works that an investigator uses to help guide his
or her inquiries.
a) True
b) False
False
Complainant/witness interviews are the primary
source of evidence available to investigators
during an investigation?
a) True
b) False
True
Someone who gives information to the police for
something in return, such as money, which of the
following terms is correct?
a) Witness
b) Informant
c) Confidential Informant
d) Agent
Informant
According to the Canada Evidence Act - No person
is incompetent, or uncompellable, to testify for the
prosecution by reason only that they are married
to the accused?
a) True
b) False
True
The video of the van attack on Yonge Street
involved the accused offering what diagnosis to
defend himself during the trial?
a) Schizophrenia
b) Depression
c) Bipolar
d) Autism
Autism
The case of the murder of Clive Brown was
presented in class and part of the power point
presentation from Module One. The primary
reason the case was solved was describe as
a) Witness information provided
b) DNA match to suspect
c) CCTV Camera evidence
d) Other source not provided
Witness information provided
Which Theory is not mentioned memory lecture in
Module Two?
a) Freudian Theory
b) Videotape Theory
c) Rehearsal Theory
d) Biological Theory
Rehearsal Theory
The video “A long Way Home” involved a girl who
was? which statement is true.
a) A graduate student
b) Victim of sexual assault
c) Was stabbed to death
d) Attack in her house
A graduate student
The stages of information processing are?
a) Receiving, Interpreting and Execution
b) Intake, Interpretation & Action
c) Inspect, Processing & Action
d) Rehearsal, Integration & Meaningful Interpretation
Rehearsal, Integration & Meaningful Interpretation
Which memory Theory presented in class
involved an unconscious processes primarily
memories of traumatic childhood experiences that
influence current behavior.
a) Freudian Theory
b) Videotape Theory
c) Rehearsal Theory
d) Biological Theory
Freudian Theory
Which of the following memory Theories involves
updated version of the Freudian Model according
to Module 2?
a) Biological Theory
b) Videotape Theory
c) Connectionist Theory
d) Answer not supplied
Videotape Theory
Working memory is also described as long-term
memory.
a) True
b) False
False
The Connectionist Model involves memories
stored in overlapping networks of neural
connections
a) True
b) False
True
An individual is actively listening when he or she
is focused on all verbal and does not include non-
verbal communications being conveyed.
a) True
b) False
False
Which of the following techniques is not mention
as an original technique of the Cognitive interview
a) Change Order
b) Change Perspective
c) Context Reinstatement
d) Hypnosis
Hypnosis
The Polygraph does not measure which one of the
following?
a) Heart rate
b) Blood pressure
c) Respiration
d) Brain waves
Brain waves
What is the fourth step in the enhanced cognitive
interview process?
a) Initiate a free narrative
b) Questioning
c) Varied & Extensive retrieval
d) Answer not supplied
Questioning
Polygraph: is an electronic device used to
measure the body’s physiological and
psychological responses to questions.
a) True
b) False
False
Subject may have strong physiological response
to relevant questions even if they are not guilty.
a) True
b) False
True
Which of the following term is the systematic
differences exist between truthful and deceptive
accounts provided by witnesses and victims. It
can assist with deterring investigative tunnel
vision and provide area’s requiring further
investigation or inquiry?
a) Investigative application
b) Statement Analysis
c) Behavior Analysis
d) None of the supplied terms
Investigative application
The number one reason why suspects confess is
which one of the following?
a) The perception of the evidence against the
suspect
b) The conscience of the suspect
c) The time it takes to apprehend the suspect.
d) The tenacity of the investigators during the
interview
The perception of the evidence against the suspect
The matter of credibility of evidence in a court of
law is determined by which of the following,
which is the most correct answer?.
a) Judge only
b) Jury only
c) Polygraph only
d) Both a & b
Both a & b
The video of Colonel Williams statement involved
DNA evidence obtained from him, which of the
following methods was used to obtain his DNA?
a) Search warrant
b) Incident to his arrest
c) Voluntarily from him
d) Discard sample
Voluntarily from him
There is conclusive evidence to support that body
movement is an indicator of deception. It can
lead to a course of inquiry to the causation.
However, to concluded deception based on hand
movement for example would greatly over
exaggerate the reason for the movement.
a) True
b) False
False
Most criminal investigations are solved through
interviews of witnesses, victims/complainants,
suspects?
a) True
b) False
True
WHAT is TUNNEL VISION?
The single-minded and overly narrow focus on a particular investigation or
prosecutorial theory, so as to unreasonably colour the evaluation of information
received and ones conduct in response to that information.
What are the results of tunnel vision?
-Not following information to proper conclusion.
* apprehension of innocent person.
* Decreases public confidence
* Decreases public safety.
* Etc.
WHY IT IS DIFFICULT TO AVOID COMMON INVESTIGATIVE ERRORS
EVEN WHEN YOU ARE AWARE OF THEM?
- Misunderstanding Information
- Witness contamination
- Lack of time
- Public scrutiny
- Lack of resources
- Information overflow
- Etc.
STRATEGIES INVESTIGATORS CAN USE TO MINIMIZE COGNITIVE
BIAS AND REDUCE THE RISK OF DEVELOPING TUNNEL VISION.
- Team approach
- Oversight
- Separate set of eyes to review
- Case Management conferences
- Complete interviews of all witnesses.
- Etc
IDENTIFICATION FOR COURT PROCESS
Photo line up
CORE RULES FOR PHOTO LINEUPS 1-4
- Independent Officer (double-blind)
- Witness should be advised that the actual
perpetrator may not be in the lineup - The suspect should not stand out
- Witness’s comments should be recorded verbatim
and if possible recorded by audio or video taping
Core rules for photo lineups 5-7
- Remove witness after administering lineup to
avoid contaminating. - Show-ups should be used only in rare
circumstances. - Photos should be provided sequentially, and not
as a package
DESCRIBE POLYGRAPH TESTING, THE ASSUMPTION BEHIND IT, AND
THE DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES THAT POLYGRAPH EXAMINERS USE
Polygraph: is an electronic device used to measure the body’s
physiological response to questions.
* (heart rate, respiration, blood pressure and galvanic skin response.
Other system measure blood volume and sphincter muscle tension.)
RELEVANT/IRRELEVANT QUESTIONS
Relevant: Your name is Mark Armstrong?
You work for Ford Company?
* Irrelavant: Did your kill Mark Armstrong?
Do you know where the body of
Mark Armstrong is?
* Subject may have strong physiological response to relevant
questions even if they are not guilty.
Describe what the “control” questions are:
Examinee is directed to answer “No”
Describe what the “guilty-knowledge” test questions are:
Examiner has intimate knowledge of crime such as method, location,
conditions or injuries
-This technique eliminates the problem of general anxiety.
– R. V. BELAND 1987
The matter of credibility is a fact that the trier of fact(Judge or Jury)
consider.
* Machine driven result may carry to much weight with a non-expert
Judge or jury
What are the two benefits of establishing rapport with a
polygraph examinee before the polygraph equipment is
set up?
- obtaining person’s trust and cooperation
* 2. Asking questions that will serve as controls
Hold off duty
duty of a police officer not to question a suspect about
the offence under investigation for the purposes of attempting to gather
incriminating information until the suspect ahs had the opportunity to
talk to a lawyer
duty of a police officer not to question a suspect about
the offence under investigation for the purposes of attempting to gather
incriminating information until the suspect ahs had the opportunity to
talk to a lawye
hold off duty
Confession
admission to all the elements of an offence, including the
mental element
admission to all the elements of an offence, including the
mental element
confession
that which establishes or tends to establish a person’s guilt
Inculpatory
Inculpatory
that which establishes or tends to establish a person’s guilt
that which clears or tends to clear a person of guilt
Exculpatory
Exculpatory
that which clears or tends to clear a person of guilt
Voire dire
a trial within a trial to determine the admissibility of evidence
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN AN INTERVIEW AND AN INTERROGATION
Interview-a structured conversation between a witness, victim or
suspect and an investigator, in which an investigator asks a series of
questions in order to elicit information from the witness, victim or
suspect about something they have observed, experienced, did or have
knowledge about.
* Interrogation-an accusatory process, the primary purpose of which is
to elicit a confession from a suspect who is believed to be responsible
for the offence under investigation.
Interview
a structured conversation between a witness, victim or
suspect and an investigator, in which an investigator asks a series of
questions in order to elicit information from the witness, victim or
suspect about something they have observed, experienced, did or have
knowledge about
Interrogation
an accusatory process, the primary purpose of which is
to elicit a confession from a suspect who is believed to be responsible
for the offence under investigation.
Section 10
Section 10 of the charter states:
Everyone has the right on arrest or detention
a) to be informed promptly of the reasons therefore;
b) to retain and instruct counsel without delay and to be informed of that right;
and
c) to have the validity of the detention determined by way of habeas corpus and
to be released if the detention is not lawful.
best practice approach, focus on
information and using information to challenge
suspect statements
peace model
4 stages of Peace model
1.Preparation and Planning
2. Engage and Explain
3. Account
4. Closure and Evaluation
Reciprocity
form bond with suspect by being polite and decent
(e.g., getting them a coffee); similar to rapport
Management sequence:
-Is the management component of CM
* For uncooperative subjects, interviewer takes a more
active role
* Manage interviews course, conduct, and content
ensure interview progresses through PEACE
process
course
ensure both are speaking and listening to
each other
Conduct:
ensure objectives are met; get maximum
amount of info
Content:
EXPLAIN THE CONNECTION BETWEEN THE VOLUNTARINESS OF A STATEMENT AND ITS
ADMISSIBILITY. IDENTIFY FACTORS THE COURTS WILL CONSIDER IN DETERMINING WHETHER A
STATEMENT MADE BY AN ACCUSED IS ADMISSIBLE OR NOT.
-They are made voluntarily
The accused was given his/her charter
rights
ESTABLISHING VOLUNTARINESS
Free from improper inducements from the police
By an accused who possessed an “operating mind”
Free from oppressive circumstances
Free from any improper police trickery
When an inducement is made by a person in authority, the resulting
statement will be inadmissible if:
-The inducement is something the accused believes is in
police control.
It is a strong enough inducement to raise doubt about
whether his/her “will has been overcome.”
A low threshold:
“does not imply a higher degree of awareness…”
“no inquiry is necessary as to whether the accused is
capable of making a good or wise choice or one that is in
his/her interest.
operating minds
Depriving the suspect of food, clothing, water, sleep or
medical attention.
Denying access to legal counsel
Excessively aggressive, intimidating questioning for a
prolonged period of time
OPPRESSION
R. vs. Rothman
“… the authorities, in dealing with shrewd and often sophisticated
criminals must sometimes by necessity resort to tricks or other
forms of deceit.”
Trickery cannot be used to frustrate the accused’s Charter
right to counsel. The courts will not tolerate investigators
playing games with that right. True or false
True
