Ethic Test #2

Question 1

NORMATIVE ETHICS – 3 TYPES

Answer 1

1. Deontology
2. Consequentialism
   3.Virtue ethics

Question 2

Deontology (Definition)

Answer 2

Emphasizing duties and external rules in ethical action

Question 3

Consequentialism (Definition)

Answer 3

Emphasizing the moral desirability of the outcome of actions

Question 4

Virtue ethics ( Definition)

Answer 4

Emphasizing moral character and intentions behind actions
Virtue ethics’ founding fathers are Plato and Aristotle
This approach persisted in Western moral philosophy until the 18th
century and experienced a revival in the 1950s.

Question 5

Deontologists normally recognize 2 types of duties:

Answer 5

General obligations are to avoid lying, cheating,
promise breaking, murdering, and torturing.These obligations are owed to all human beings.

Special obligations are those which derive from
one’s having made a promise, signed a contract, or as a result of occupying a unique social role such as being a teacher, doctor or a parent.

Question 6

Consequentialism( What is)

Answer 6

-The ends justify the means.
-Whether an act is right or wrong depends only on the results
of that act
-The more “good” consequences an act produces, the better or
more “right” that act

Question 7

Subjectivism

Answer 7

Based on Personal Opinion

Question 8

Cultural Relativism

Answer 8

Based on Group Opinion

Question 9

Moral Relativism

Answer 9

The view that moral values or principles are the products of culture; Moral Relativists believe that moral or ethical values and principles vary from culture to culture – that what is right in one culture may be wrong in
another.

Question 10

Techniques of Neutralization (Sykes & Matza, 1957)

Answer 10

1. The Denial of Responsibility
2. The Denial of Injury
3. The Denial of the Victim
4. The Condemnation of the Condemners
5. The Appeal to Higher Loyalties

Question 11

Consequentialism

Answer 11

An ethical theory that determines the rightness of actions by
looking for the alternative that has the best outcome.
Utilitarianism – the greatest good for the greatest number.
(Example - the hospital director making the decision regarding the organ transplants)

Question 12

Social Contract Theory

Answer 12

Says that people live together in society in accordance with an agreement that establishes moral and political rules of behaviour

Question 13

Why do people obey authority?

Answer 13

Conditioning (by parents, teachers,
religion)
Respect for the person or role
Trust in the system
Fear of consequences
Reciprocal agreement / Consent

Question 14

John Rawl’s - Theory of Justice

Answer 14

John Rawls’s theory of justice is a sound theory which says that a well-
ordered society needed a concept of justice as a basic requirement and
that such a concept could be developed by rational individuals behind a veil of ignorance.
A Theory of Justice was published in 1971 by American moral and political
philosopher John Rawls.

Question 15

The Continuum of Compromise

Answer 15

A perceived sense of victimization can lead to the
rationalization and justification of:
 Acts of Omission
 Acts of Commission – Administrative
 Acts of Commission – Criminal
Entitlement versus Accountability
Loyalty versus Integrity

Question 16

Emotional Intelligence

Answer 16

Self Awareness
Self-regulation
Self-motivation
Empathy for others
Interpersonal and social skills

Question 17

Deviance

Answer 17

Broadly describes
behaviour inconsistent with social norms or values

Question 18

Corruption

Answer 18

Forbidden acts involving
misuse of office/authority for personal
gain (Criminal Wrongdoing)

Question 19

Misconduct

Answer 19

Wrongdoing/violations of
departmental or organizational
procedures (failing to do an act fully and
properly)

Question 20

Corruption: 2 Kinds

Answer 20

Traditional corruption is the use of one’s official position
for personal gain
 Noble cause corruption involves employing unethical
means to apprehend and/or convict criminals because it is
believed to be the right thing to do

Question 21

Utilitarian Viewpoint

Answer 21

“ends justify the means”. It is
morally right to do whatever it takes to convict those who
prey on society.

Question 22

Never let the truth stand in the way of justice

Answer 22

Can occur when police officers are pressured by
the media, public, peers or senior officers to
achieve a desired outcome (conviction, a certain
volume of tickets etc.)