Final Exam 2021

Question 1

linear perspective

Answer 1

a type of perspective used by artists in which the relative size, shape, and position of objects are determined by drawn or imagined lines converging at a point on the horizon

mathematical depiction of receding space that gives gave the illusion of a measured and continuously receding space

enabled them to represent 3 dimensions on a 2-D surface

Brunelleschi invented it

Question 2

sfumato

Answer 2

means smoky, soft, mellow, the effect of haze in an image → in which there are subtle, almost imperceptible, transitions between light and dark in shading

became a hallmark of Leonardo’s style

Question 3

atmospheric perspective

Answer 3

variations of color and clarity are used to convey distance

Objects in landscape = portrayed less clearly or grayer in background

imintaing human eye

Question 4

Humanism

Answer 4

emphasized the power and potential of human beings for great individual accomplishment

characterized by a revival or rebirth (“renaissance”), when humanity began to emerge from intellectual and cultural stagnation to appreciate once more the achievement of the ancients and the value of the rational, scientific investigation.

turned to Classical antiquity for inspiration, emulating ancient Roman sculpture and architecture

requiring education in the Classics and mathematics as well as in the techniques of the craft

goals = to become better citizens by practicing civic virtue, studying Greco-Roman historic virtue, and focusing on values such as effort and responsibility + scienfitifcally comprehend the relationship between human nature and the physical world

Question 5

The Age of Expansion (Astronomy)

Answer 5

• Copernicus: on the revolutions of the heavenly spheres (1543) → said the sun was the center of the solar system
• Galileo Galilei → invented the telescope in 1610 → moon not flat → was excommunicated
• Johannes Kepler → three planetary laws →orbit = elliptical shape + sun = focus → Expands man’s idea of the macorcosim

Question 6

The Age of Expansion (Science)

Answer 6

1675 → dutch lens maker Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek invents the microscope
- allows scientists to study various microscopic organisms

Question 7

The Age of Expansion (Medicine)

Answer 7

• although bloodletting was still considered an effective treatment there are medical advances as well
  
  • bloodletting → humor
• the study of anatomy continues to advance
  
  • An example of the Physician’s methods of anatomical study is documented in this 1632 painting known as The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp by Rembrandt
    
    • With his right hand Dr. Tylp uses forceps to lift the muscles and tendons in the forearm of the cadaver
    • using his left-hand dr. tulp shows his students how those tendons move the thumb and the forefinger
    • this is actually a group portrait for a medical guild

Question 8

The Age of Expansion (Geography)

Answer 8

• Europe began to expand its physical borders through competition and conquest
• the English, dutch, swedes, french, and Spanish all attempted to colonize North America for expansion, power, and wealth
  
  • Swedish → Deleware
  • dutch → new Hamshpire aka new Delaware
  • french = st. croy + canada
  • English → east cost
  • Spanish → Florida → founded earliest + oldest city in USA → St. Augustuine

Question 9

coextensive space

Answer 9

• The Effects on Expansion on the visual arts
• the breakdown of the barrier that separates the viewer from the figures themselves or the action in which they participate
• geographical expansion and intellectual expansion (of one’s macrocosm/microcosm) manifested in the visual arts through a phenomenon known as coextensive space)
  using extreme foreshortening

Question 10

Common ways of creating spatial illusion in Baroque Art

Answer 10

Quadratura: a wall or ceiling painted with columns and arches to extend the space of the painting to create the illusion of limitless space → must be viewed di Sotto in su ( from below looking up)

Question 11

Common ways of creating spatial illusion in Baroque Art (QR)

Answer 11

Quadro Riportato

gold-framed easel paintings or framed paintings that are seen in a normal perspective and painted into a fresco.

The ceiling is intended to look as if a framed painting has been placed overhead; there is no illusionistic foreshortening, figures appearing as if they were to be viewed at normal eye level

Question 12

di sotto in su

Answer 12

ex. Guerchino’s ceiling painting Aurora

from below looking up

Question 13

tenebrism

Answer 13

forms emerge from a dark background into a strong light that often falls from a single source outside the painting. The effect is that of a theatrical spotlight.

hallmark of Caravaggio

spotlight effect, extreme contrast between dark and light

Question 14

Counter-Reformation

Answer 14

counter ref art = designed to bring people into the church can be done in a classical style

the sack of Rome in 1527 ends an era of optimistic Humanism → and the protestant reformation becomes the first
successful dissident movement within the catholic church

Goals

• reestablish the power of the Papacy
• to convert nonbelievers
• reaffirm Catholic doctrine

Question 15

vanitas

Answer 15

theme of the transience of earthly life, usually shown through still life, flower paintings, + Vermeer’s “Woman Holding a Scale”, genre paintings

reminding viewers of the transience of life and material possessions, even art

moralistic theme reminding you not to get attached to earthly possessions → Cannot take it with you → focus on spiritual instead of earthly

Question 16

Protestant Reformation

Answer 16

authority of Roman Catholic Church + pope prevailed till 16th century
- aginst background of broad dissatisfaction with financial abuses + decadent lifestyle among the clergy, religious reformers within the church challenged its practices + beliefs

-Martin Luther (1483–1546) in Germany → Broke with Roman Catholic Church

Can be seen as start of reformation → (1517) → Luther issued his “95 Theses” calling for Church reform

concerns = selling of indulgences + veneration of saints + their relics ⇒ superstitious

emphasized individual faith and regarded the Bible as the ultimate religious authority.

Protestants = challenged church authority → Luther = condemned by church in 1521

Question 17

How did the Protestant Reformation Spread

Answer 17

Increased literacy and the widespread use of the printing press aided the reformers and allowed scholars throughout Europe to enter the religious debate.

wide circulation of luthers writing + his translation of the bible + works related to the idea that salvation comes from grace alone → led to the establishment of the Protestant (Lutheran) Church there

Question 18

High Baroque

Answer 18

strong diagonals, dark/light contrasts, drama, energy, movement, swirling compositions- can refer to a style or part of the Baroque timeline

characteristics → Drama, energy, movement, diagonal compositions, twisting swirling compositions, light and dark contrast to heighten dramatic effects

Question 19

classicism

Answer 19

art that is more restrained and closely based on Greco-Roman Models as well as Renaissance Art
- characteristics: order, harmony, structure, formal, composition; similar to that of Renaissance art

a more moving and dramatic variant of Renaissance principles featuring idealization based on observation of the material world; balanced (though often asymmetrical) compositions; diagonal movement in space; rich, harmonious colors; and visual references to ancient Greece and Rome

Question 20

naturalism

Answer 20

a style characterized by precise realism- addresses form as well as content
dramatic naturalism of Caravaggio = very influencing

extremely realistic + natural

Question 21

The Company of Captain Frans Banning Cocq (1642) (Slide 21)

Answer 21

Painted by Rembrant Van Rijn
Used to be called The Night Watch because the painting was covered in Varnish and grime which made it seem like a night scene when it’s actually a day scene - darkened its colors

would classify it as high baroque

Serves as a group portrait but as a dramatic event

The complex interactions of the figures and the vivid, individualized likenesses of the militiamen

Dutch Baroque

Question 22

Woman with Balance, Jan Vermeer

Answer 22

Her hand and the scale are central, but directly behind her head is a painting of the Last Judgment = a metaphor for eternal judgment => Evoking Vanitas theme

An even, pearly light from a window often gives solidity to the figures and objects in a room -> Pearl Painting =named because of the motif and glittering quality

genre scene

scales imply weighing of sins, balance represents the ability to balance the spiritual world with the material world

Last judgment → reminder that you are judged for the path you take in life → material or spiritual

mirror = could symbolize vanity or the will to ignore it

Scales → might reflect selections from the spiritual exercises; keeping the scales perfectly still = an allegory for weighing your choices
weighing ones choices

Dutch Baroque

Question 23

still life

Answer 23

a painting of a group of objects, such as flowers, fruit, dishes, or other sundries
placed in an aesthetically pleasing arrangement.

carries vanitas theme + moral message

Question 24

breakfast piece

Answer 24

a painting of a meal of bread, fruits, oysters, or other foods eaten by the middle to upper-middle class complete with elegant dishes and glassware

carries vanitas theme + moral message

Question 25

Flower Piece

Answer 25

a collection of artfully arranged flowers, often not in bloom at the same time,
made from careful studies of botanical illustrations.

carries vanitas theme + moral message

Question 26

THE GLORIFICATION OF THE PAPACY OF URBAN VIII

Answer 26

• Pietro da Cortona
• Italian Baroque
• structured around a vaultlike skeleton of architecture painted inquadraturathat appears to be attached to the actual cornice of the room
• The subject is an elaborate allegory of the virtues of the pope
• located in the Barberini palace
• message →pope = getting eternal life because divine provitence told immprotality and the stars that he is worthy of this because ha has overcome all vices
• allegories of political and spirtual authority of papacy
• bees = Barberini family
• keys = saint peter

Question 27

BALDACCHINO

Answer 27

• Gianlorenzo Bernini
• (Italian Baroque)
• exemplifies the Baroque objective to create multimedia works*—combining architecture, sculpture, and sometimes painting as well—that defy simple categorization**
  
  • gigantic corner columns symbolize the union of Christianity and its Jewish tradition; the vine of the Eucharist climbs the twisted columns associated with the Temple of Solomon (Old Testament)
• marks the site of the tomb of St. Peter (New Testament)
• serves as a tribute to Urban VIII and his family, the Barberini, whose emblems are prominently displayed—honeybees and suns on the tasseled panels and laurel leaves on the climbing vines (New Testement)
• Located in St. Peter’s Bascilica
• Comissioned by Pope Urban VIII

Question 28

St. Peter’s Basilica

Answer 28

• could accommodate a lot of folks, welcoming arms
• looks like key → shape → St. Peter’s symbol = key
• “motherly arms of the Church” reaching out to the world
• Designed by Donato Bramante, Michelangelo, Carlo Maderno and Gian Lorenzo Bernini
• First Designed by Bramante (Asked by Julius II): centralized plan and the tall drum supporting a hemispheric dome recall Early Christian shrines built over martyrs’ relics, as well as ancient Roman circular temples –> who’s plan was in the form of a giant cross with a dome inspired by the Pantheon.
• Michelangelo: simplified design → created single unified space covered by dome, A new central plan was constructed in order to accommodate a larger amount of people
• Pope Paul V Borghese commissioned Carlo Maderno (1556–1629) to provide the church with a longitudinal nave and a new façade
• colonade on outside done by bernini

Question 29

THE CALLING OF ST. MATTHEW

Answer 29

• Caravaggio
• Italian Baroque
• powerful frank relaism, theatrical spotlightughting + dramatic gestures introudced to roman barqoue painting
• an intense light enters paringint from upper ligith as if comign from chapels actual window above alter → highlights important features of this scene
• underlying subject = conversion → common theme in coutner reformation art
• Found in church of saint luigi dei Francesi, contarelli chapel
• tenebrism → spotlight effect, extreme contrast between dark and light
• spirtual symbolism = seperating eartly from divine through clothes +spirtural blindess → so concenred in money, don’t notice when jesus comes up
• Caravaggio = Known for dramatic realistic naturalism -> satisfied the Baroque demand for drama and clarity
• He painted people he saw in the world around him—even the lowlife of Rome—and worked directly from models without elaborate drawings and compositional notes

Question 30

GARDEN OF EARTHLY DELIGHTS (Open)

Answer 30

• Hieronymus Bosch
• subject of triptych ⇒ christian belief in the natural state of human sinfulness
• owl symbolizes wisdom + folly
• huge fruits → symbolic of fertility and sexual abandon
• emphasis on right wing = torments of hell
• one scholor proposed → central panel = parable on human salvation in which the practice of alchemy—the process that sought to turn common metals into gold—parallels Christ’s power to convert human dross into spiritual gold. In this theory, the bizarre fountain at the center of the lake in the middle distance can be seen as an alchemical “marrying chamber,” complete with the glass vessels for collecting the vapors of distillation
• left = introduction of adam + eve, god giving life to humanity + paradise
• middle = what life would be like if adam and eve never took bite of appel or warning aginst exist gluttony + lust
• right = hell → pleasent acivities from centrl pannel = used for torture, punishment in hell
• northern renisance

-Others see the theme as the power of women over men. In this interpretation, the central pool is the setting for a display of seductive women and sex-obsessed men. Women frolic alluringly in the pool while men dance and ride in a mad circle trying to attract them. In this strange garden, men are slaves to their own lust = central pannel

was sometimes referred to as the strawberry plant = represented the “vanity and glory and the passing taste of strawberries or the strawberry plant and its pleasant odor that is hardly remembered once it has passed.” Luscious fruits of obvious sexual symbolism—strawberries, cherries, grapes, and pomegranates—appear everywhere in the garden, serving as food, as shelter, and even as a boat. The message may be that human life is as fleeting and insubstantial as the taste of a strawberry

Question 31

Adam and Eve (1504), Engraving

Answer 31

• Albrecht Durer
• Northern Renaissance
• eve = remisnict of hellanistic venus
• adam =- remiscint of David
• reflects his growing intrest in italian art theory + anatomy
• depicts the priomedial + biblical couple before the fall as two ideal nudes → according to what he believed were perfect proportions derived form classical theories of beauty

Iconography
parrot:embodiment of wisdom and language → associated with adam, eve feeds the same
-Apple + snake = original sin + temptation (associated with eve)
- cat = prepares to jump on the mouse at adam’s feet → the introduction of death into the world at the moment of the fall
-mouse = satan or death
-4 humors =when adam and eve = thrown out of garden → suffered an imbalnace of bodily humors = theory → body = made up of 4 humors (blood, yellow byle, black blye, phelm)
- yellow byle = cat → leads to termperement of anger + pride
-black byle = elk → melchonaly
-blood = rabbit → lust
-phelm → ox → sluggishness
-copper engraving
-Durer: went to italy, brought back italian infleunce to art of his region → atanomy based on greco roman models, idealism , geometric proportions
-his woodcuts + engravings reflect the influence of the Italian Renissance -> religious subjects in realistic landscapes
durer placed his signature on a placard hung on a tree branch in Adam’s grasp → syombolizing wisdom?
-represents his first documented use of ideal human proportions based on roman copies of ancient greek sculpture

Question 32

Isenheim Altarpiece (Closed)

Answer 32

• Matthias Grünewald (wings) + Nikolaus Hagenauer (central panels and predella)
• Prayer was the principal source of solace and relief to the ill before the advent of modern medicine.
• carved for the abbey of St. Anthony in Isenheim near Colmar where a hospital specialized in the care of patients with skin diseases, including the plague, leprosy, and St. Anthony’s Fire (caused by eating rye and other grains infected with the ergot fungus)
• christs body = lasserations, body = tense -> boils of leposry
• conveying idea that christ suffered + went to heaven, you will also follow
• at the time = prayer = used for primary means for providing care to sick, altarpiece used to provide comfort
• reminding the viewer that the body is only temporary
• reinfocres message of healign + spritual salavtion through prayer
• northern renissance

Question 33

School of Athens

Answer 33

• Raphel
• Italian High Renaissance
• renissiance priciples of monumentality, harmony, + balance based on classical ideals → used in this painting
• located in the Vatican
• Raphel = self portrati in far right of painting
• socrates → blue robe
• aristolte gestures to surroundings = eprimcial world = basis for understanding
• plato points upward → realm of ideas and pure forms = central to phislopshy
• incoporating classical anqituity into contemporary christian society
• greco roman philosphers = present → showing antiquity, putting them in confines of roman bath = the room there in
• humanist learnign + education = withtin context of church
• Commissioned by Pope Julius II to decorate the walls of his private library

Question 34

Philosophers Present in the School of Athens

Answer 34

Plato + Aristotle

• plato = points up = symbolizes his philosphy → theory of forms, external exists above, is idea, somethign we don’t get close to. Nature = us, eternal never changes up there, but here it can
• Aristole = points down → truth in nature
• To the left of the fresco, we can see mathematician Pythagoras studying a large tome (math developments)
• Holding a sphere on the right side of the fresco is mathematician and astronomer Ptolemy. Ptolemy had attempted to use mathematical reasoning to explain the movement of the planets, holding court with a group of men that contains Raphael
• Socrates/Alexander the Great (in green with blue robe) having a dialogue with, from right to left, a Greek, a Jew, a Roman, and a Barbarian

-Apollo = god of rationale, athena godess of wisdom = both make apperiences as statues

Heraclitus/michelangelo in purple robe in center sitting down

-Euclid isbelieved to be based on the likeness of the Renaissance architect Bramante

Accompanying the figures of Zoroaster (back is turned and holds a terrestrial globe) and Ptolemy (holds celestial globe) is Rapheael + his teacher

Socrates is represented with a brown tunic to the left of plato

DIOGENES= in blue tunic sitting on the ground

leonardo da Vinci represented by Plato

Question 35

The Sistine Chapel Ceiling, Creation of Adam

Answer 35

-italian high renissance
-Michelangelo
- Michelangelo captures the moment when God charges the languorous Adam—in a pose adapted from the Roman river-god type—with the spark of life
-adam’s heroic body, outstretched arm, and profile almost mirror those of God, in whose image he has been created
-Patron: Pope Julius II
- the papal chapel in the Vatican Palace
- Sistine Chapel based on the Book of Genisis
-The painting captures the scene of God breathing life into Adam who was to become the first man
image = spiritual message that asserts God as creator of humanity

Question 36

The FLORENCE CATHEDRAL

Answer 36

-Early Italian Renaissance
-Florence, Tuscany
-Archeietct = Arnolfo di Cambio –> designed it in a gothic style
-Filippo Brunelleschi
designed the dome

design = shape of cross, a wide central nave

-comissoned by Cosimo Medici + Opera del Duomo

Question 37

Brunelleschi’s dome

Answer 37

Dome of Florence Cathedral

solved the dome problem of the Florence Cathedral

How did Brunelleschi come up with the shape for the dome? An egg / Dome is two domes within each other –> double shell massonary system

the dome is a double shell of masonry

patron = cosmo de medici

profile of the dome = based on medievial pointed arch

Question 38

ANNUNCIATION

Answer 38

• fra angelico
• Early Italian Renaissance
• located in the Monastery of San Marco
• can see gothic internatonal style = graceful flowing lines, colors, facial expressions
• renissance -> linear perspective + corinthian columns
• symbolism → enclosed garden = symbol for mary’s virginity
• patron here = Cosmo De Medici

Question 39

The Holy Trinity

Answer 39

• Masaccio
• Patrons = Domenico Lenzi and his wife (red robes show his poistion as a city council member )
• found in the church of Santa Maria Novella
• Importance → first fresco to use linear perspective
• vanishing point = at eye level → bottom of alter where the patrons are kenneling
• painted in trompe L’oeil → is painted flat, but some of it looks 3 dimensional → illusion
• skeleton = represents death → momento morri, is meant to be adam =according to christian legend = christ = crusified over the remains of adam
• momento morri → insciprtion → once i was as you are, and one day you will be as I am
• was meant to give the illusion of a stone funerary monument and altar table set below a deepaedicula:framed niche in a wall
• painted architecture is an unusual combination of Classical orders. On the wall surface, Corinthian pilasters support a plain architrave below a cornice, while inside the niche Renaissance variations on Ionic columns support framing arches at the front and rear of the barrel vault
• As in many scenes of the Crucifixion, Jesus is flanked by the Virgin Mary and John the Evangelist
• Jesus on the cross, the dove of the Holy Spirit poised in downward flight above his tilted halo, and God the Father, who stands behind to support the cross from his perch on a high platform

Question 40

Mérode Altarpiece (TRIPTYCH OF THE ANNUNCIATION)

Answer 40

• Early Northern Renaissance
• Robert Campin
• small scale → sugggests it was made for a private chapel

The Annunciation of the central panel is set in a Flemish home and incorporates common household objects, many invested with symbolic religious meaning.

• lilies in themajolica(glazed earthenware) pitcher on the table symbolize Mary’s virginity
• The hanging water pot in the background niche refers to Mary’s purity and her role as the vessel for the Incarnation of God
• mouse trap → christ as bate for the devil

A rush of wind riffles the pages of the book, and snuffs the candle (the flame, symbolic of God’s divinity, extinguished at the moment he takes human form) as a tiny figure of Christ carrying a cross descends on a ray of light = incarnation

Having accepted the miracle of the Incarnation, Mary reads her Bible while sitting humbly on the footrest of the long bench. Her position becomes a symbol of her submission to God’s will.

-In the left wing of the triptych, the donors—presumably a married couple—kneel in an enclosed garden, another symbol of Mary’s virginity, before the open door of the house where the Annunciation is taking place

such artworks =popular with Flemish patrons, allowed those who commissioned a religious work to appear in the same space and time, and often on the same scale, as religious figures

• shows interior of home not church as setting for annuncation
• church pew inside of the house
• inutautive perspective not linear perspective

right = joseph wood working, middle = annucniation w/iconography, left = donor and his wife ( Ingelbrecht family)

Question 41

The Double Portrait (Giovanni Arnolfini and his Bride)

Answer 41

• Jan Van Eycke
• Early Northern Renaissance
• Jan van Eyck inscribe his name above the convex mirror (“Jan van Eyck was here 1434”)
• his personal painting style also carries the stamp of authorship.

Argument that this is a marriage Portrait (Traditional interpretation by Panofisfsky)

• shoes off → symbolizes holy ground sacrid space
• fruit → be fruitful + multiply
• amber beads → purity
• dog → fidelity, wealth, earthly love
• broom = domesticicly
• saint marget = present
• mirror → convex, shows back of couple, circular shapes on mirror show scnes form life of christ

confusing part = pregnant, no women would have themselves painted pregnant in wedding portrait

20th century interpretation

• hairstyle + no eyebrows = fashion at burgadian court
• dress = expensive green color + fabric
• (Argument by Marget Carol)
• headress = laced -> handmaid
• dog = expensive breed
• fruit = oranges = did not grow in Europe
• mirrors and windows
• understood as showing opulence + wealth = signaling social status

Margret Koster interpretation
-memorial portrait to a bride who died during childbirth
dog = found on tomb sculptures
-above and below her hands = wooden grostques = forsahdow death
-candle over head = snuffed out

Question 42

THE MAESTÀ ALTARPIECE

Answer 42

• Duccio di Buoninsegna
• Proto Renaissance
• Sienese Artist
• altarpiece commissioned for Siena Cathedral
• patron → opera del duomo
• Maternity and the mother-son relationship = what its dedicated to
• mary of heaven → showed on throne
• this is narrative paitnig → telling stories of his life
• features simultaneous or consetious narrative → telling a bunch of different stores at the same time
• simultous narrative → one image telling alot of parts of the story/narrative at one time

The Nativity with the Prophets Isaiah and Ezekiel
-at bottom left of the front of the altarpiece (the predella)
-at top → angeles telling message to sherpard → represenative of crhist beign here for common man
-christ in manger inside of cave
-homunculus jesus:wanted to convey idea that god = borne with wisdom + knlowedge of older man even at birth → depciting him as baby in diper does not do this = looks like little man instead of baby
-Hierarchical scale= What is the compositional term for Mary’s
size?

Question 43

Scrovegni Chapel/Arena Chapel

Answer 43

• commissioned by Enrico Scrovegni –> wanted to free his father from purgatory
• Done by Florentine Artist Giotto di Bondone
• traditional interpreation of this = proto rensiance → combines a little of byzantine characteristics but his work uses renissance naturalism
• is on the site of an ancient Roman arena (or amphitheater)

Question 44

What is the story associated with the Marriage at Cana?

Answer 44

At his mother’s request, Jesus turns water into wine at a wedding feast, his first public miracle. It foreshadows the ritual of communion.

Question 45

What is the story associated with the Raising of Lazarus?

Answer 45

The sisters of Lazarus, Mary and Martha, inform Jesus that Lazarus is ill. Jesus delays his journey for a couple days, and by the time he gets there, Lazarus is already dead. Martha tells Jesus if he had come earlier her brother wouldn’t have died, but Jesus told her to believe. Then, they went to his tomb and he said “Lazarus, come out!” and Lazarus came out.

Question 46

What is the story associated with the Lamentation of Christ?

Answer 46

Jesus’s followers lament over his dead body after the Crucifixion.

Question 47

What is the story associated with the Resurrection of Christ/noli me tagere

Answer 47

After three days, Jesus rose from the dead and left his tomb.

no me tangere → do not touch me, jesus says this to mary because he has not yet ascended would make him unlcean