final exam Flashcards
Define wellness
optimal health & vitality
Name the 6 dimensions of wellness
social
spiritual
physical
emotional
intellectual
environmental
What is an infectious disease
communicable from 1 person to another
What is a chronic disease
develops & continues over a long period of time
What does DALE stand for
Disability Adjusted Life Expectancy
What are the goals of the healthy people initiative
eliminate health disparities
improve quality & yrs of life
What 3 things are part of the body’s immune system
neutrophils
macrophages
lymphocytes
What happens during incubation
viruses multiply in the body
What happens in the prodromal period
infected host has acquired immunity
What is immunisation
priming the body to remember an encounter with a specific antigen
What is a vaccine
introducing a killed/weakened pathogen to the body so it produces antibodies
What is passive immunity
injecting antibodies produced by other humans/animals
What is acquired immunity
memory lymphocytes that remember a previous infection
What are the 4 types of pathogen
viruses - cold
fungi - athletes foot
protozoan - malaria
parasitic worm
What is the torpor stage
body hibernates (sleeps)
shuts down to conserve energy
What are the 3 major macronutrients
fats
proteins
carbs
What is the biggest nutritional problem
overconsumption of calories, alcohol, cholesterol, fats, sodium & sugar
How many essential nutrients do we need from food & what do they come from
45 essential nutrients
carbs
fats
proteins
vitamins
minerals
water
What is dietary carbohydrate & what does it contain
supply energy to body cells
carbon, hydrogen & oxygen
Difference between simple & complex carbs
simple = mono/disacharides, little nutritional value
complex = polysaccharides & fibre, better for us, e.g. grains
What is fiber & what is it needed for
non digestable carb, e.g. whole grain cereal
present naturally in plants
essential for digestion/pooping
What are the functions of dietary fat
energy for work
insulator
shock absorber
Difference between saturated & unsaturated fats
saturated = single bonds, solid at room temp, bad, e.g. butter
unsaturated = 1 or more double bonds, liquid at room temp, mono - fruit/veg, poly - omegas
What is partial hydrogenation
changing unsaturated fats to trans fats
What are compound fats, LDL & HDL
combo of lipids & proteins
LDL = bad cholesterol
HDL = good cholesterol
What are the functions of dietary protein
build/repair tissues
source of energy
How many essential & non essential amino acids are there
9 essential (food)
11 non essential (produced)
What are complete/incomplete/complementary proteins
complete = all essential amino acids
incomplete = dont supply all essential
complementary = together - essential
Functions of vitamins & no of them
organic & regulatory, 13 total
growth & development
Functions of minerals & no of them
inorganic, major & trace, 17
iron, calcium etc
heart rhythm, blood clotting etc
What are antioxidants
substances that reduce the adverse effects of free radicals
What is BMI
Body Mass Index
weight in relation to height
not accurate, doesn’t account for muscle mass, e.g. Dwayne Johnson = deemed overweight
What are the methods to determine body fat
hydrostatic = underwater
skinfold
electrical impedance analysis
scans = MRI, CT etc
What factors lead to excess body fat
genetics
physiological = metabolism etc
lifestyle = eating, exercise etc
What is physical fitness
enables us to perform up to our potential performance of the heart/lungs/muscles
What are the 4 components of physical fitness
cardiovascular = deliver o2
muscular
flexibility - full ROM
stability
What are the benefits of exercise
boost brainpower
melt away stress
energy
build relationships
ward off disease
eat more
SOAP stand for
Specifity = focus on the specific skill
Overload = increase workload
Adaptation
Progression = gradually add to
What is overtraining
training beyond the bodys ability to recover
What is needed in a good exercise programme
cardio respiratory endurance
muscular strength
flexibility
skill training
RICE stand for
Rest
Ice
Compress
Elevate
Main difference between men & women
men have a valve (postate) & women dont
What are the 4 stages of the menstrual cycle
menses = day 1-5, menstration
estrogenic = day 6-13, walls build up
ovulation = day 14, egg
progestational = day 15-27, before next cycle
What menstrual problems are there
dysmenorrhea = cycle problem
amenorrhea = no period
Difference in sexual maturation between boys & girls
boys 2 yrs later (12)
What is the menopause
ovaries cease functioning, no more eggs produced
What does contraception do
stops sperm from getting to the egg
What are the 4 types of contraception
barrier
hormonal
natural
surgical
Examples of hormonal contraception
oral (pill) = estrogen & progesterone, least invasive
Patch = replace each week
Implants = 5 yr protection, invasive
they dont interrupt sex, reduce acne
no protection against STD’s
Examples of barrier contraception
IntraUreine Device = 10 yr protection, invasive, painful, effective
Condoms = easy to get, cheap, interrupt sex
Examples of natural contraception
abstinence = no sex, most effective
Calendar method = hard to know when would be the exact time
Examples of surgical contraception
vasectomy = severing of sperm tunnel, block sperm highway
female sterilisation = cut fallopian tubes
effective, invasive, hard to reverse
What does a baby being viable mean
the baby has a 50/50 survival rate outside of the mum
How does abortion link to the 3 trimesters
1st = abortion up to women & doctor
2nd = state regulate abortion
3rd = ban abortions that aren’t life threatening to mum
What is the difference between pro choice & pro life
pro choice = women have the right to make their own choice
pro life = egg is human from moment of conception, abortion is murder
What is the medical method of abortion
mifepristone misoprostol method - pills, effective, painful, affects hormones
What are the surgical methods of abortion
Suction curettage = suction machine, curette scrapes walls
Manual vacuum aspiration = syringe, 4 wks after last cycle
Dilation & evacuation = instruments & curettage remove fetus
What are the 7 major STD’s
viral = HIV/aids, Hepatitis, Herpes & HPV
bacterial = syphilis, chlamydia & gonorrhoea
What is HIV
Human Immunodeficiency Virus causes Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
leading cause of death
flu like symptoms
What is Chlamydia
most prevalent bacterial STD
cause sterility in men & women
discharge
vaginal & anal intercourse
What is Gonorrhea
sterility, arthritis & heart problems
discharge & burning urination
vaginal/anal/oral sex
What is pelvic inflammatory disease
harms womens reproductive system
discharge, spotting
What is involved in preconception care
preexisting medical conditions
prescription drug use
age
smoking/alcohol
diet
How many chromosomes do the egg & sperm carry
23
What are the causes of infertility in men & women
men = reduced sperm count, smoking, drugs, blocked passageways
women = blocked tubes, endometriosis, smoking, alcohol
What are infertility treatments
Intrauterine insemination
InVitro fertilisation
Gamete intrafallopian transfer
surrogate motherhood
What is the main hormone associated with pregnancy
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG)
What happens in the 3 trimesters
1st = viability, embryo & fetus, 2 inches long
2nd = hands, feet, 50% viability, 14 inches & 2 pounds
3rd = organs develop
How do we diagnose fetal abnormalities
Ultrasound
Amniocentesis - fluid removal from uterus
What are common pregnancy complications
Ectopic pregnancy - egg in fallopian tube
Miscarriage
Low birth weight - below 5.5lbs
What are the 3 stages of labour/delivery & how long does it last
lasts 2-36 hrs
1st = dilated cervix (10cm), contractions, mucus plug expelled
2nd = baby in birth canal, umbilical cord is cut
3rd = placenta is delivered
Why are cesarean’s used
head too large
mother health condition
difficult labor
fetal distress
What does Sir Walter Cannon say about the fight or flight response
it is absurdly inappropriate
Difference between psychosomatic and somatopsychic
psychosomatic = brain to body, relaxation, a mantra, systematic desensitisation
somatopsychic = body to brain, breath control, progressive muscle relaxation, smiling, biofeedback
What are effective stress responses
laughing
talking
exercise
time management
What are ineffective stress responses
overeating
procrastination
frustration
What does the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) involve
eustress
distress
alarm - fight or flight
resistance
exhaustion
allostatic load
What are techniques to manage stress
communication
exercise
nutrition
sleep
journaling
What are cognitive stress techniques
maintain positive
live in present
take control
What are relaxation stress techniques
progressive relaxation
visualisation
meditation
yoga
What are the 2 types of coping strategies
problem focused = manage the problem causing the stress, e.g. time management
emotion focused = regulate emotional responses, e.g. meditation
What does DSM stand for and what number are we currently in
Diagnostic Statistical Manual
5
How many stages are there in Erikson’s personality development and what are they
8
trust vs mistrust
autonomy vs self doubt
initiative vs guilt
industry vs inferiority
identity vs identity confusion
intimacy vs isolation
generatively vs self absorption
integrity vs despair
What are the best ways to achieve healthy self esteem
positive self concept
less defensive
optimistic
What are common anxiety disorders
phobia - fear of something
social phobia - fear of humiliation
panic disorders
Generalised anxiety disorder - future threats
OCD - unwanted repetitive thoughts
PTSD
What are the 4 different perspectives linked to therapy
Biological
Behavioural/social
Cognitive
Psychodynamic - thoughts
What does a psychiatrist treat you with
Medicine
What is the leading cause of death in US
cardiovascular disease
Difference between pulmonary & systemic circulation
pulmonary = right side, blood to & from lungs
systemic = left side, blood to rest of body
Difference between systole & diastole
systole = contraction
diastole = relaxation
What are risk factors that cannot be changed
heredity
age
sex - meh have higher risk
ethnicity
What are the different forms of CVD
atherosclerosis - narrowing by fatty deposits
heart attack - blocked blood vessels
angina
arrythmias
What are the ways to treat heart disease
ECG
MRI
Angiogram
Stent
Balloon Angioplasty
Bypass surgery
What are the different types of strokes
Ischemic - blood vessel blockage
Thrombotic - clot in cerebral artery
Embolic - blood clot
Hemorrhagic - brain blood vessel rupture
How do you protect yourself from CVD
eat heart healthy - omega 3s, calcium
reduce fat & cholesterol
exercise
avoid tobacco
