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Health & wellness 145 > final exam > Flashcards

final exam Flashcards

1
Q

Define wellness

A

optimal health & vitality

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2
Q

Name the 6 dimensions of wellness

A

social
spiritual
physical
emotional
intellectual
environmental

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3
Q

What is an infectious disease

A

communicable from 1 person to another

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4
Q

What is a chronic disease

A

develops & continues over a long period of time

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5
Q

What does DALE stand for

A

Disability Adjusted Life Expectancy

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6
Q

What are the goals of the healthy people initiative

A

eliminate health disparities
improve quality & yrs of life

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7
Q

What 3 things are part of the body’s immune system

A

neutrophils
macrophages
lymphocytes

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8
Q

What happens during incubation

A

viruses multiply in the body

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9
Q

What happens in the prodromal period

A

infected host has acquired immunity

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10
Q

What is immunisation

A

priming the body to remember an encounter with a specific antigen

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11
Q

What is a vaccine

A

introducing a killed/weakened pathogen to the body so it produces antibodies

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12
Q

What is passive immunity

A

injecting antibodies produced by other humans/animals

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13
Q

What is acquired immunity

A

memory lymphocytes that remember a previous infection

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14
Q

What are the 4 types of pathogen

A

viruses - cold
fungi - athletes foot
protozoan - malaria
parasitic worm

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15
Q

What is the torpor stage

A

body hibernates (sleeps)
shuts down to conserve energy

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16
Q

What are the 3 major macronutrients

A

fats
proteins
carbs

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17
Q

What is the biggest nutritional problem

A

overconsumption of calories, alcohol, cholesterol, fats, sodium & sugar

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18
Q

How many essential nutrients do we need from food & what do they come from

A

45 essential nutrients
carbs
fats
proteins
vitamins
minerals
water

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19
Q

What is dietary carbohydrate & what does it contain

A

supply energy to body cells
carbon, hydrogen & oxygen

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20
Q

Difference between simple & complex carbs

A

simple = mono/disacharides, little nutritional value

complex = polysaccharides & fibre, better for us, e.g. grains

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21
Q

What is fiber & what is it needed for

A

non digestable carb, e.g. whole grain cereal
present naturally in plants
essential for digestion/pooping

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22
Q

What are the functions of dietary fat

A

energy for work
insulator
shock absorber

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23
Q

Difference between saturated & unsaturated fats

A

saturated = single bonds, solid at room temp, bad, e.g. butter

unsaturated = 1 or more double bonds, liquid at room temp, mono - fruit/veg, poly - omegas

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24
Q

What is partial hydrogenation

A

changing unsaturated fats to trans fats

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25
Q

What are compound fats, LDL & HDL

A

combo of lipids & proteins
LDL = bad cholesterol
HDL = good cholesterol

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26
Q

What are the functions of dietary protein

A

build/repair tissues
source of energy

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27
Q

How many essential & non essential amino acids are there

A

9 essential (food)
11 non essential (produced)

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28
Q

What are complete/incomplete/complementary proteins

A

complete = all essential amino acids
incomplete = dont supply all essential
complementary = together - essential

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29
Q

Functions of vitamins & no of them

A

organic & regulatory, 13 total
growth & development

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30
Q

Functions of minerals & no of them

A

inorganic, major & trace, 17
iron, calcium etc
heart rhythm, blood clotting etc

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31
Q

What are antioxidants

A

substances that reduce the adverse effects of free radicals

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32
Q

What is BMI

A

Body Mass Index
weight in relation to height
not accurate, doesn’t account for muscle mass, e.g. Dwayne Johnson = deemed overweight

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33
Q

What are the methods to determine body fat

A

hydrostatic = underwater
skinfold
electrical impedance analysis
scans = MRI, CT etc

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34
Q

What factors lead to excess body fat

A

genetics
physiological = metabolism etc
lifestyle = eating, exercise etc

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35
Q

What is physical fitness

A

enables us to perform up to our potential performance of the heart/lungs/muscles

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36
Q

What are the 4 components of physical fitness

A

cardiovascular = deliver o2
muscular
flexibility - full ROM
stability

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37
Q

What are the benefits of exercise

A

boost brainpower
melt away stress
energy
build relationships
ward off disease
eat more

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38
Q

SOAP stand for

A

Specifity = focus on the specific skill
Overload = increase workload
Adaptation
Progression = gradually add to

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39
Q

What is overtraining

A

training beyond the bodys ability to recover

40
Q

What is needed in a good exercise programme

A

cardio respiratory endurance
muscular strength
flexibility
skill training

41
Q

RICE stand for

A

Rest
Ice
Compress
Elevate

42
Q

Main difference between men & women

A

men have a valve (postate) & women dont

43
Q

What are the 4 stages of the menstrual cycle

A

menses = day 1-5, menstration
estrogenic = day 6-13, walls build up
ovulation = day 14, egg
progestational = day 15-27, before next cycle

44
Q

What menstrual problems are there

A

dysmenorrhea = cycle problem
amenorrhea = no period

45
Q

Difference in sexual maturation between boys & girls

A

boys 2 yrs later (12)

46
Q

What is the menopause

A

ovaries cease functioning, no more eggs produced

47
Q

What does contraception do

A

stops sperm from getting to the egg

48
Q

What are the 4 types of contraception

A

barrier
hormonal
natural
surgical

49
Q

Examples of hormonal contraception

A

oral (pill) = estrogen & progesterone, least invasive

Patch = replace each week

Implants = 5 yr protection, invasive

they dont interrupt sex, reduce acne
no protection against STD’s

50
Q

Examples of barrier contraception

A

IntraUreine Device = 10 yr protection, invasive, painful, effective

Condoms = easy to get, cheap, interrupt sex

51
Q

Examples of natural contraception

A

abstinence = no sex, most effective

Calendar method = hard to know when would be the exact time

52
Q

Examples of surgical contraception

A

vasectomy = severing of sperm tunnel, block sperm highway

female sterilisation = cut fallopian tubes

effective, invasive, hard to reverse

53
Q

What does a baby being viable mean

A

the baby has a 50/50 survival rate outside of the mum

54
Q

How does abortion link to the 3 trimesters

A

1st = abortion up to women & doctor
2nd = state regulate abortion
3rd = ban abortions that aren’t life threatening to mum

55
Q

What is the difference between pro choice & pro life

A

pro choice = women have the right to make their own choice

pro life = egg is human from moment of conception, abortion is murder

56
Q

What is the medical method of abortion

A

mifepristone misoprostol method - pills, effective, painful, affects hormones

57
Q

What are the surgical methods of abortion

A

Suction curettage = suction machine, curette scrapes walls

Manual vacuum aspiration = syringe, 4 wks after last cycle

Dilation & evacuation = instruments & curettage remove fetus

58
Q

What are the 7 major STD’s

A

viral = HIV/aids, Hepatitis, Herpes & HPV
bacterial = syphilis, chlamydia & gonorrhoea

59
Q

What is HIV

A

Human Immunodeficiency Virus causes Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
leading cause of death
flu like symptoms

60
Q

What is Chlamydia

A

most prevalent bacterial STD
cause sterility in men & women
discharge
vaginal & anal intercourse

61
Q

What is Gonorrhea

A

sterility, arthritis & heart problems
discharge & burning urination
vaginal/anal/oral sex

62
Q

What is pelvic inflammatory disease

A

harms womens reproductive system
discharge, spotting

63
Q

What is involved in preconception care

A

preexisting medical conditions
prescription drug use
age
smoking/alcohol
diet

64
Q

How many chromosomes do the egg & sperm carry

A

23

65
Q

What are the causes of infertility in men & women

A

men = reduced sperm count, smoking, drugs, blocked passageways

women = blocked tubes, endometriosis, smoking, alcohol

66
Q

What are infertility treatments

A

Intrauterine insemination
InVitro fertilisation
Gamete intrafallopian transfer
surrogate motherhood

67
Q

What is the main hormone associated with pregnancy

A

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG)

68
Q

What happens in the 3 trimesters

A

1st = viability, embryo & fetus, 2 inches long

2nd = hands, feet, 50% viability, 14 inches & 2 pounds

3rd = organs develop

69
Q

How do we diagnose fetal abnormalities

A

Ultrasound
Amniocentesis - fluid removal from uterus

70
Q

What are common pregnancy complications

A

Ectopic pregnancy - egg in fallopian tube
Miscarriage
Low birth weight - below 5.5lbs

71
Q

What are the 3 stages of labour/delivery & how long does it last

A

lasts 2-36 hrs

1st = dilated cervix (10cm), contractions, mucus plug expelled

2nd = baby in birth canal, umbilical cord is cut

3rd = placenta is delivered

72
Q

Why are cesarean’s used

A

head too large
mother health condition
difficult labor
fetal distress

73
Q

What does Sir Walter Cannon say about the fight or flight response

A

it is absurdly inappropriate

74
Q

Difference between psychosomatic and somatopsychic

A

psychosomatic = brain to body, relaxation, a mantra, systematic desensitisation

somatopsychic = body to brain, breath control, progressive muscle relaxation, smiling, biofeedback

75
Q

What are effective stress responses

A

laughing
talking
exercise
time management

76
Q

What are ineffective stress responses

A

overeating
procrastination
frustration

77
Q

What does the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) involve

A

eustress
distress
alarm - fight or flight
resistance
exhaustion
allostatic load

78
Q

What are techniques to manage stress

A

communication
exercise
nutrition
sleep
journaling

79
Q

What are cognitive stress techniques

A

maintain positive
live in present
take control

80
Q

What are relaxation stress techniques

A

progressive relaxation
visualisation
meditation
yoga

81
Q

What are the 2 types of coping strategies

A

problem focused = manage the problem causing the stress, e.g. time management

emotion focused = regulate emotional responses, e.g. meditation

82
Q

What does DSM stand for and what number are we currently in

A

Diagnostic Statistical Manual
5

83
Q

How many stages are there in Erikson’s personality development and what are they

A

8
trust vs mistrust
autonomy vs self doubt
initiative vs guilt
industry vs inferiority
identity vs identity confusion
intimacy vs isolation
generatively vs self absorption
integrity vs despair

84
Q

What are the best ways to achieve healthy self esteem

A

positive self concept
less defensive
optimistic

85
Q

What are common anxiety disorders

A

phobia - fear of something
social phobia - fear of humiliation
panic disorders
Generalised anxiety disorder - future threats
OCD - unwanted repetitive thoughts
PTSD

86
Q

What are the 4 different perspectives linked to therapy

A

Biological
Behavioural/social
Cognitive
Psychodynamic - thoughts

87
Q

What does a psychiatrist treat you with

A

Medicine

88
Q

What is the leading cause of death in US

A

cardiovascular disease

89
Q

Difference between pulmonary & systemic circulation

A

pulmonary = right side, blood to & from lungs

systemic = left side, blood to rest of body

90
Q

Difference between systole & diastole

A

systole = contraction
diastole = relaxation

91
Q

What are risk factors that cannot be changed

A

heredity
age
sex - meh have higher risk
ethnicity

92
Q

What are the different forms of CVD

A

atherosclerosis - narrowing by fatty deposits
heart attack - blocked blood vessels
angina
arrythmias

93
Q

What are the ways to treat heart disease

A

ECG
MRI
Angiogram
Stent
Balloon Angioplasty
Bypass surgery

94
Q

What are the different types of strokes

A

Ischemic - blood vessel blockage
Thrombotic - clot in cerebral artery
Embolic - blood clot
Hemorrhagic - brain blood vessel rupture

95
Q

How do you protect yourself from CVD

A

eat heart healthy - omega 3s, calcium
reduce fat & cholesterol
exercise
avoid tobacco

Health & wellness 145 (3 decks)

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