Exam 1 Flashcards
wellness
optimal health & vitality
dimensions of wellness
physical, emotional, intellectual, spiritual, social & environmental
components of wellness
persistent thought, positive expectations, stress response, physical activity & generosity
infectious disease
communicable from 1 person to another
chronic disease
develop & continue over a period of time
US leading cause of death
heart disease & cancer
healthy people 2020
increase quality & years of life
eliminate health disparities
wellness factors
health habits, heredity, environment & access to health care
wellness profile
managing stress, relationships, diet, understanding illness
motivation for change
boost self efficacy (locus of control, visualisation, self talk & role models)
stages of change model
precontemplation
contemplation
preparation
action
maintenance
termination
chain of infection
pathogen
reservoir
portal of exit
means of transmission
portal of entry
new host
body’s defence system
physical & chemical = skin/mucus
immune system = lymphocytes
histamine
dilation of blood vessels (heat, redness & swelling)
incubation
virus multiply, no symptoms till 2nd/3rd stage
prodromal period
infected host gains immunity
immunisation
‘priming’ the body to remember encounter with specific antigen
active vaccine
killed/weakened pathogen to make the body produce antibodies
passive vaccine
inject antibodies produced by other human
acquired vaccine
memory lymphocytes to remember previous infection
bacteria
single celled organisms, pneumonia
protozoan
malaria
autoimmune disease
immune system attacks its own cells
how many & what are the essential nutrients
45 nutrients
carbs, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals & water
what do we overconsume
calories, fats, sugar, sodium, alcohol, cholesterol
kilocalorie
measure of energy
metabolism
energy for vital processes
carbohydrates (simple & complex)
primary energy source for the body
simple = monosaccharides/dissacharides
complex = polysaccharides/fiber
fiber (dietary & functional)
non digestable carb
dietary = naturally in plants, aids digestion
functional = isolated from natural source
dietary fat & functions
nutrients containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen & other elements
energy for work, human cell structure, shock absorber, essential fatty acids
saturated, unsaturated, trans fat
saturated = single bond, solid at room temp
unsaturated = 1+ double bonds, liquid
trans = good shelf life
omega 3 fatty acids
fish/walnuts/flaxseed etc
effects of fats
triglyceride levels, inflammation, heart rhythm, blood pressure
dietary protein
complex organic compound containing nitrogen
functions of protein
build/repair tissue, form part of hormones, antibodies, maintain fluid balance
amino acids
building blocks of proteins
9 = essential, food
11 = non essential, produced
complete, incomplete & complementary protein
complete = contain all essential, chicken
incomplete = don’t supply all essential
complementary = taken together & provide essential
vitamins & their functions
organic, fat & water soluble, 13 total
promote growth & development, regulate chemical reactions
minerals & their function & ones we are lacking
inorganic, 17 essential, major & trace
structural support, fluid balance, heart rhythm
lacking - iron, calcium, potassium & magnesium
water & its function
most essential nutrient, 60% body weight
body temp, transport nutrients/waste, maintain blood volume
antioxidants
reduce adverse effects of free radicals
vitamin c & e
free radical
damage cells & DNA
e.g. burnt food
phytochemical
naturally occurring in plants, prevent/treat chronic diseases
fruit/veg - cruciferous, soy sauce
dietary reference intakes
nutrient intake level to prevent deficiencies & chronic diseases
how much is 1 pound of fat
3500 calories
body composition
lean body mass & body fat
energy balance
calories in, energy out (exercise, digestion, resting metabolism)
body mass index
weight in pounds x 703/ height in inches squared
methods to determine body fat
hydrostatic = underwater
skinfold
electrical impedance analysis
scanning procedures = CT, MRI etc
health risks of excess body fat
reduce life expectancy
hypertension
cancer
type 2 diabetes
abdominal obesity
waist measurement around stomach
