Final Exam Flashcards
anatomical position
standard reference posture used in anatomy. The body is upright, facing forward, with feet slightly apart and parallel, arms at the sides, and palms facing forward.
sagittal plane
divides the body into left and right halves.
what exercises take place on sagittal plane
flexion and extension, such as bicep curls, running, or forward lunges.
transverse plane
Divides body into top/bottom; rotational movements occur here.
frontal plane
Divides body into front/back; abduction and adduction occur.
brains two main sources of fuel
glucose
ketones
ketone
Energy molecules from fat, used when glucose is low.
why is glucose important for the brain
Brain lacks fat stores; glucose ensures constant energy supply.
what joint provides the most mobility
The shoulder joint (glenohumeral joint).
t or f
carrying angle is greater in males
false
what is carrying angle
The angle between the upper arm and forearm when extended.
why is carrying angle greater in females?
Wider pelvis in females causes increased elbow angle for clearance
Scapular winging is usually an indicator of an inactive what?
Serratus anterior muscle.
what is scapular winging
Protrusion of the scapula from the back, often due to weakness.
What are the two major pronators of the arm?
Pronator teres and pronator quadratus.
Which bone structure is where growth of bone occurs
epiphyseal plate (growth plate)
Please list 3 exercises that strengthen VMO function
Squats (with focus on knee alignment)
Step-ups
Lunges
vmo?
vastus medialis oblique
cerebellum function
accuracy
balance
coordination
What is the most common type of ankle injury?
Lateral ankle sprain, affecting the anterior talofibular ligament.
lateral ankle sprain?
The ankle folds inward, causing inversion.
medial ankle sprain
The ankle folds outward, causing eversion.
eversion
Movement where the foot turns outward, away from the midline.
inversion
Movement where the foot turns inward, toward the midline.
What is the most common type of joint in the body?
Synovial joints, allowing movement and flexibility
ambidextrous people can do what?
use both hands with equal skill.
The sharp distal end of the elbow is called what?
olecranon process
medial epicondylitis
nflammation of the tendons on the inner elbow, “golfer’s elbow.”
lateral epicondylitis
nflammation of the tendons on the outer elbow, “tennis elbow.”
Which type of joint provides the most mobility
Ball and socket
“Bones and soft tissue remodel along lines of stress” is indicative of what?
wolffs law
What is the largest joint in the body?
knee (tibiofemoral joint)
Tommy John surgery is common with those who have injury to this area
The ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) in the elbow.
UCL is also referred to as
medial collateral joint
When it comes to the radioulnar joint, there is the ________________ radioulnar joint, and the
_______________ radioulnar joint
proximal and distal
what is the proximal radioulnar joint closest to
the elbow
what is the distal radioulnar joint close to
the wrist
How many cranial nerves are there?
12
what are the 12 cranial nerves
Olfactory (I)
Optic (II)
Oculomotor (III)
Trochlear (IV)
Trigeminal (V)
Abducens (VI)
Facial (VII)
Vestibulocochlear (VIII)
Glossopharyngeal (IX)
Vagus (X)
Accessory (XI)
Hypoglossal (XII
which of 12 nerves are sensory
olfactory
optic
vestibulocochlear
which of 12 are motor
ocolumotor
trochlear
abducens
accessory
hypoglossal
which of the 12 are both
trigeminal
facial
glossopharyngeal
vagus
The cervical plexus is made up of which spinal nerves?
C1 to C4 spinal nerves.
What is tendonitis?
Inflammation or irritation of a tendon, often from overuse.
strain
Injury to muscles or tendons.
sprain
Injury to ligaments.
ligament
ct that connects bone to bone
tendon
ct that connects muscle to bone
What are the arches of the foot?
Medial longitudinal arch
Lateral longitudinal arch
Transverse arch
What is the opposite of shoulder elevation?
depression
During which type of contraction does a muscle lengthen
Eccentric contraction.
what is eccentric contraction
muscle lengthens while generating force, typically during lowering movements.
what is concentric contraction
A muscle shortens while generating force, typically during lifting movements.
During a concentric contraction, what does the insertion typically do
The insertion moves toward the origin.
insertion
The attachment point of a muscle on the bone that moves
origin
The fixed attachment point of a muscle, typically on a bone.
Explain key features of ligaments
Connect bones to bones
Made of dense fibrous connective tissue
Provide joint stability
Limited elasticity, less flexible than tendons
appendicular Skelton
ncludes the limbs and their attachments to the axial skeleton (shoulders, arms, hips, and legs).
axial skeleton
The part of the skeleton that includes the skull, spine, ribs, and sternum.
What is a large sesamoid bone in the body?
patella
sesamoid bone
small bone embedded within a tendon
This membrane keeps the radius and the ulna from separating
Interosseous membrane
What type of joint is the atlanto-axial joint?
pivot joint that allows rotation between the atlas (C1) and axis (C2) vertebrae.
atlantoaxial joint
first cervical vertebra (atlas) and the second cervical vertebra (axis) at the base of the neck.
Describe circumduction
circular movement at a joint where the distal end of the limb moves in a cone-shaped pattern, combining flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction.
Who are 3 types of specialists which a kinesiologist should have in his or her referral network?
nurtionist
physiotherapist
orthopedic surgeon
why nutritionist
provide guidance on diet and nutrition, which can support optimal performance, recovery, and overall health.
why physiotherapist
specialize in assessing and treating musculoskeletal injuries and dysfunctions`
why orthopedic surgeon
essential in a kinesiologist’s referral network for diagnosing and treating serious musculoskeletal conditions
radial deviation
Movement of the wrist toward the thumb side (radius).
Ulnar deviation
Movement of the wrist toward the pinky side (ulna).
flexion of the wrist
Bending the wrist so the palm moves toward the forearm
extension of the wrist
Straightening the wrist, moving the back of the hand toward the forearm.
Please list the main lobes of the brain
frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal
frontal lobe
Involved in decision-making, problem-solving, and motor control
parietal lobe
Processes sensory information like touch, temperature, and pain.
temporal
Involved in auditory processing, memory, and language
occipital
Responsible for visual processing
About what percentage of the population is left-handed
10
What is the purpose of a bursa?
Fluid-filled sac that reduces friction between tissues and joints.
Characteristics of cartilaginous joints
Limited movement, bones connected by cartilage, provides shock absorption and stability.
fibrous joint
Immovable or slightly movable, bones connected by dense collagen fibers, strong stability.
Explain shin splints
Pain along the shin bone (tibia) caused by overuse, often from repetitive activities like running. It results from inflammation of the muscles, tendons, or tissues around the shin.
efferent nerves
Nerves that carry motor signals from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands. They are responsible for voluntary and involuntary movements
afferent nerves
Nerves that carry sensory information from the body to the brain and spinal cord. They detect stimuli like touch, pain, and temperature.
Muscle or muscle group that performs the opposite motion of the agonist is called what
antagonist
agonist
The muscle or muscle group that contracts to produce a specific movement. It is the primary mover during an action.
What is a fibrous joint?
A joint where bones are connected by dense connective tissue (collagen fibers), typically offering little to no movement
fibrous joint example
sutures in the skull and syndesmoses between certain long bones.
When the antagonist contracts at the same time as the agonist, it is called what
co contraction
Explain plantar fasciitis
Heel pain caused by inflammation of the plantar fascia tissue.
plantar fascia
Thick tissue band supporting the arch, running from heel to toes.
The slight tension that is present in a muscle at all times, even when the muscle is resting is called what?
muscle tone
The distance from maximum lengthening to maximum shortening in muscle is called what?
range of motion
what doesn’t move in the elbow
ulna
A muscle’s origin is typically considered to be where relative to the body?
typically considered to be proximal (closer to the center of the body) and fixed,
To avoid visual parallax, what must you do?
ensure that your line of sight is perpendicular to the object you’re observing, preventing any apparent shift or distortion in its position.
visual parallax
Apparent shift in object position when viewed from different angles.
The first digit is called what
thumb (pollex)
first digit in foot
hallux (big toe)
The three main nerves that run the arm are the ____________ nerve, the ____________ nerve, and the
____________ nerve
radial nerve, median nerve, and ulnar nerve.
What can knee valgus can cause
Can cause increased stress on the knee, leading to injuries.
Nearly ¼ of your bones are found where
hands
True or False. The lumbosacral plexus is superior to the cervical plexus
False
The cervical plexus is superior to the lumbosacral plexus.
Please describe “Scaption
A shoulder movement in the plane of the scapula, halfway between flexion and abduction.
________ fibers are called grey matte
Unmyelinated fibers
Knee valgus
nward angling of the knees, often called “knock-knees.”
knee vargus
Outward angling of the knees, often called “bow-legged
What is the temporal lobe known to have?
Known for processing auditory information and memory, including language.
The extent of the area or subject matter that something deals with, or to which it is relevant is known as
what?
scope
The nervous system is continually doing what?
continually processing, transmitting, and coordinating information throughout the body.
The main extensors of the elbow are called the what?
triceps brachii.
What is the opposite of shoulder protraction
Shoulder retraction
where does the scapula move during protraction
way from the spine and forward around the rib cage.
where does the scapula move during retraction
scapula moves toward the spine and backward, squeezing together.
The ___________ lobe is responsible for executive function, innovation, and strategic thinking
frontal
The number 1 diagnosis that hand therapists treat is what
carpal tunnel syndrome.
A condition that suggests that a particular technique or drug should not be used is called what?
contraindication.
Name the muscles of the rotator cuff
supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis.
What is one distinct feature that sets mankind apart from animalkind
opposable thumbs
The radiocarpal and carpometacarpal joints are in the wrist; what is the 3rd joint called
intercarpal joint.
Usually, what color is myelin?
white due to its high lipid content.
subluxation
A partial dislocation where the joint surfaces are misaligned but still in contact.
dislocation
A complete displacement of joint surfaces, often requiring medical intervention to realign
s the brachialis a flexor, extensor, or stabilizer?
flexor
In these types of exercises, the segment furthest away from the body — known as the distal aspect, usually
the hand or foot — is free and not fixed to an object.
Open kinetic chain exercises
In these exercises, the distal aspect (hand or foot) is free and not fixed.
What is turf toe?
A sprain of the big toe’s joint, often caused by hyperextension during sports, typically on artificial turf.
